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Oliveira ES, South J, Guimarães EC, Vieira LO, Campos DS, Ottoni FP. Characterizing functional morphology and trophic niches in a neotropical Characiforms (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) assemblage in middle Munim River basin, Maranhão, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e279881. [PMID: 38422299 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.279881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding how functionally similar species segregate resources to minimize competition is vital for predicting evolutionary factors and patterns of coexistence. We conducted a study in Mata de Itamacaoca, in the middle Munim River basin, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, to characterize the functional morphology and trophic niches of five coexisting Characiform species in this area - including a recently described species, and to investigate whether their functional morphology is a key determinant of their trophic niches. Our analysis of functional morphology and diet, employing linear measurements to predict dietary specializations, showed that these species are predominantly generalist insectivores with a significant morphological overlap. This study underscores the influence of species' natural history on their ecological characteristics, contributing to more effective conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
| | - J South
- University of Leeds, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - E C Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA, Instituto de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociedade, Natureza e Desenvolvimento, Santarém, PA, Brasil
| | - L O Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
| | - D S Campos
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
| | - F P Ottoni
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
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South J, Woodall J, Stansfield J, Mapplethorpe T, Passey A, Bagnall AM. A qualitative synthesis of practice-based learning from case studies on COVID community champion programmes in England, UK. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:7. [PMID: 38166766 PMCID: PMC10759547 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-based volunteering supports outbreak management by extending reach into at-risk communities. This paper examines the application of a 'community champions' model in England, UK, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence pre-pandemic shows that community champion interventions tap into social networks to strengthen connections with disadvantaged communities. During the pandemic, the UK government set up a COVID community champions funding award scheme for local authorities to develop local programmes that addressed emerging inequalities. The study aim was to identify transferable learning on community engagement in the pandemic by undertaking a secondary qualitative synthesis of practice-based case studies of local COVID community champion programmes. METHODS A systematic staged approach for synthesis of practice-based case studies was used. In total, 16 COVID community champion case studies, which were written by practitioners involved in local programme implementation and published by the Local Government Association, were included. Case studies covered aims, programme development and delivery, examples of activities and a discussion of learning. Framework qualitative analysis methods were used to code and organise data prior to cross case analysis. The final stage produced an overarching thematic framework that best represented descriptive and interpretive themes. RESULTS The results provide an overview of common features of COVID community champion programmes and emergent learning. All local programmes aimed to reduce health inequalities by involving at-risk communities in local prevention efforts, adapting the approach to local priorities. Two levels of community engagement were volunteer mobilisation and subsequent community-based outreach activities. Elements of capacity building, such as training and creation of networks, were common. The synthesis of practice-based learning found that stronger relationships with communities were regarded as a key mechanism to support more equitable prevention strategies. Other learning themes related to champion roles, community engagement strategies and programme implementation. CONCLUSIONS By focusing on how community champion approaches were applied by local authorities in England during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study contributes to knowledge on volunteer mobilisation as a mechanism to improve public health communication and outreach. Notwithstanding the limitations of experiential evidence, the synthesis of practice-based learning highlights potentially transferable community engagement strategies for health protection and health improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- School of Health, Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Calverley Building, Portland Place, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK.
| | - James Woodall
- School of Health, Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Calverley Building, Portland Place, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Jude Stansfield
- School of Health, Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Calverley Building, Portland Place, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Tom Mapplethorpe
- Corporate Strategy, Commissioning and Public Health, Kirklees Council, Huddersfield, HD1 9EL, UK
| | - Andrew Passey
- School of Health, Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Calverley Building, Portland Place, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Bagnall
- School of Health, Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Calverley Building, Portland Place, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
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Hall CE, Wehling H, Stansfield J, South J, Brooks SK, Greenberg N, Amlôt R, Weston D. Examining the role of community resilience and social capital on mental health in public health emergency and disaster response: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2482. [PMID: 38082247 PMCID: PMC10714503 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the public to remain psychologically resilient in the face of public health emergencies and disasters (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) is a key factor in the effectiveness of a national response to such events. Community resilience and social capital are often perceived as beneficial and ensuring that a community is socially and psychologically resilient may aid emergency response and recovery. This review presents a synthesis of literature which answers the following research questions: How are community resilience and social capital quantified in research?; What is the impact of community resilience on mental wellbeing?; What is the impact of infectious disease outbreaks, disasters and emergencies on community resilience and social capital?; and, What types of interventions enhance community resilience and social capital?A scoping review procedure was followed. Searches were run across Medline, PsycInfo, and EMBASE, with search terms covering both community resilience and social capital, public health emergencies, and mental health. 26 papers met the inclusion criteria.The majority of retained papers originated in the USA, used a survey methodology to collect data, and involved a natural disaster. There was no common method for measuring community resilience or social capital. The association between community resilience and social capital with mental health was regarded as positive in most cases. However, we found that community resilience, and social capital, were initially negatively impacted by public health emergencies and enhanced by social group activities.Several key recommendations are proposed based on the outcomes from the review, which include: the need for a standardised and validated approach to measuring both community resilience and social capital; that there should be enhanced effort to improve preparedness to public health emergencies in communities by gauging current levels of community resilience and social capital; that community resilience and social capital should be bolstered if areas are at risk of disasters or public health emergencies; the need to ensure that suitable short-term support is provided to communities with high resilience in the immediate aftermath of a public health emergency or disaster; the importance of conducting robust evaluation of community resilience initiatives deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Grants
- NIHR20008900 National Institute for Health Research Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, a partnership between Public Health England, King's College London and the University of East Anglia
- NIHR20008900 National Institute for Health Research Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, a partnership between Public Health England, King's College London and the University of East Anglia
- NIHR20008900 National Institute for Health Research Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, a partnership between Public Health England, King's College London and the University of East Anglia
- NIHR20008900 National Institute for Health Research Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, a partnership between Public Health England, King's College London and the University of East Anglia
- NIHR20008900 National Institute for Health Research Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, a partnership between Public Health England, King's College London and the University of East Anglia
- NIHR20008900 National Institute for Health Research Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, a partnership between Public Health England, King's College London and the University of East Anglia
- National Institute for Health Research Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, a partnership between Public Health England, King’s College London and the University of East Anglia
- Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, as part of a Collaborative Agreement with Leeds Beckett University.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hall
- Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, Evaluation & Translation Directorate, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - H Wehling
- Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, Evaluation & Translation Directorate, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - J Stansfield
- School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Portland Building, PD519, Portland Place, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - J South
- School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Portland Building, PD519, Portland Place, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - S K Brooks
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - N Greenberg
- Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - R Amlôt
- Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, Evaluation & Translation Directorate, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - D Weston
- Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, Evaluation & Translation Directorate, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK.
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Griffiths C, Radley D, Gately P, South J, Sanders G, Morris MA, Clare K, Martin A, Heppenstall A, McCann M, Rodgers J, Nobles J, Coggins A, Cooper N, Cooke C, Gilthorpe MS, Ells L. A complex systems approach to obesity: a transdisciplinary framework for action. Perspect Public Health 2023; 143:305-309. [PMID: 37395317 PMCID: PMC10683338 DOI: 10.1177/17579139231180761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Griffiths
- Obesity Institute, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingly Campus, Leeds LS6 3QS, Yorkshire, UK
| | - D Radley
- Obesity Institute, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - P Gately
- Obesity Institute, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of health, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - G Sanders
- Obesity Institute, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - MA Morris
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics and Leeds Institute for Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - K Clare
- Obesity Institute, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - A Martin
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A Heppenstall
- School of Political and Social Sciences, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M McCann
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Rodgers
- International Business School, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - J Nobles
- Obesity Institute, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - A Coggins
- Essex County Council, Chelmsford, UK
| | - N Cooper
- Suffolk County Council, Ipswich, UK
| | - C Cooke
- Obesity Institute, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - MS Gilthorpe
- Obesity Institute, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - L Ells
- Obesity Institute, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Southby K, Coan S, Rushworth S, South J, Bagnall AM, Lam T, Woodward J, Button D. The contribution of peer research in evaluating complex public health interventions: examples from two UK community empowerment projects. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2164. [PMID: 36424569 PMCID: PMC9685878 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peer-research is steered and conducted by people with lived experience of the issues being researched. This paper explores the value of peer-research in two complex public health intervention evaluations in the UK. METHODS Reports from 18 peer research projects, completed by residents from 12 communities in the UK taking part in two community empowerment interventions, were analysed using cross-case analysis. RESULTS Undertaking peer research helped to build the evaluation and research skills within individual projects as well as providing data on other outcomes related to the programmes Theory of Change. Some peer researchers, however, felt unprepared for the activity despite support from the academic team and were unsatisfied with project outcomes. While peer research projects provided more opportunities for local residents to engage with the overall evaluations, there was an overreliance on people closely connected to the programmes to be peer researchers. The peer research projects explored topics that were broader than the aims and objectives of the overall programme evaluations. All provided insight into the context in which projects occurred, while some also informed understanding of programme change mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Including peer research as part of complex public health intervention evaluations can help uncover important contextual and ecological details beyond the reach of more traditional evaluation data collection. Peer research can also empower and build research/evaluation capacity within communities, which is particularly pertinent for community empowerment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Southby
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Leeds Beckett University, 519 Portland, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE UK
| | - Susan Coan
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Leeds Beckett University, 519 Portland, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE UK
| | - Sara Rushworth
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Leeds Beckett University, 519 Portland, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE UK
| | - Jane South
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Leeds Beckett University, 519 Portland, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE UK
| | - Anne-Marie Bagnall
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Leeds Beckett University, 519 Portland, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE UK
| | - Tiffany Lam
- grid.422699.20000 0004 5930 2724Sustrans UK, 2 Cathedral Square, Bristol, BS1 5DD UK
| | - Jenny Woodward
- grid.10346.300000 0001 0745 8880Leeds Beckett University, 519 Portland, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE UK
| | - Danial Button
- grid.422572.40000 0001 2289 0006New Economics Foundation, 10 Salamanca Place, London, SE1 7HB UK
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Southby K, Bidey T, Grimes D, Khor Z, South J, Bagnall AM. Together through tough times: a qualitative study of community resilience to protect against mental health issues in the UK. JPMH 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/jpmh-03-2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Living in an area experiencing economic and social disadvantage is a known risk factor to poor mental health and well-being. This paper aims to understand how some communities experiencing disadvantage appear to be more resilient to the enduring challenges they face and display better mental health outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative case study approach was used. Semi-structured interviews (total = 74) were undertaken remotely with residents (n = 39) and voluntary, community and social enterprise groups, community leaders and other local stakeholders (n = 35) in four case study areas. Data analysis was cross-case, thematic analysis. Community analysis workshops (n = 4) and resilience mapping workshops (n = 4) in each site corroborated emerging insights.
Findings
Four overlapping and interacting themes support community resilience: community hubs and local voluntary, community and social enterprise (VCSE) networks; opportunities to participate and make connections within communities; open and supportive environments to talk about mental health and well-being; and community identities and collective narratives. Differences in access to these resources was a cross-cutting theme.
Originality/value
Community resilience can be understood in terms of the amount of resources – articulated in terms of capital – that communities can draw on in response to challenges, and how well these resources are mobilised. A thriving VCSE sector is important for community resilience in communities experiencing disadvantage as a mechanism for both sustainably building and mobilising community resources in the face of daily and enduring challenges.
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Homer C, Woodall J, Freeman C, South J, Cooke J, Holliday J, Hartley A, Mullen S. Changing the culture: a qualitative study exploring research capacity in local government. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1341. [PMID: 35836209 PMCID: PMC9281003 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13758-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Local government has become a key constituent for addressing health inequalities and influencing the health of individuals and communities in England. Lauded as an effective approach to tackle the multiple determinants of health, there are concerns that generating and utilising research evidence to inform decision-making and action is a challenge. This research was conducted in a local authority situated in the north of England and addressed the research question – ‘What is the capacity to collaborate and deliver research?’. The study explored the assets that exist to foster a stronger research culture, identified barriers and opportunities for developing research capacity, and how a sustainable research system could be developed to impact on local residents’ health and reduce health inequalities. Methods This was a qualitative study utilising semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The study used an embedded researcher (ER) who was digitally embedded within the local authority for four months to conduct the data collection. Senior Managers were purposively sampled from across the local authority to take part in interviews. Three focus groups included representation from across the local authority. Framework analysis was conducted to develop the themes which were informed by the Research Capacity Development framework. Results Tensions between research led decision making and the political and cultural context of local government were identified as a barrier to developing research which addressed health inequalities. Research was not prioritised through an organisational strategy and was led sporadically by research active employees. A recognition across leaders that a culture shift to an organisation which used research evidence to develop policy and commission services was needed. Building relationships and infrastructure across local government, place-based collaborators and academic institutions was required. The embedded researcher approach is one method of developing these relationships. The study identifies the strengths and assets that are embedded in the organisational make-up and the potential areas for development. Conclusion Research leadership is required in local government to create a culture of evidence-based principles and policy. The embedded research model has high utility in gaining depth of information and recognising contextual and local factors which would support research capacity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Homer
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK.
| | - James Woodall
- School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Portland Building, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Charlotte Freeman
- School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Portland Building, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Jane South
- School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Portland Building, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Jo Cooke
- Health Sciences School, Division of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sheffield, Barber House Annex, 3a Clarkehouse Road, Sheffield, S10, UK
| | - Judith Holliday
- Research Department, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Pinderfields Hospital, Aberford Road, Wakefield, WF1 4DG, UK
| | - Anna Hartley
- Wakefield Council, Wakefield One, Burton Street, Wakefield, WF1 2EB, UK
| | - Shane Mullen
- Wakefield Council, Wakefield One, Burton Street, Wakefield, WF1 2EB, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- Professor of Healthy Communities, Leeds Beckett University, UK
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9
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South J, Mapplethorpe T, Gledhill R, Marsh W, Stansfield J, Evans S, Mancini M, Outhwaite H. Learning from public health practice: the development of a library of community-centered practice examples. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022:6623459. [PMID: 35774035 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valuable learning derived from public health practice can be captured through practice-based case studies, also known as practice examples. Practice examples of participatory interventions supplement the evidence base by providing information on the complexities of implementation in communities. This paper reports on a Public Health England project to build a bank of community-centered practice examples based on robust processes of collection and curation. METHODS The multidisciplinary project had three phases: (i) development and piloting a process to collect practice examples, (ii) refining review processes and gathering further examples via national and regional teams (iii) maintenance of an accessible collection on the library platform. RESULTS The project resulted in a searchable collection of 55 practice examples illustrating participatory approaches in public health practice. The collection shows diversity in terms of settings, population, focus and type of approach used to work with communities. A secondary outcome was the development of generic guidance and templates for further collections on public health topics. CONCLUSIONS This project illustrates how information on the implementation of community-centered approaches in real-life contexts can be gathered and disseminated through a transferable process. Having collections of practice examples supports knowledge exchange in public health as learning is shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK.,Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, London SW1H 0EU, UK
| | - Tom Mapplethorpe
- Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, London SW1H 0EU, UK
| | - Rachel Gledhill
- UK Health Security Agency Knowledge and Library Services, UK Health Security Agency, London SW1H 0EU, UK
| | - Wendy Marsh
- UK Health Security Agency Knowledge and Library Services, UK Health Security Agency, London SW1H 0EU, UK
| | - Jude Stansfield
- School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK.,Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, London SW1H 0EU, UK
| | - Sian Evans
- Local Knowledge and Intelligence Service (LKIS) East, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, Cambridge CB21 5XA, UK
| | - Michelle Mancini
- Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, North East and Yorkshire, Department of Health and Social Care, Newcastle NE15 8NY, UK
| | - Helen Outhwaite
- Improvement Directorate, NHS England and NHS Improvement, Leeds LS2 7UE, UK
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Taylor B, South J, Robertson S, Ryan T, Wood E, King RL, Senek M, Tod A, Seymour J. Addressing current challenges in adult nursing: Describing a virtual consensus development project methodology. Nurs Open 2021; 9:900-907. [PMID: 34562307 PMCID: PMC8859052 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This article describes the development and implementation of a virtual Consensus development project to address current challenges in adult nursing care in the UK. Design This is a Consensus Development Project (CDP). Methods The five stages of this CDP were: develop questions (informed by PPI representatives and a documentary review), generate evidence reviews, recruit and orient the lay panel, host Consensus seminars, and consult with panel members and stakeholders. Results To the best of our knowledge, a CDP has not previously been conducted in a UK nursing context, and this is the first of its kind to be hosted virtually. This article contributes a detailed outline of the Consensus development methodology and constructive commentary to support future Consensus development projects. Learning points include reflections on the impact of hosting this event virtually, the relationship between the project coordinator and chair, and the composition of the lay panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Taylor
- Division of Nursing & Midwifery, Department of Health Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jane South
- School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Steve Robertson
- Division of Nursing & Midwifery, Department of Health Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tony Ryan
- Division of Nursing & Midwifery, Department of Health Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emily Wood
- Division of Nursing & Midwifery, Department of Health Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rachel Louise King
- Division of Nursing & Midwifery, Department of Health Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michaela Senek
- Division of Nursing & Midwifery, Department of Health Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Angela Tod
- Division of Nursing & Midwifery, Department of Health Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jane Seymour
- Division of Nursing & Midwifery, Department of Health Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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McElroy E, Ashton M, Bagnall AM, Comerford T, McKeown M, Patalay P, Pennington A, South J, Wilson T, Corcoran R. The individual, place, and wellbeing - a network analysis. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1621. [PMID: 34488692 PMCID: PMC8419673 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has examined individual-level and place characteristics as correlates of subjective wellbeing, with many studies concluding that individual factors (e.g. health, finances) are more strongly related to wellbeing. However, this ‘dualistic’ approach has been challenged, with some arguing that it is impossible to disentangle the effects of the two domains, and that wellbeing should be considered as part of a network of mutually reinforcing relationships between individual, community and place characteristics. We used network analysis to explore these complex associations. Methods Data were from a large sample of adults from a socioeconomically disadvantaged region of the United Kingdom (N = 4319). Wellbeing was assessed using the 7-item version of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS). Mixed graphical networks were estimated including wellbeing, place and individual-characteristic variables as nodes. Results We found a densely connected network in which wellbeing was associated, both directly and indirectly, with all of the individual, community and place characteristics assessed. Wellbeing was most strongly connected with individual characteristics, in particular financial difficulty and subjective physical health. However, controlling for all other variables in the network model, wellbeing was positively associated with local greenspace usage, civic agency, and neighbourhood cohesion, and negatively associated with housing disrepair. Greater specificity in these associations was observed when the wellbeing construct was broken down into its constituent parts. Conclusions These findings highlight the complex relationships that exist between individual, community and place characteristics in the context of subjective wellbeing, and that all domains need to be considered when developing population-level strategies to improve wellbeing. Further consideration needs to be given to how this might happen in practice, for example through a combination of consistent use of community engagement methodologies alongside Health in All Policy (HiAP) approaches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11553-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin McElroy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Mathew Ashton
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, & Liverpool City Council, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anne Marie Bagnall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mick McKeown
- School of Nursing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies and Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andy Pennington
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jane South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Wilson
- NIHR ARC North West Coast, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rhiannon Corcoran
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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12
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den Broeder L, South J, Rothoff A, Bagnall AM, Azarhoosh F, van der Linden G, Bharadwa M, Wagemakers A. Community engagement in deprived neighbourhoods during the COVID-19 crisis: perspectives for more resilient and healthier communities. Health Promot Int 2021; 37:6327058. [PMID: 34297841 PMCID: PMC8414056 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic confines people to their homes, disrupting the fragile social fabric of deprived neighbourhoods and citizen's participation options. In deprived neighbourhoods, community engagement is central in building community resilience, an important resource for health and a prerequisite for effective health promotion programmes. It provides access to vulnerable groups and helps understand experiences, assets, needs and problems of citizens. Most importantly, community activities, including social support, primary care or improving urban space, enhance health through empowerment, strengthened social networks, mutual respect and providing a sense of purpose and meaning. In the context of inequalities associated with COVID-19, these aspects are crucial for citizens of deprived neighbourhoods who often feel their needs and priorities are ignored. In this perspectives paper, illustrated by a varied overview of community actions in the UK and The Netherlands, we demonstrate how citizens, communities and organizations may build resilience and community power. Based on in-depth discussion among the authors we distilled six features of community actions: increase in mutual aid and neighbourhood ties, the central role of community-based organizations (CBOs), changing patterns of volunteering, use of digital media and health promotion opportunities. We argue that in order to enable and sustain resilient and confident, 'disaster-proof', communities, areas which merit investment include supporting active citizens, new (digital) ways of community engagement, transforming formal organizations, alignment with the (local) context and applying knowledge in the field of health promotion in new ways, focussing on learning and co-creation with citizen initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea den Broeder
- Faculty of Health, ACHIEVE, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Tafelbergweg 51, Amsterdam 1105 BD, The Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3570 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Jane South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Auke Rothoff
- Health and Society, Social Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8130, Wageningen 6700 EW, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Bagnall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Firoez Azarhoosh
- Indische Buurtbalie, Buurtruimte de Meevaart, Balistraat 48A, Amsterdam 1094 JN, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Annemarie Wagemakers
- Health and Society, Social Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8130, Wageningen 6700 EW, The Netherlands
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13
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Fancourt D, Bhui K, Chatterjee H, Crawford P, Crossick G, DeNora T, South J. Social, cultural and community engagement and mental health: cross-disciplinary, co-produced research agenda. BJPsych Open 2020; 7:e3. [PMID: 33256880 PMCID: PMC7791563 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing cross-disciplinary research on the relationship between individuals' social, cultural and community engagement (SCCE) and mental health. SCCE includes engagement in the arts, culture and heritage, libraries and literature, sports and nature activities, volunteering, and community groups. Research has demonstrated the effects of these activities both on the prevention and management of mental illness. However, it remains unclear whether current research is focusing on the research questions that are of most immediate urgency and relevance to policy and practice. AIMS The current project was funded as part of the UK Research and Innovation cross-disciplinary mental health network programme to develop and co-produce a new cross-disciplinary research agenda on SCCE and mental health. METHOD Established processes and principles for developing health research agendas were followed, with a six-phase design including engagement with over 1000 key stakeholders, consultations, integration of findings and collective prioritisation of key questions. RESULTS We identified four core themes: the mode of engagement, process of engagement, impact of engagement and infrastructure required to facilitate engagement. There were many points of agreement across all stakeholder groups on the priority questions within these themes, but also some specific questions of relevance to different sectors. CONCLUSIONS This agenda is particularly timely given the extreme pressure on mental health services predicted to follow the current COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to identify how resources from other sectors can be mobilised, and what research questions are going to be most important to fund to support SCCE for mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Fancourt
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
| | - Kamaldeep Bhui
- Centre for Psychiatry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Helen Chatterjee
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Division of Biosciences, University College London, UK
| | - Paul Crawford
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Tia DeNora
- Department of Sociology, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Jane South
- School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, UK
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14
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Coan S, Woodward J, South J, Bagnall A, Southby K, Button D, Trigwell J. Can a community empowerment intervention improve health and wellbeing in a post-industrial UK town? Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
'Local People' programme operates in 29 UK communities experiencing disadvantage and economic stressors that impact on population wellbeing. The programme uses a community empowerment approach to increase social connections, and collective control, improve health, and reduce inequalities. This links to SDGs 3 and 11. Mechanisms include a decision-making group led by residents, a project lead, funding, and support from a national charity.
Methods
A mixed method evaluation was conducted (2017-19) to identify processes and assess outcomes and impacts. This presentation outlines the findings from five in-depth qualitative case studies (c140 interviews) with emphasis on one post-industrial UK town suffering from the effects of industrial decline. A within case and cross case qualitative analysis was undertaken using a thematic framework.
Results
Priorities set by local areas focused on increasing community involvement and connections between people. A wide range of activities took place including regular classes and community events. The five case studies found strong qualitative evidence of increased social connectedness, community spirit and a sense of purpose, along with the area becoming a better place to live. People involved in project delivery gained confidence and skills, improved their wellbeing and gained a sense of control. There is, as yet, limited evidence that increased involvement has influenced the wider determinants of health. In the post-industrial town, people's social networks expanded, enriching their lives and providing missed companionship. Participants in the programme reported improved mental and physical health, as well as increased confidence and skills. Involvement gave a voice to marginalised older people in the area.
Conclusions
Empowering communities and putting residents in control can lead to improvements in connectedness and some aspects of health and wellbeing, even in post-industrial towns facing considerable and complex challenges.
Key messages
The community empowerment programme increased social connectedness. The programme led to improved mental and physical health in participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Coan
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J Woodward
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - A Bagnall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - K Southby
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - D Button
- New Economics Foundation, London, UK
| | - J Trigwell
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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15
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Southby K, Rushworth S, South J, Coan S, Woodward J, Bagnall AM, Button D. An example of involving lay people to enhance complex public health intervention evaluations. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite growing interest in understanding complex systems and public health interventions, research methodologies that take account of system-wide action are relatively underdeveloped. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is steered and conducted by people with lived experience of the issues being researched. This paper explores the value of CBPR in complex public health intervention evaluations. The 'Local People' and 'Local Conversations' programmes use a community empowerment approach in 50 communities across the UK experiencing social disadvantage to increase social connections and collective control, improve health and wellbeing, and reduce inequalities (linked to SDG 3 and 11).
Methods
Evaluation of the programmes followed a mixed-methods design, including qualitative case studies, longitudinal survey, process appraisal, and CBPR. Residents from 10 communities across the programmes each undertook 2 rounds of CBPR. These projects resulted in written reports, which were analysed thematically alongside other data sources.
Results
There was some variation in the scope and design of the 20 completed CBPR projects. Whilst projects did not generally extend beyond the scope of the overall evaluation, peer research provided information from residents that were inaccessible to other data collection streams. Gathering community (lay) knowledge improved understanding of local priorities and actions within the programmes. However, the utility of CBPR was less consistent for community-researchers and local communities, often failing to support project development. Some community-researchers felt unprepared for the activity despite support from the academic team.
Conclusions
Conducted appropriately, CBPR can elicit data that would be less accessible through externally led research. This study highlights the value of CBPR in complex programme evaluations, enabling a deeper understanding of social context in which interventions occur.
Key messages
CBPR complements more traditional research methodologies in complex public health evaluation designs. CBPR can enable a deeper understanding of social processes necessary for the success of complex public health interventions that might be beyond the scope of other methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Southby
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - S Rushworth
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - S Coan
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J Woodward
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - A M Bagnall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - D Button
- New Economics Foundations, London, UK
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16
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Bagnall AM, Trigwell J, Heisse C, Quick A, Southby K, Woodward J, South J, Button D. Impact of a community empowerment programme in disadvantaged UK neighbourhoods: results of a survey. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A community empowerment programme in the UK aims to enable people to have greater collective control over area-based decision making, improved health and wellbeing and reduce health inequalities, by providing small grants to support residents of deprived neighbourhoods and communities of interest to come together to take action on issues of importance to them.
Methods
A survey was conducted at 4 6-month intervals as part of a mixed methods evaluation, to collect data about participant demographics, level of involvement, opinions of the project, and impacts. The survey was self-completed online or on paper, and distributed by local project leads. Outcome questions were adapted from the UK Government Community Life Survey to facilitate comparison with national statistics. Data were analysed using SPSS to produce descriptive statistics, supported by inferential statistical tests where appropriate. Regression analysis using multi-level modelling was used to estimate the conditional correlation between health outcome and Local People project participation.
Results
1053 people from 29 local areas responded to the survey over the 4 time points; only 93 responded more than once. 43% took part in project activities, 36% were local project committee members and 19% were volunteers. The analysis found positive impacts on confidence, control, friendships, skills, happiness, life satisfaction, feelings of worth (p < 0.05), and that greater length and degree of involvement in the projects were associated with greater positive impacts on all of these outcomes.
Conclusions
The survey provides tentative evidence that participation in a community empowerment initiative may result in improved wellbeing, feelings of power and control, sense of belonging and trust. People who are involved for longer or more deeply involved are more likely to see these impacts. More community-based survey research is needed to gather people's views on neighbourhood initiatives.
Key messages
An evaluation of a community empowerment programme found positive impacts on control, wellbeing, belonging and trust. Greater length or degree of involvement were associated with greater impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bagnall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J Trigwell
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - C Heisse
- New Economics Foundation, London, UK
| | - A Quick
- New Economics Foundation, London, UK
| | - K Southby
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J Woodward
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - D Button
- New Economics Foundation, London, UK
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17
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Worrillow N, South J, Cole A, Collin S, Briggs M. The frequent user’s decision-making process when contacting urgent and/or emergency services. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There is a lack of qualitative research that has been undertaken which has captured the perspective of frequent users to urgent and emergency healthcare services. Previous research has viewed and studied this population largely by using retrospective routine data, which focuses on the patient's demographic, presenting symptom or demand implication. Current research now advocates that these vulnerable and complex individuals are using these services due to their unmet needs or multiple comorbidities. The aim of this research was to explore the patient's decision-making process and their motivations for repeatedly contacting urgent and emergency services.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a small cohort of six previously identified frequent users to urgent and emergency healthcare services. These participants were recruited into the study by a third sector organisation, due to the vulnerabilities and complexities of these individuals' lifestyles. A framework analysis was used to code and extract relevant themes and concepts from the interviews.
Results
Social prescribing through a named support worker enables navigation and re-engagement into a range of services that benefits this population and reduces their demand upon other services. The support given through social prescribing organisations can counteract the lack of personal support networks and resilience factors that these individuals experience. In addition, individuals who have been re-referred into substance misuse services should be offered alternative engagement programmes, which differ from their initial programme.
Conclusions
Current inequities of outcomes and access to services should be examined, in relation to vulnerable and complex individuals who have reduced support networks and limited resilience factors. Future research should be undertaken regarding the benefits for frequent users of social prescribing to support patient outcomes and re-integration into services.
Key messages
Social prescribing is the link that enables complex and vulnerable frequent users to navigate and re-engage into a range of health and social care services. Examining the inequities faced by frequent users to urgent and emergency healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Worrillow
- School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J South
- School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - A Cole
- NHS Leeds Clinical Commissioning Group, Leeds, UK
- Urgent Care, Barca-Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S Collin
- Urgent Care, Barca-Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NHS Leeds Clinical Commissioning Group, Leeds, UK
| | - M Briggs
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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18
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Stansfield J, South J, Mapplethorpe T. What are the elements of a whole system approach to community-centred public health? A qualitative study with public health leaders in England's local authority areas. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036044. [PMID: 32847905 PMCID: PMC7451485 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to identify key elements of whole system approaches to building healthy communities and putting communities at the heart of public health with a focus on public health practice to reduce health inequalities. DESIGN A mixed-method qualitative study was undertaken. The primary method was semi-structured interviews with 17 public health leaders from 12 local areas. This was supplemented by a rapid review of literature, a survey of 342 members of the public via Public Health England's (PHE) People's Panel and a round-table discussion with 23 stakeholders. SETTING Local government in England. RESULTS Eleven elements of community-centred public health practice that constitute taking a whole system approach were identified. These were grouped into the headings of involving, strengthening, scaling and sustaining. The elements were underpinned by a set of values and principles. CONCLUSION Local public health leaders are in a strong position to develop a whole system approach to reducing health inequalities that puts communities at its heart. The elements, values and principles summarise what a supportive infrastructure looks like and this could be further tested with other localities and communities as a framework for scaling community-centred public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Stansfield
- Health Improvement Division, Public Health England, London, UK
- School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jane South
- Health Improvement Division, Public Health England, London, UK
- School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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19
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South J, Stansfield J, Amlôt R, Weston D. Sustaining and strengthening community resilience throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Perspect Public Health 2020; 140:305-308. [PMID: 32820710 PMCID: PMC7683884 DOI: 10.1177/1757913920949582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J South
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, UK
| | - J Stansfield
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, UK; School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - R Amlôt
- Behavioural Science Team, Emergency Response Department, Health Protection, Public Health England, UK
| | - D Weston
- Behavioural Science Team, Emergency Response Department, Health Protection, Public Health England, UK
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20
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Rippon S, Bagnall AM, Gamsu M, South J, Trigwell J, Southby K, Warwick-Booth L, Coan S, Woodward J. Towards transformative resilience: community, neighbourhood and system responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23748834.2020.1788321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rippon
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Bagnall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark Gamsu
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jane South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Joanne Trigwell
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Kris Southby
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Louise Warwick-Booth
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Susan Coan
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jenny Woodward
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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21
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South J, Connolly AM, Stansfield JA, Johnstone P, Henderson G, Fenton KA. Putting the public (back) into public health: leadership, evidence and action. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 41:10-17. [PMID: 29546426 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong evidence-based rationale for community capacity building and community empowerment as part of a strategic response to reduce health inequalities. Within the current UK policy context, there are calls for increased public engagement in prevention and local decision-making in order to give people greater control over the conditions that determine health. With reference to the challenges and opportunities within the English public health system, this essay seeks to open debate about what is required to mainstream community-centred approaches and ensure that the public is central to public health. The essay sets out the case for a reorientation of public health practice in order to build impactful action with communities at scale leading to a reduction in the health gap. National frameworks that support local practice are described. Four areas of challenge that could potentially drive an implementation gap are discussed: (i) achieving integration and scale, (ii) effective community mobilization, (iii) evidencing impact and (iv) achieving a shift in power. The essay concludes with a call to action for developing a contemporary public health practice that is rooted in communities and offers local leadership to strengthen local assets, increase community control and reduce health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J South
- Public Health England, London, UK
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - J A Stansfield
- Public Health England, London, UK
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - P Johnstone
- Public Health England, London, UK
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - K A Fenton
- Public Health England, London, UK
- Health and Wellbeing, Southwark Council, London, UK
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22
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Luger AM, South J, Alexander ME, Ellender BR, Weyl OLF, Nagelkerke LAJ. Ecomorphology of largemouth bass relative to a native trophic analogue explains its high invasive impact. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Bagnall A, South J, Southby K, Di Martino S, Pilkington G, Mitchell B, Pennington A, Corcoran R. Community infrastructure to boost social relations: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
‘Boosting social relations’ in communities has been identified as a priority UK policy-related topic. An earlier scoping review identified evidence gaps in social relations & community infrastructure. We undertook a mixed method systematic review on this topic, which has potential for immediate practical impact.
Methods
A comprehensive search included 11 databases (1997-2017), grey literature and citation checking. Studies of interventions to improve or make alternative use of community or neighbourhood places, reporting outcomes of social relations, community wellbeing & related concepts were included. Established validity checklists. Qualitative data was synthesised thematically and a narrative synthesis was produced. GRADE and CERQual approaches were used to rate the overall strength of evidence for each outcome.
Results
51 included studies, mostly of poor to moderate quality, and mostly qualitative, provided moderate evidence that: Community hubs may promote social cohesion, increase social capital and build trust, widen social networks, increase interaction, and increase knowledge or skills;Changes to neighbourhood design may positively affect sense of belonging and pride in a community;Green and blue space interventions that provide the opportunity to participate in activities or meetings may improve social interactions, increase social networks, bonding and bridging social capital, physical activity and healthy eating, and improve people’s skills and knowledge.
There were also common themes relating to facilitators and barriers to successful interventions.
Conclusions
There is moderate evidence that a range of intervention approaches to community infrastructure can boost social relations and community wellbeing. Future research should prioritise high quality evaluations using repeated measures and validated tools, and robust and credible qualitative evidence.
Key messages
There is moderate evidence that a range of intervention approaches to community infrastructure can boost social relations and community wellbeing. Community hubs may promote social cohesion, increase social capital and build trust, widen social networks, increase interaction, and increase knowledge or skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bagnall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - K Southby
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - S Di Martino
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - B Mitchell
- The Business School, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - A Pennington
- Institute of Psychology Health and Society, Heseltine Inst, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Corcoran
- Institute of Psychology Health and Society, Heseltine Inst, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
Community participation is a central concept for health promotion, covering a breadth of approaches, purposes and activities. This paper reports on a national knowledge translation project in England, UK, which resulted in a conceptual framework and typology of community-based approaches, published as national guidance. A key objective was to develop a conceptual framework linked to sources of evidence that could be used to support increased uptake of participatory methods across the health system. It was recognized that legitimacy of community participation was being undermined by a scattered evidence base, absence of a common terminology and low visibility of community practice. A scoping review, combined with stakeholder consultation, was undertaken and 168 review and conceptual publications were identified and a map produced. A 'family of community-centred approaches for health and wellbeing' was then produced as way of organizing the evidence and visually representing the range of intervention types. There are four main groups, with sub-categories: (i) strengthening communities, (ii) volunteer and peer roles, (iii) collaborations and partnerships and (iv) access to community resources. Each group is differentiated using key concepts and theoretical justifications around increasing equity, control and social connectedness. An open access bibliography is available to accompany the framework. The paper discusses the application of the family of community-centred approaches as a flexible planning tool for health promotion practice and its potential to be used as a framework for organizing and synthesizing evidence from a range of participatory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Public Health England, UK
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Abstract
There have been concerns about the decline of health promotion as a practice and discipline and, alongside this, calls for a clearer articulation of health promotion research and what, if anything, makes it distinct. This discussion paper, based on a review of the literature, the authors’ own experiences in the field, and a workshop delivered by two of the authors at the 8th Nordic Health Promotion Conference, seeks to state the reasons why health promotion research is distinctive. While by no means exhaustive, the paper suggests four distinctive features. The paper hopes to be a catalyst to enable health promotion researchers to be explicit in their practice and to begin the process of developing an agreed set of research principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Woodall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett
University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Jane South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett
University, Leeds, UK
| | - Ruth Cross
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett
University, Leeds, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stansfield
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK
- School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J South
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK
- School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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South J, Welsh D, Anton A, Sigwart JD, Dick JTA. Increasing temperature decreases the predatory effect of the intertidal shanny Lipophrys pholis on an amphipod prey. J Fish Biol 2018; 92:150-164. [PMID: 29139120 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between Lipophrys pholis and its amphipod prey Echinogammarus marinus were used to investigate the effect of changing water temperatures, comparing current and predicted mean summer temperatures. Contrary to expectations, predator attack rates significantly decreased with increasing temperature. Handling times were significantly longer at 19° C than at 17 and 15° C and the maximum feeding estimate was significantly lower at 19° C than at 17° C. Functional-response type changed from a destabilizing type II to the more stabilizing type III with a temperature increase to 19° C. This suggests that a temperature increase can mediate refuge for prey at low densities. Predatory pressure by teleosts may be dampened by a large increase in temperature (here from 15 to 19° C), but a short-term and smaller temperature increase (to 17° C) may increase destabilizing resource consumption due to high maximum feeding rates; this has implications for the stability of important intertidal ecosystems during warming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J South
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1LS, U.K
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, U.K
| | - D Welsh
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1LS, U.K
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, U.K
| | - A Anton
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - J D Sigwart
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1LS, U.K
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, VLSB 1101, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - J T A Dick
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1LS, U.K
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, U.K
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Bagnall AM, South J, Di Martino S, Pilkington G, Mitchell B, Newton R. What works to boost social relations and community wellbeing? A scoping review of the evidence. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - J South
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | - R Newton
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Outhwaite H, Evans S, Bell D, Manchini M, Stansfield J, Marsh W, South J. A pilot project to develop community-centred public health practice examples, England, UK. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D Bell
- Public Health England, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - W Marsh
- Public Health England, Cambridge, UK
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South J, Bagnall AM, Woodall J. Developing a Typology for Peer Education and Peer Support Delivered by Prisoners. Journal of Correctional Health Care 2017; 23:214-229. [DOI: 10.1177/1078345817700602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Bagnall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - James Woodall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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South J, Giuntoli G, Kinsella K. Getting past the dual logic: findings from a pilot asset mapping exercise in Sheffield, UK. Health Soc Care Community 2017; 25:105-113. [PMID: 26423791 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Asset-based approaches seek to identify and mobilise the personal, social and organisational resources available to communities. Asset mapping is a recognised method of gathering an inventory of neighbourhood assets and is underpinned by a fundamentally different logic to traditional needs assessments. The aim of this paper is to explore how asset mapping might be used as a tool for health improvement. It reports on a qualitative evaluation of a pilot asset mapping project carried out in two economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Sheffield, UK. The project involved community health champions working with two community organisations to identify assets linked to the health and wellbeing of their neighbourhoods. The evaluation was undertaken in 2012 after mapping activities had been completed. A qualitative design, using theory of change methodology, was used to explore assumptions between activities, mechanisms and outcomes. Semi structured interviews were undertaken with a purposive sample of 11 stakeholders including champions, community staff and strategic partners. Thematic analysis was used and themes were identified on the process of asset mapping, the role of champions and the early outcomes for neighbourhoods and services. Findings showed that asset mapping was developmental and understandings grew as participatory activities were planned and implemented. The role of the champions was limited by numbers involved, nonetheless meaningful engagement occurred with residents which led to personal and social resources being identified. Most early outcomes were focused on the lead community organisations. There was less evidence of results feeding into wider planning processes because of the requirements for more quantifiable information. The paper discusses the importance of relational aspects of asset mapping both within communities and between communities and services. The conclusions are that it is insufficient to switch from the logic of needs to assets without building asset mapping as part of a broader planning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Gianfranco Giuntoli
- Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karina Kinsella
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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South J, Southby K, James M, Tree D, Buck D. Exploring the links between volunteering, health and inequalities – is this a public health issue? Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw171.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Bagnall AM, South J, Trigwell J, Kinsella K, Harden A, McKeown A, Dan-Ogosi I. Community engagement in practice in the UK: a systematic mapping review. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw174.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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South J, White J, Trigwell J, Kinsella K, Harden A, Bagnall AM. An inter-sectoral map of UK policy promoting community engagement and empowerment in health. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw166.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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South J, Woodall J, Kinsella K, Bagnall AM. A qualitative synthesis of the positive and negative impacts related to delivery of peer-based health interventions in prison settings. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16:525. [PMID: 27682447 PMCID: PMC5041583 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peer interventions involving prisoners in delivering peer education and peer support in a prison setting can address health need and add capacity for health services operating in this setting. This paper reports on a qualitative synthesis conducted as part of a systematic review of prison-based peer interventions. One of the review questions aimed to investigate the positive and negative impacts of delivering peer interventions within prison settings. This covered organisational and process issues relating to peer interventions, including prisoner and staff views. Methods A qualitative synthesis of qualitative and mixed method studies was undertaken. The overall study design comprised a systematic review involving searching, study selection, data extraction and validity assessment. Studies reporting interventions with prisoners or ex-prisoners delivering education or support to prisoners resident in any type of prison or young offender institution, all ages, male and female, were included. A thematic synthesis was undertaken with a subset of studies reporting qualitative data (n = 33). This involved free coding of text reporting qualitative findings to develop a set of codes, which were then grouped into thematic categories and mapped back to the review question. Results Themes on process issues and wider impacts were grouped into four thematic categories: peer recruitment training and support; organisational support; prisoner relationships; prison life. There was consistent qualitative evidence on the need for organisational support within the prison to ensure smooth implementation and on managing security risks when prisoners were involved in service delivery. A suite of factors affecting the delivery of peer interventions and the wider organisation of prison life were identified. Alongside reported benefits of peer delivery, some reasons for non-utilisation of services by other prisoners were found. There was weak qualitative evidence on wider impacts on the prison system, including better communication between staff and prisoners. Gaps in evidence were identified. Conclusions The quality of included studies limited the strength of the conclusions. The main conclusion is that peer interventions cannot be seen as independent of prison life and health services need to work in partnership with prison services to deliver peer interventions. More research is needed on long-term impacts. Systematic review registration PROSPERO ref: CRD42012002349. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1753-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, CL 505, Calverley Building, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK.
| | - James Woodall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Karina Kinsella
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Bagnall
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Worrillow N, Briggs M, South J. AN ANALYSIS OF THE IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FREQUENT USERS OF URGENT AND EMERGENCY HEALTHCARE. Arch Emerg Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2016-206139.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Formalised support services for prisoners that rely on peer methods of delivery show promising health and social outcomes but there is also conjecture that negative effects, both at an individual and organisational level, can occur. The paper aims to discuss these issues. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Individuals with recognised professional expertise from various sectors (including ex-prisoners) were invited to contribute to an expert symposium to share their perceptions of the positive and negative effects of peer interventions in prison. Discussions and debate were audio recorded with the consent of all delegates and verbatim transcripts were analysed using framework analysis. FINDINGS According to the participants, peer interventions in the prison setting created both positive and negative impacts. It was clear from the evidence gathered that peer interventions in prisons can impact positively on health outcomes, but these effects were perceived to be more well-defined for peer deliverers. The notion that peer deliverers can be subjected to "burnout" suggests that supervisory processes for peer workers need to be considered carefully in order to avoid the intervention from being counter-productive. Organisationally, one of the salient issues was the adverse effects that peer interventions cause to the security of the prison. ORIGINALITY/VALUE To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time an expert symposium has been conducted to specifically examine peer interventions in prison and to consider the effects, both positive and negative, of such schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Woodall
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This paper explores contemporary issues around community-based health promotion in the light of international health policies reaffirming the central role of community action within broader efforts to achieve health equity. Adopting a system-level approach poses challenges for current health promotion practice and evaluation, particularly where there is a shift in emphasis from small-scale community health projects towards mainstream community programmes, capable of engaging widely across diverse populations. METHODS Drawing on research with community members carried out by the Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK, the paper re-examines assumptions about the nature of interventions within community settings, and what participation means from a lay perspective. Key research issues for community-based health promotion are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS The paper concludes by proposing that community-based interventions need to be reframed, if the dual challenges of citizen involvement and evidence based practice are to be met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- Professor of Healthy Communities, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK
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Giuntoli G, Hughes S, Karban K, South J. Towards a middle-range theory of mental health and well-being effects of employment transitions: Findings from a qualitative study on unemployment during the 2009-2010 economic recession. Health (London) 2014; 19:389-412. [PMID: 25323053 DOI: 10.1177/1363459314554314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article builds upon previous theoretical work on job loss as a status passage to help explain how people's experiences of involuntary unemployment affected their mental well-being during the 2009-2010 economic recession. It proposes a middle-range theory that interprets employment transitions as status passages and suggests that their health and well-being effects depend on the personal and social meanings that people give to them, which are called properties of the transitions. The analyses, which used a thematic approach, are based on the findings of a qualitative study undertaken in Bradford (North England) consisting of 73 people interviewed in 16 focus groups. The study found that the participants experienced their job losses as divestment passages characterised by three main properties: experiences of reduced agency, disruption of role-based identities, for example, personal identity crises, and experiences of 'spoiled identities', for example, experiences of stigma. The proposed middle-range theory allows us to federate these findings together in a coherent framework which makes a contribution to illuminating not just the intra-personal consequences of unemployment, that is, its impact on subjective well-being and common mental health problems, but also its inter-personal consequences, that is, the hidden and often overlooked social processes that affect unemployed people's social well-being. This article discusses how the study findings and the proposed middle-range theory can help to address the theoretical weaknesses and often contradictory empirical findings from studies that use alternative frameworks, for example, deprivation models and 'incentive theory' of unemployment.
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South J, Bagnall AM, Hulme C, Woodall J, Longo R, Dixey R, Kinsella K, Raine G, Vinall-Collier K, Wright J. A systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of peer-based interventions to maintain and improve offender health in prison settings. Health Services and Delivery Research 2014. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundOffender health is deemed a priority issue by the Department of Health. Peer support is an established feature of prison life in England and Wales; however, more needs to be known about the effectiveness of peer-based interventions to maintain and improve health in prison settings.ObjectivesThe study aimed to synthesise the evidence on peer-based interventions in prison settings by carrying out a systematic review and holding an expert symposium. Review questions were (1) what are the effects of peer-based interventions on prisoner health and the determinants of prisoner health?, (2) what are the positive and negative impacts on health services within prison settings of delivering peer-based interventions?, (3) how do the effects of peer-based approaches compare with those of professionally led approaches? and (4) what are the costs and cost-effectiveness of peer-based interventions in prison settings?Data sourcesFor the systematic review, 20 electronic databases including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and EMBASE were searched from 1985. Grey literature and relevant websites were also searched. To supplement the review findings 58 delegates, representing a variety of organisations, attended an expert symposium, which provided contextual information.Review methodsTwo reviewers independently selected studies using the following inclusion criteria: population – prisoners resident in prisons and young offender institutions; intervention – peer-based interventions; comparators: review questions 3 and 4 compared peer-led and professionally led approaches; outcomes – prisoner health or determinants of health, organisational/process outcomes or views of prison populations; study design: quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods evaluations. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed validity using piloted electronic forms and validity assessment criteria based on published checklists. Results from quantitative studies were combined using narrative summary and meta-analysis when appropriate; results from qualitative studies were combined using thematic synthesis.ResultsA total of 15,320 potentially relevant papers were identified of which 57 studies were included in the effectiveness review and one study was included in the cost-effectiveness review; most were of poor methodological quality. A typology of peer-based interventions was developed. Evidence suggested that peer education interventions are effective at reducing risky behaviours and that peer support services provide an acceptable source of help within the prison environment and have a positive effect on recipients; the strongest evidence came from the Listener scheme. Consistent evidence from many predominantly qualitative studies suggested that being a peer deliverer was associated with positive effects across all intervention types. There was limited evidence about recruitment of peer deliverers. Recurring themes were the importance of prison managerial and staff support for schemes to operate successfully, and risk management. There was little evidence on the cost-effectiveness of peer-based interventions. An economic model, developed from the results of the effectiveness review, although based on data of variable quality and a number of assumptions, showed the cost-effectiveness of peer-led over professionally led education in prison for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.LimitationsThe 58 included studies were, on the whole, of poor methodological quality.ConclusionsThere is consistent evidence from a large number of studies that being a peer worker is associated with positive health. Peer support services can also provide an acceptable source of help within the prison environment and can have a positive effect on recipients. This was confirmed by expert evidence. Research into cost-effectiveness is sparse but a limited HIV-specific economic model, although based on a number of assumptions and evidence of variable quality, showed that peer interventions were cost-effective compared with professionally led interventions. Well-designed intervention studies are needed to provide robust evidence including assessing outcomes for the target population, economic analysis of cost-effectiveness and impacts on prison health services. More research is needed to examine issues of reach, utilisation and acceptability from the perspective of recipients and those who choose not to receive peer support.Study registrationThis study was registered as PROSPERO CRD42012002349.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Bagnall
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire Hulme
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James Woodall
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
| | - Roberta Longo
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rachael Dixey
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
| | - Karina Kinsella
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
| | - Gary Raine
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
| | - Karen Vinall-Collier
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Judy Wright
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Bagnall A, South J, Hulme C, Woodall J, Kinsella K, Raine G, Vinall-Collier K. Peer interventions in prisons: findings from a systematic review of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Eur J Public Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku166.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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South J, White J, Gamsu M. Putting the public back into public health: debates in practice around building the voice of citizens into public health evidence in England, UK. Eur J Public Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku161.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Community participation and leadership is a central tenet of public health policy and practice. Community engagement approaches are used in a variety of ways to facilitate participation, ranging from the more utilitarian, involving lay delivery of established health programmes, to more empowerment-oriented approaches. Evaluation methods within public health, adapted from clinical medicine, are most suited to evaluating community engagement as an 'intervention', in the utilitarian sense, focusing on the health impacts of professionally determined programmes. However, as communities are empowered and professional control is relinquished, it is likely to be harder to capture the full effects of an intervention and so the current evidence base is skewed away from knowledge about the utility of these approaches. The aim of this paper is to stimulate debate on the evaluation of community engagement. Building on current understandings of evaluation within complex systems, the paper argues that what is needed is a paradigm shift from viewing the involvement of communities as an errant form of public health action, to seeing communities as an essential part of the public health system. This means moving from evaluation being exclusively focused on the linear causal chain between the intervention and the target population, to seeking to build understanding of whether and how the lay contribution has impacted on the social determinants of health, including the system through which the intervention is delivered. The paper proposes some alternative principles for the evaluation of community engagement that reflect a broader conceptualisation of the lay contribution to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
| | - Gemma Phillips
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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South J, Meah A, Bagnall AM, Jones R. Dimensions of lay health worker programmes: results of a scoping study and production of a descriptive framework. Glob Health Promot 2013; 20:5-15. [PMID: 23563775 DOI: 10.1177/1757975912464248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approaches that engage and support lay health workers in the delivery of health improvement activities have been widely applied across different health issues and populations. The lack of a common terminology, inconsistency in the use of role descriptors and poor indexing of lay health worker roles are all barriers to the development of a shared evidence base for lay health worker interventions. OBJECTIVES The aim of the paper is to report results from a scoping study of approaches to involve lay people in public health roles and to present a framework for categorisation of the different dimensions of lay health worker programmes. METHODS Our scoping study comprised a systematic scoping review to map the literature on lay health worker interventions and to identify role dimensions and common models. The review, which was limited to interventions relevant to UK public health priorities, covered a total of 224 publications. The scoping study also drew on experiential evidence from UK practice. RESULTS Research-based and practice-based evidence confirmed the variety of role descriptors in use and the complexity of role dimensions. Five common models that define the primary role of the lay health worker were identified from the literature. A framework was later developed that grouped features of lay health worker programmes into four dimensions: intervention, role, professional support/service and the community. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION More account needs to be taken of the variations that occur between lay health worker programmes. This framework, with the mapping of key categories of difference, may enable better description of lay health worker programmes, which will in turn assist in building a shared evidence base. More research is needed to examine the transferability of the framework within different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Metropolitan University, Queen Square House, Leeds LS2 8NU, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
AIMS The role that members of the public (non-professional lay people) can play in improving health is being increasingly recognised in research and policy. This paper explores what contribution lay people employed as health trainers are making to addressing health inequalities in England. METHODS Data from eight local evaluations of health trainer services were synthesised using a data-extraction framework to find out about client populations, any lifestyle changes made, health trainers' background and community engagement activities. These data were compared with national data to assess how findings relating to addressing inequalities compared with the national picture. RESULTS Local data largely matched national data and showed that health trainers are reaching people living with disadvantage and enabling them to make lifestyle changes. The data suggest that they do this by engaging with communities and taking a person-centred approach. Being non-clinical peers is also important. However, no evidence was found that health trainers were impacting on health inequalities at a population level. CONCLUSION Health trainers are contributing to addressing health inequalities but the services evaluated were small and had been operating for a limited time, so to expect reductions in inequalities at a population level within districts would be unrealistic. The findings of this synthesis present a challenge to primary care and public health to employ health trainers in order to engage marginalised communities as one element of plans to address health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy White
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS2 4NU, UK.
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Abstract
This article provides population norms for the Short Form Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) and investigates the relationship between PSS-4 scores and sociodemographic variables. The PSS-4 was administered to an English sample (n = 1568) and was found to have acceptable psychometric properties. Sociodemographic variables explained 19.5% of variance in PSS-4 scores, and mean PSS-4 scores were significantly different from the mean scores reported in Cohen and Williamson's original study. Greater levels of perceived health status, greater levels of social support, being male and being older were predictive of lower PSS-4 scores. Norm values for interpreting PSS-4 scores are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Metropolitan University
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Woodall J, Dixey R, South J. Prisoners’ perspectives on the transition from the prison to the community: implications for settings-based health promotion. Critical Public Health 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2012.732219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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South J, White J, Branney P, Kinsella K. Public health skills for a lay workforce: findings on skills and attributes from a qualitative study of lay health worker roles. Public Health 2013; 127:419-26. [PMID: 23587671 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present a typology of attributes associated with lay health worker (LHW) roles drawn from a qualitative study of lay roles in the delivery of public health programmes. STUDY DESIGN Qualitative research study of case studies of public health projects. METHODS Five case studies of public health projects were undertaken, reflecting diverse roles, public health issues and populations. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were carried out with a sample of 136 stakeholders, including commissioners, practitioners, LHWs and service users. Thematic analysis was conducted within and across cases. RESULTS Findings on the pre-eminence of social skills associated with LHW roles were consistent across all five projects. Being approachable, non-judgemental and responsive to community needs were critical attributes that enabled LHWs to undertake outreach and communicate successfully with programme recipients. Experiential knowledge and cultural understanding were also important qualities. A typology of attributes associated with LHW roles is presented. CONCLUSIONS Social skills, the ability to connect with a community, and the ability to develop respectful relationships are fundamental qualities for LHW roles. Further research would be required to produce a comprehensive map of LHW skills; however, the paper questions assumptions that lay skills are necessarily of a lower order than the professional skill set.
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Affiliation(s)
- J South
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK.
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