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Kautz TM, Fowler NL, Petroelje TR, Beyer DE, Duquette JF, Belant JL. White-tailed deer exploit temporal refuge from multi-predator and human risks on roads. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9125. [PMID: 35898426 PMCID: PMC9309034 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most prey have multiple predator species, few studies have quantified how prey respond to the temporal niches of multiple predators which pose different levels of danger. For example, intraspecific variation in diel activity allows white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to reduce fawn activity overlap with coyotes (Canis latrans) but finding safe times of day may be more difficult for fawns in a multi-predator context. We hypothesized that within a multi-predator system, deer would allocate antipredation behavior optimally based on combined mortality risk from multiple sources, which would vary depending on fawn presence. We measured cause-specific mortality of 777 adult (>1-year-old) and juvenile (1-4-month-old) deer and used 300 remote cameras to estimate the activity of deer, humans, and predators including American black bears (Ursus americanus), bobcats (Lynx rufus), coyotes, and wolves (Canis lupus). Predation and vehicle collisions accounted for 5.3 times greater mortality in juveniles (16% mortality from bears, coyotes, bobcats, wolves, and vehicles) compared with adults (3% mortality from coyotes, wolves, and vehicles). Deer nursery groups (i.e., ≥1 fawn present) were more diurnal than adult deer without fawns, causing fawns to have 24-38% less overlap with carnivores and 39% greater overlap with humans. Supporting our hypothesis, deer nursery groups appeared to optimize diel activity to minimize combined mortality risk. Temporal refuge for fawns was likely the result of carnivores avoiding humans, simplifying diel risk of five species into a trade-off between diurnal humans and nocturnal carnivores. Functional redundancy among multiple predators with shared behaviors may partially explain why white-tailed deer fawn predation rates are often similar among single- and multi-predator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Kautz
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York Syracuse New York USA
| | - Nicholas L Fowler
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York Syracuse New York USA
| | - Tyler R Petroelje
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York Syracuse New York USA.,Wildlife Division Michigan Department of Natural Resources Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Dean E Beyer
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Jared F Duquette
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Jerrold L Belant
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York Syracuse New York USA
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Fowler NL, Petroelje TR, Kautz TM, Svoboda NJ, Duquette JF, Kellner KF, Beyer DE, Belant JL. Variable effects of wolves on niche breadth and density of intraguild competitors. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8542. [PMID: 35154647 PMCID: PMC8829107 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The parallel niche release hypothesis (PNR) indicates that reduced competition with dominant competitors results in greater density and niche breadth of subordinate competitors and which may support an adaptive advantage.We assessed support for the PNR by evaluating relationships between variation in niche breadth and intra- and interspecific density (an index of competition) of wolves (Canis lupus) coyotes (C. latrans), and bobcats (Lynx rufus).We estimated population density (wolf track surveys, coyote howl surveys, and bobcat hair snare surveys) and variability in space use (50% core autocorrelated kernel density home range estimators), temporal activity (hourly and overnight speed), and dietary (isotopic δ13C and δ15N) niche breadth of each species across three areas of varying wolf density in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, 2010-2019.Densities of wolves and coyotes were inversely related, and increased variability in space use, temporal activity, and dietary niche breadth of coyotes was associated with increased coyote density and decreased wolf density supporting the PNR. Variability in space use and temporal activity of wolves and dietary niche breadth of bobcats also increased with increased intraspecific density supporting the PNR.Through demonstrating decreased competition between wolves and coyotes and increased coyote niche breadth and density, our study provides multidimensional support for the PNR. Knowledge of the relationship between niche breadth and population density can inform our understanding of the role of competition in shaping the realized niche of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Fowler
- Global Wildlife Conservation CenterCollege of Environmental Science and ForestryState University of New YorkSyracuseNew YorkUSA
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, KodiakKodiakAlaskaUSA
| | - Tyler R. Petroelje
- Global Wildlife Conservation CenterCollege of Environmental Science and ForestryState University of New YorkSyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Todd M. Kautz
- Global Wildlife Conservation CenterCollege of Environmental Science and ForestryState University of New YorkSyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Jared F. Duquette
- Division of Wildlife ResourcesIllinois Department of Natural ResourcesChampaignIllinoisUSA
| | - Kenneth F. Kellner
- Global Wildlife Conservation CenterCollege of Environmental Science and ForestryState University of New YorkSyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Wildlife DivisionMichigan Department of Natural ResourcesMarquetteMichiganUSA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Global Wildlife Conservation CenterCollege of Environmental Science and ForestryState University of New YorkSyracuseNew YorkUSA
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Michel ES, Strickland BK, Demarais S, Belant JL, Kautz TM, Duquette JF, Beyer DE, Chamberlain MJ, Miller KV, Shuman RM, Kilgo JC, Diefenbach DR, Wallingford BD, Vreeland JK, Ditchkoff SS, DePerno CS, Moorman CE, Chitwood MC, Lashley MA. Relative reproductive phenology and synchrony affect neonate survival in a nonprecocial ungulate. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Michel
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Division of Fish and Wildlife Madelia MN USA
| | - Bronson K. Strickland
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - Stephen Demarais
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse NY USA
| | - Todd M. Kautz
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse NY USA
| | - Jared F. Duquette
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Division Forbes Natural History Building Champaign IL USA
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Customer Service Center Michigan Department of Natural Resources Marquette MI USA
| | | | - Karl V. Miller
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | | | - John C. Kilgo
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station New Ellenton SC USA
| | - Duane R. Diefenbach
- U.S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher S. DePerno
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Christopher E. Moorman
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - M. Colter Chitwood
- Wildlife Biology Program, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - Marcus A. Lashley
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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Kautz TM, Belant JL, Beyer DE, Strickland BK, Duquette JF. Influence of body mass and environmental conditions on winter mortality risk of a northern ungulate: Evidence for a late-winter survival bottleneck. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1666-1677. [PMID: 32076542 PMCID: PMC7029083 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A relationship between winter weather and survival of northern ungulates has long been established, yet the possible roles of biological (e.g., nutritional status) and environmental (e.g., weather) conditions make it important to determine which potential limiting factors are most influential.Our objective was to examine the potential effects of individual (body mass and age) and extrinsic (winter severity and snowmelt conditions) factors on the magnitude and timing of mortality for adult (>2.5 years old) female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus [Zimmerman, 1780]) during February-May in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA.One hundred and fifty deer were captured and monitored during 2009-2015 in two areas with varying snowfall. February-May survival ranged from 0.24 to 0.89 (mean = 0.69) across years. Mortality risk increased 1.9% with each unit increase in cumulative winter severity index, decreased 8.2% with each cumulative snow-free day, and decreased 4.3% with each kg increase in body mass. Age and weekly snow depth did not influence weekly deer survival. Predation, primarily from coyote (Canis latrans [Say, 1823]) and wolves (Canis lupus [L., 1758]), accounted for 78% of known-cause mortalities.Our results suggest that cumulative winter severity, and possibly to a lesser degree deer condition entering winter, impacted deer winter survival. However, the timing of spring snowmelt appeared to be the most influential factor determining late-winter mortality of deer in our study. This supports the hypothesis that nutrition and energetic demands from weather conditions are both important to northern ungulate winter ecology. Under this model, a delay of several weeks in the timing of spring snowmelt could exert a large influence on deer survival, resulting in a survival bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Kautz
- Camp Fire Program in Wildlife ConservationState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNYUSA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Camp Fire Program in Wildlife ConservationState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNYUSA
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Wildlife DivisionMichigan Department of Natural ResourcesMarquetteMIUSA
| | - Bronson K. Strickland
- Forest and Wildlife Research CenterMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
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Duquette JF, Flores EE, Ureña L, Ortega J, Cisneros I, Moreno R, Loman Z. Habitat Use and Abundance of Island-Endemic White-Tailed Deer in Panama. Mammal Study 2020. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2019-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared F. Duquette
- Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak St., Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Eric E. Flores
- Panama Wildlife Conservation Charity, 162 Westbourne Grove, W11 2RW, London, UK
| | - Luis Ureña
- Panama Wildlife Conservation Charity, 162 Westbourne Grove, W11 2RW, London, UK
| | - Josué Ortega
- Fundación Yaguará Panamá, Ciudad del Saber, Edificio 181, Clayton, P.O. Box 0833-0292, Panamá
| | - Iliana Cisneros
- Fundación Yaguará Panamá, Ciudad del Saber, Edificio 181, Clayton, P.O. Box 0833-0292, Panamá
| | - Ricardo Moreno
- Fundación Yaguará Panamá, Ciudad del Saber, Edificio 181, Clayton, P.O. Box 0833-0292, Panamá
| | - Zachary Loman
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Room 210, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Svoboda
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory Forest and Wildlife Research Center Mississippi State University P.O. Box 9690 Mississippi State Mississippi 39762 USA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory Forest and Wildlife Research Center Mississippi State University P.O. Box 9690 Mississippi State Mississippi 39762 USA
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Wildlife Division Michigan Department of Natural Resources 1990 US Highway 41 S Marquette Michigan 49855 USA
| | - Jared F. Duquette
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory Forest and Wildlife Research Center Mississippi State University P.O. Box 9690 Mississippi State Mississippi 39762 USA
| | - Patrick E. Lederle
- Wildlife Division Michigan Department of Natural Resources P.O. Box 30444 Lansing Michigan 48909 USA
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Duquette JF, Ureña L, Ortega J, Cisneros I, Moreno R, Flores EE. Coiban Agouti (Dasyprocta coibae) Density and Temporal Activity on Coiba Island, Veraguas, Panama. Mammal Study 2017. [DOI: 10.3106/041.042.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared F. Duquette
- Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak St., Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Luis Ureña
- Panama Wildlife Conservation, 162 Westbourne Grove, W11 2RW, London, UK
| | - Josué Ortega
- Fundación Yaguará Panamá-Sociedad Panameña de Biología, San Francisco, Calle 71, Villa 15, Panamá
| | - Iliana Cisneros
- Fundación Yaguará Panamá-Sociedad Panameña de Biología, San Francisco, Calle 71, Villa 15, Panamá
| | - Ricardo Moreno
- Fundación Yaguará Panamá-Sociedad Panameña de Biología, San Francisco, Calle 71, Villa 15, Panamá
| | - Eric E. Flores
- Panama Wildlife Conservation, 162 Westbourne Grove, W11 2RW, London, UK
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Duquette JF, Belant JL, Wilton CM, Fowler N, Waller BW, Beyer DE, Svoboda NJ, Simek SL, Beringer J. Black bear (Ursus americanus) functional resource selection relative to intraspecific competition and human risk. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spatial scales at which animals make behavioral trade-offs is assumed to relate to the scales at which factors most limiting resources and increasing mortality risk occur. We used global positioning system collar locations of 29 reproductive-age female black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) in three states to assess resource selection relative to bear population-specific density, an index of vegetation productivity, riparian corridors, or two road classes of and within home ranges during spring–summer of 2009–2013. Female resource selection was best explained by functional responses to vegetation productivity across nearly all populations and spatial scales, which appeared to be influenced by variation in bear density (i.e., intraspecific competition). Behavioral trade-offs were greatest at the landscape scale, but except for vegetation productivity, were consistent for populations across spatial scales. Females across populations selected locations nearer to tertiary roads, but females in Michigan and Mississippi selected main roads and avoided riparian corridors, whereas females in Missouri did the opposite, suggesting population-level trade-offs between resource (e.g., food) acquisition and mortality risks (e.g., vehicle collisions). Our study emphasizes that female bear population-level resource selection can be influenced by multiple spatially dependent factors, and that scale-dependent functional behavior should be identified for management of bears across their range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared F. Duquette
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Clay M. Wilton
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Nicholas Fowler
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Brittany W. Waller
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Marquette, MI 49855, USA
| | - Nathan J. Svoboda
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Simek
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jeff Beringer
- Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Duquette JF, Belant JL, Svoboda NJ, Beyer DE, Lederle PE. Scale Dependence of Female Ungulate Reproductive Success in Relation to Nutritional Condition, Resource Selection and Multi-Predator Avoidance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140433. [PMID: 26473968 PMCID: PMC4608707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Female ungulate reproductive success is dependent on the survival of their young, and affected by maternal resource selection, predator avoidance, and nutritional condition. However, potential hierarchical effects of these factors on reproductive success are largely unknown, especially in multi-predator landscapes. We expanded on previous research of neonatal white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) daily survival within home ranges to assess if resource use, integrated risk of 4 mammalian predators, maternal nutrition, winter severity, hiding cover, or interactions among these variables best explained landscape scale variation in daily or seasonal survival during the post-partum period. We hypothesized that reproductive success would be limited greater by predation risk at coarser spatiotemporal scales, but habitat use at finer scales. An additive model of daily non-ideal resource use and maternal nutrition explained the most (69%) variation in survival; though 65% of this variation was related to maternal nutrition. Strong support of maternal nutrition across spatiotemporal scales did not fully support our hypothesis, but suggested reproductive success was related to dam behaviors directed at increasing nutritional condition. These behaviors were especially important following severe winters, when dams produced smaller fawns with less probability of survival. To increase nutritional condition and decrease wolf (Canis lupus) predation risk, dams appeared to place fawns in isolated deciduous forest patches near roads. However, this resource selection represented non-ideal resources for fawns, which had greater predation risk that led to additive mortalities beyond those related to resources alone. Although the reproductive strategy of dams resulted in greater predation of fawns from alternative predators, it likely improved the life-long reproductive success of dams, as many were late-aged (>10 years old) and could have produced multiple litters of fawns. Our study emphasizes understanding the scale-dependent hierarchy of factors limiting reproductive success is essential to providing reliable knowledge for ungulate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared F. Duquette
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. Svoboda
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Marquette, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Patrick E. Lederle
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Duquette JF, Belant JL, Svoboda NJ, Beyer DE, Lederle PE. Effects of maternal nutrition, resource use and multi-predator risk on neonatal white-tailed deer survival. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100841. [PMID: 24968318 PMCID: PMC4072703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of ungulate populations is typically most sensitive to survival of neonates, which in turn is influenced by maternal nutritional condition and trade-offs in resource selection and avoidance of predators. We assessed whether resource use, multi-predator risk, maternal nutritional effects, hiding cover, or interactions among these variables best explained variation in daily survival of free-ranging neonatal white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during their post-partum period (14 May-31 Aug) in Michigan, USA. We used Cox proportional hazards mixed-effects models to assess survival related to covariates of resource use, composite predation risk of 4 mammalian predators, fawn body mass at birth, winter weather, and vegetation growth phenology. Predation, particularly from coyotes (Canis latrans), was the leading cause of mortality; however, an additive model of non-ideal resource use and maternal nutritional effects explained 71% of the variation in survival. This relationship suggested that dams selected areas where fawns had poor resources, while greater predation in these areas led to additive mortalities beyond those related to resource use alone. Also, maternal nutritional effects suggested that severe winters resulted in dams producing smaller fawns, which decreased their likelihood of survival. Fawn resource use appeared to reflect dam avoidance of lowland forests with poor forage and greater use by wolves (C. lupus), their primary predator. While this strategy led to greater fawn mortality, particularly by coyotes, it likely promoted the life-long reproductive success of dams because many reached late-age (>10 years old) and could have produced multiple generations of fawns. Studies often link resource selection and survival of ungulates, but our results suggested that multiple factors can mediate that relationship, including multi-predator risk. We emphasize the importance of identifying interactions among biological and environmental factors when assessing survival of ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared F. Duquette
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. Svoboda
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Marquette, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Patrick E. Lederle
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Duquette JF, Belant JL, Svoboda NJ, Beyer DE, Albright CA. Comparison of occupancy modeling and radiotelemetry to estimate ungulate population dynamics. POPUL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-014-0432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Duquette JF, Gehrt SD, Ver Steeg B, Warner RE. Badger (Taxidea taxus) Resource Selection and Spatial Ecology in Intensive Agricultural Landscapes. The American Midland Naturalist 2014. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-171.1.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Svoboda NJ, Belant JL, Beyer DE, Duquette JF, Martin JA. Identifying bobcatLynx rufuskill sites using a global positioning system. Wildlife Biology 2013. [DOI: 10.2981/12-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Duquette JF, Belant JL, Beyer DE, Svoboda NJ. Body condition and dosage effects on ketamine-xylazine immobilization of female white-tailed deer. WILDLIFE SOC B 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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