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Woodhead AL, Church AT, Rapson TD, Trueman HE, Church JS, Sutherland TD. Confirmation of Bioinformatics Predictions of the Structural Domains in Honeybee Silk. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E776. [PMID: 30960701 PMCID: PMC6403662 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee larvae produce a silk made up of proteins in predominantly a coiled coil molecular structure. These proteins can be produced in recombinant systems, making them desirable templates for the design of advanced materials. However, the atomic level structure of these proteins is proving difficult to determine: firstly, because coiled coils are difficult to crystalize; and secondly, fibrous proteins crystalize as fibres rather than as discrete protein units. In this study, we synthesised peptides from the central structural domain, as well as the N- and C-terminal domains, of the honeybee silk. We used circular dichroism spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics to investigate the folding behaviour of the central domain peptides. We found that they folded as predicted by bioinformatics analysis, giving the protein engineer confidence in bioinformatics predictions to guide the design of new functionality into these protein templates. These results, along with the infrared structural analysis of the N- and C-terminal domain peptides and the comparison of peptide film properties with those of the full-length AmelF3 protein, provided significant insight into the structural elements required for honeybee silk protein to form into stable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trevor D Rapson
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Clunies Ross St, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Holly E Trueman
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Clunies Ross St, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey S Church
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.
- JPA Scientific, P.O. Box 2573, Chino Hills, CA 91709, USA.
| | - Tara D Sutherland
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Clunies Ross St, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Rapson TD, Liu JW, Sriskantha A, Musameh M, Dunn CJ, Church JS, Woodhead A, Warden AC, Riley MJ, Harmer JR, Noble CJ, Sutherland TD. Design of silk proteins with increased heme binding capacity and fabrication of silk-heme materials. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:219-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Golkarnarenji G, Naebe M, Church JS, Badii K, Bab-Hadiashar A, Atkiss S, Khayyam H. Development of a predictive model for study of skin-core phenomenon in stabilization process of PAN precursor. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Recombinant proteins are polymers that offer the materials engineer absolute control over chain length and composition: key attributes required for design of advanced polymeric materials. Through this control, these polymers can be encoded to contain information that enables them to respond as the environment changes. However, despite their promise, protein-based materials are under-represented in materials science. In this chapter we investigate why this is and describe recent efforts to address this. We discuss constraints limiting rational design of structural proteins for advanced materials; advantages and disadvantages of different recombinant expression platforms; and, methods to fabricate proteins into solid-state materials. Finally, we describe the silk proteins used in our laboratory as templates for information-containing polymers.
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Badii K, Church JS, Golkarnarenji G, Naebe M, Khayyam H. Chemical structure based prediction of PAN and oxidized PAN fiber density through a non-linear mathematical model. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Stephen JM, Urquhart DWJ, van Arkel RJ, Ball S, Jaggard MKJ, Lee JC, Church JS. The Use of Sonographically Guided Botulinum Toxin Type A (Dysport) Injections Into the Tensor Fasciae Latae for the Treatment of Lateral Patellofemoral Overload Syndrome. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:1195-202. [PMID: 26903213 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516629432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain in the anterior and lateral parts of the knee during exercise is a common clinical problem for which current management strategies are often unsuccessful. PURPOSE To investigate the effect of an ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin (BT) injection into the tensor fasciae latae (TFL), followed by physical therapy, in patients classified with lateral patellofemoral overload syndrome (LPOS) who failed to respond to conventional treatment. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A total of 45 patients (mean ± SD age, 32.4 ± 8.6 years) who met the inclusion criteria of (1) activity-related anterolateral knee symptoms, (2) symptoms lasting longer than 3 months, (3) a pathological abnormality confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, and (4) previous failed physical therapy received an ultrasound-guided injection of BT into the TFL followed by physical therapy. Patient-reported outcomes were collected at 5 intervals: before the injection; at 1, 4, and 12 weeks after the injection; and at a mean 5 years after the injection. In 42 patients, relative iliotibial band (ITB) length changes were assessed using the modified Ober test at the first 4 time points. A computational model was run to simulate the effect of TFL weakening on gluteus medius (GMed) activity. Statistical analysis was undertaken using 1-way analysis of variance and paired t tests with Bonferroni post hoc correction. RESULTS There was a significant improvement in Anterior Knee Pain Scale scores from before the injection (61 ± 15) to 1 (67 ± 15), 4 (70 ± 16), and 12 weeks (76 ± 16) after the injection and in 87% of patients (39/45 patients available for follow-up) at approximately 5 years (from 62.9 ± 15.4 to 87.0 ± 12.5) after the injection (all P < .010). A significant effect on the modified Ober test was identified as a result of the intervention, with an increase in leg drop found at 1 (3° ± 5°), 4 (4° ± 5°), and 12 (7° ± 6°) weeks after the injection compared with before the injection (all P < .010). Simulating a progressive reduction in TFL strength resulted in corresponding increases in GMed activity during gait. CONCLUSION An injection of BT into the TFL, combined with physical therapy, resulted in a significant improvement of symptoms in patients with LPOS, which was maintained at 5-year follow-up. This may result from reduced lateral TFL/ITB tension or to an increase in GMed activity in response to inhibition of the TFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Stephen
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London, UK Fortius Clinic, London, UK
| | | | | | - Simon Ball
- Fortius Clinic, London, UK Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Justin C Lee
- Fortius Clinic, London, UK Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Woodhead AL, Cosgrove B, Church JS. The purple coloration of four late 19th century silk dresses: A spectroscopic investigation. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2016; 154:185-192. [PMID: 26523685 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prior to the 19th century the use of purple dyes for textile coloration was expensive and usually limited to royalty. The discovery of several synthetic purple dyes during the 19th century made the production of purple textiles more affordable and thus more readily available. The identification of the source of the purple coloration is of historical interest. Small yarn samples from four late 19th century silk dresses were analyzed using a combination of thin layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. This combination of techniques enabled the analysis of the complex extraction products. While three of the dresses were found to be dyed using methyl violet, the fourth dress was found to be constructed from a warp yarn dyed with methyl violet in the presence of a tannic acid mordant, and a weft yarn dyed with mauve and a tin mordant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bronwyn Cosgrove
- National Gallery of Victoria, 180 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Rapson TD, Sutherland TD, Church JS, Trueman HE, Dacres H, Trowell SC. De Novo Engineering of Solid-State Metalloproteins Using Recombinant Coiled-Coil Silk. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:1114-1120. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yu D, Cai JY, Church JS, Wang L. Click chemistry modification of natural keratin fibers for sustained shrink-resist performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 78:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Regev-Shoshani G, McMullin B, Nation N, Church JS, Dorin C, Miller C. Non-inferiority of nitric oxide releasing intranasal spray compared to sub-therapeutic antibiotics to reduce incidence of undifferentiated fever and bovine respiratory disease complex in low to moderate risk beef cattle arriving at a commercial feedlot. Prev Vet Med 2015; 138:162-169. [PMID: 25975664 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated fever, or bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDc), is a challenging multi-factorial health issue caused by viral/bacterial pathogens and stressors linked to the transport and mixing of cattle, negatively impacting the cattle feedlot industry. Common practice during processing at feedlots is administration of antibiotic metaphylaxis to reduce the incidence of BRDc. Nitric oxide (NO) is a naturally occurring nano-molecule with a wide range of physiological attributes. This study evaluated the metaphylactic use of intranasal NO releasing spray (NORS) to control BRDc incidence in calves at low-moderate risk of developing BRDc, arriving at a commercial feedlot as compared to conventional antibiotic metaphylaxis. One thousand and eighty crossbred, multiple-sourced, commingled, commercial, weaned beef calves were screened, enrolled, randomized and treated upon arrival. Animals appearing sick were pulled (from their pen) by blinded pen keepers then assessed for BRDc symptoms; blood samples were taken for haptoglobin quantification and the animals were rescued with an antibiotic. After 35 days both groups showed no significant difference in BRDc incidence (5.2% of animals from NORS group and 3.2% from antibiotic group). Average daily weight gain of animals at day 150 for the NORS cohort was 1.17kg compared to 1.18kg for the antibiotic group (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in mortality in the first 35 days (p=0.7552), however, general mortality over 150 days trended higher in the antibiotic cohort. NORS treatment was shown to be safe, causing neither distress nor adverse effects on the animals. This large randomized controlled study in low-moderate BRDc incidence risk calves demonstrates that NORS treatment, as compared to conventional metaphylactic antibiotics, is non-inferior based on BRDc incidence and other metrics like weight and mortality. These data justify further studies in higher BRDc incidence risk populations to evaluate NORS as an alternative strategy to reduce sub-therapeutic metaphylaxis antibiotic use in beef cattle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Regev-Shoshani
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B McMullin
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - N Nation
- Animal Pathology Services (APS) Ltd., 18208 Ellerslie Road, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - J S Church
- Department of Natural Resources, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Dorin
- Veterinary AGRI-Health Services, 201-151 East Blvd, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada
| | - C Miller
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Church JS, Voda AS, Sutti A, George J, Fox BL, Magniez K. A simple and effective method to ameliorate the interfacial properties of cellulosic fibre based bio-composites using poly (ethylene glycol) based amphiphiles. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Turner TD, Meadus WJ, Mapiye C, Vahmani P, López-Campos Ó, Duff P, Rolland DC, Church JS, Dugan MER. Isolation of α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation products by combined silver ion solid phase extraction and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 980:34-40. [PMID: 25579113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids typically found in cattle feed include linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA). In the rumen, microbes metabolize these resulting in the formation of biohydrogenation products (BHP), which can be incorporated into meat and milk. Bioactivities of LA-BHP, including conjugated linoleic acid (cis (c) 9,trans (t) 11-18:2 and t10,c12-18:2) and trans fatty acid isomers (t9-, t10- and t11-18:1) have been investigated, but effects of several BHP unique to ALA have not been extensively studied, and most ALA-BHP are not commercially available. The objective of the present research was to develop methods to purify and collect ALA-BHP using silver ion (Ag(+)) chromatography in sufficient quantities to allow for convenient bioactivity testing in cell culture. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared from perirenal adipose tissue from a cow enriched with ALA-BHP by feeding flaxseed. These were applied to Ag(+)-solid phase extraction, and eluted with hexane with increasing quantities of acetone (1, 2, 10, 20%) or acetonitrile (2%) to pre-fractionate FAME based on degree of unsaturation and double bond configuration. Fractions were collected, concentrated and applied to semi-preparative Ag(+)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the isolation and collection of purified isomers, which was accomplished using isocratic elutions with hexane containing differing amounts of acetonitrile (from 0.015 to 0.075%). Purified trans-18:1 isomers collected ranged in purity from 88 to 99%. Purity of the ALA-BHP dienes collected, including c9,t13-18:2, t11,c15-18:2 and t10,c15-18:2, exceeded 90%, while purification of other dienes may require the use of other complementary procedures (e.g. reverse phase HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Turner
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1; Thompson Rivers University, 900 McGill Road, Kamloops, BC, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - W J Meadus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - C Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - P Vahmani
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Ó López-Campos
- Livestock Gentec, 1400 College Plaza 8215 112 Street, Edmonton Alberta, Canada T6G 2C8
| | - P Duff
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - D C Rolland
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - J S Church
- Thompson Rivers University, 900 McGill Road, Kamloops, BC, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - M E R Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Canada T4L 1W1.
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Rapson TD, Church JS, Trueman HE, Dacres H, Sutherland TD, Trowell SC. Micromolar biosensing of nitric oxide using myoglobin immobilized in a synthetic silk film. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 62:214-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li YS, Church JS, Woodhead AL, Vecchio NE, Yang J. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies of tris-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] isocyanurate, its sol-gel process, and coating on aluminum and copper. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 132:225-231. [PMID: 24866089 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tris-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] isocyanurate (TTPI) has been used as a precursor to prepare a sol using ethanol as the solvent under acidic conditions. The sol-gel was applied for the surface treatment of aluminum and copper. Infrared and Raman spectra have been recorded for pure TTPI and the TTPI sol, xerogel and TTPI sol-gel coated metals. From the vibrational spectra, TTPI is likely to have the C1 point group. Vibrational assignments are suggested based on group frequencies, the expected reactions in the sol-gel process and the vibrational studies of some related molecules. From the experimental infrared spectra of xerogels annealed at different temperatures and from the thermal-gravimetric analysis, it is found that the TTPI xerogel decomposes at around 450°C with silica being the major decomposition product. A cyclic voltammetric study of the metal electrodes coated with different concentrations of TTPI ranging from 5% to 42% (v/v) has shown that the films with high concentrations of sol would provide better corrosion protection for aluminum and copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Sing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Church
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, PO Box 21, Belmont, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Andrea L Woodhead
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, PO Box 21, Belmont, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Nicolas E Vecchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Johnny Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Poole AJ, Church JS. The effects of physical and chemical treatments on Na2S produced feather keratin films. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 73:99-108. [PMID: 25445691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The industrial utilisation of feather keratin as a biopolymer has proven difficult due to the lack of a viable extraction technique and the poor mechanical properties of the regenerated products. Here, pure keratin films were produced from chicken feathers using sodium sulphide as sole extraction reagent in a scheme that allows films to be formed without residual chemicals. In a comparison to other films, those produced using Na2S extraction were found to be superior to other regenerated protein films and were similar to un-oriented commercial polymers. However, there was considerable variation in tensile properties between twenty repetitions of extracting and casting films which was attributed to variations in chain entanglement caused by the drying conditions. Chemical and physical treatments including crosslinking, dehydration and addition of nano-particles were investigated as means to enhance these properties. Significant increases were achieved by soaking films in isopropyl alcohol or weak acid (13 to 50% increases) or by formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde crosslinking (24 to 40% increases). The wide range of values across the pure keratin films indicates that the best route to further strength improvement may be from optimising self-assembly via controlling drying conditions, rather than from chemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Poole
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, PO Box 21, Belmont 3216, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey S Church
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, PO Box 21, Belmont 3216, VIC, Australia
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Sutherland TD, Sriskantha A, Church JS, Strive T, Trueman HE, Kameda T. Stabilization of viruses by encapsulation in silk proteins. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:18189-18196. [PMID: 25229876 DOI: 10.1021/am5051873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are important for a range of modern day applications. However, their utility is limited by their susceptibility to temperature degradation. In this study, we report a simple system to compare the ability of different dried protein films to stabilize viruses against exposure to elevated temperatures. Films from each of three different silks, silkworm, honeybee silk and hornet silk, stabilized entrapped viruses at 37 °C better than films of albumin from bovine serum (BSA) and all four proteins provided substantially more stabilization than no protein controls. A comparison of the molecular structure of the silks and BSA films showed no correlation between the ability of the proteins to stabilize the virus and the secondary structure of the protein in the films. The mechanism of stabilization is discussed and a hypothesis is suggested to explain the superior performance of the silk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara D Sutherland
- Ecosystem Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Clunies Ross Street, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Yu D, Cai JY, Liu X, Church JS, Wang L. Novel immobilization of a quaternary ammonium moiety on keratin fibers for medical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 70:236-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Church JS, Woodhead AL, Walker AA, Sutherland TD. A comparison of convergently evolved insect silks that share β-sheet molecular structure. Biopolymers 2014; 101:630-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Church
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Andrea L. Woodhead
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Andrew A. Walker
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences; Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601 Australia
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Li YS, Church JS. Raman spectroscopy in the analysis of food and pharmaceutical nanomaterials. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:29-48. [PMID: 24673902 PMCID: PMC9359147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman scattering is an inelastic phenomenon. Although its cross section is very small, recent advances in electronics, lasers, optics, and nanotechnology have made Raman spectroscopy suitable in many areas of application. The present article reviews the applications of Raman spectroscopy in food and drug analysis and inspection, including those associated with nanomaterials. Brief overviews of basic Raman scattering theory, instrumentation, and statistical data analysis are also given. With the advent of Raman enhancement mechanisms and the progress being made in metal nanomaterials and nanoscale metal surfaces fabrications, surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy has become an extra sensitive method, which is applicable not only for analysis of foods and drugs, but also for intracellular and intercellular imaging. A Raman spectrometer coupled with a fiber optics probe has great potential in applications such as monitoring and quality control in industrial food processing, food safety in agricultural plant production, and convenient inspection of pharmaceutical products, even through different types of packing. A challenge for the routine application of surface enhanced Raman scattering for quantitative analysis is reproducibility. Success in this area can be approached with each or a combination of the following methods: (1) fabrication of nanostructurally regular and uniform substrates; (2) application of statistic data analysis; and (3) isotopic dilution.
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Yu D, Cai JY, Church JS, Wang L. Modifying surface resistivity and liquid moisture management property of keratin fibers through thiol-ene click reactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:1236-1242. [PMID: 24367993 DOI: 10.1021/am405060x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a new method for improving the antistatic and liquid moisture management properties of keratinous materials. The method involves the generation of thiols by controlled reduction of cystine disulfide bonds in keratin with tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride and subsequent grafting of hydrophilic groups onto the reduced keratin by reaction with an acrylate sulfonate or acrylamide sulfonate through thiol-ene click chemistry. The modified substrates were characterized with Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy and evaluated for their performance changes in liquid moisture management, surface resistivity, and wet burst strength. The results have revealed that the thiol-acrylate reaction is more efficient than the thiol-acrylamide reaction, and the keratinous substrate modified with an acrylate sulfonate salt exhibits significantly improved antistatic and liquid moisture management properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering , P.O. Box 21, Belmont, Victoria 3216, Australia
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Pierlot AP, Woodhead AL, Church JS. Thermal annealing effects on multi-walled carbon nanotube yarns probed by Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 117:598-603. [PMID: 24103230 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The realized mechanical properties of CNT macrostructures such as webs and yarns remain significantly lower than those of the individual CNTs. Structural changes induced by thermal annealing under inert atmosphere were assessed using Raman spectroscopy. Annealing above 1000 °C resulted in a marked decrease in the D/G ratio which can be attributed to an increase in the crystallite size or the distance between defects. The band component parameters obtained by spectral deconvolution reveal that the D band peak maximum shifts to slightly higher energy with increased annealing temperature. In contrast, the energy of the G band did not change. The full widths at half height (FWHH) of the D and G bands are seen to decrease with increasing annealing temperature. The tensile properties of the yarns have been investigated and it was found that the yarn tenacity did not improve with these structural changes. The effect of impurities in the annealing system such as oxygen, adsorbed water or organic surface contamination was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Pierlot
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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Poole J, Church JS, Woodhead AL, Huson MG, Sriskantha A, Kyratzis IL, Sutherland TD. Macromol. Biosci. 10/2013. Macromol Biosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201370033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Poole
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Bayview Avenue Clayton VIC 3169 Australia
| | - Jeffrey S. Church
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 Australia
| | | | - Mickey G. Huson
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 Australia
| | | | - Ilias L. Kyratzis
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Bayview Avenue Clayton VIC 3169 Australia
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Poole J, Church JS, Woodhead AL, Huson MG, Sriskantha A, Kyratzis IL, Sutherland TD. Continuous Production of Flexible Fibers from Transgenically Produced Honeybee Silk Proteins. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1321-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Poole
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Bayview Avenue Clayton VIC 3169 Australia
| | - Jeffrey S. Church
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 Australia
| | | | - Mickey G. Huson
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 Australia
| | | | - Ilias L. Kyratzis
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Bayview Avenue Clayton VIC 3169 Australia
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Amini A, Cheng C, Naebe M, Church JS, Hameed N, Asgari A, Will F. Temperature variations at nano-scale level in phase transformed nanocrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys adjacent to graphene layers. Nanoscale 2013; 5:6479-6484. [PMID: 23744099 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01422c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The detection and control of the temperature variation at the nano-scale level of thermo-mechanical materials during a compression process have been challenging issues. In this paper, an empirical method is proposed to predict the temperature at the nano-scale level during the solid-state phase transition phenomenon in NiTi shape memory alloys. Isothermal data was used as a reference to determine the temperature change at different loading rates. The temperature of the phase transformed zone underneath the tip increased by ∼3 to 40 °C as the loading rate increased. The temperature approached a constant with further increase in indentation depth. A few layers of graphene were used to enhance the cooling process at different loading rates. Due to the presence of graphene layers the temperature beneath the tip decreased by a further ∼3 to 10 °C depending on the loading rate. Compared with highly polished NiTi, deeper indentation depths were also observed during the solid-state phase transition, especially at the rate dependent zones. Larger superelastic deformations confirmed that the latent heat transfer through the deposited graphene layers allowed a larger phase transition volume and, therefore, more stress relaxation and penetration depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Amini
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia.
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Regev-Shoshani G, Church JS, Cook NJ, Schaefer AL, Miller C. Prophylactic nitric oxide treatment reduces incidence of bovine respiratory disease complex in beef cattle arriving at a feedlot. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:606-11. [PMID: 23850382 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDc), is a challenging multi-factorial health issue caused by viral/bacterial pathogens and stressors linked with the transport and mixing of cattle, negatively impacting the cattle feedlot industry. Nitric oxide (NO) is a naturally occurring molecule with antimicrobial attributes. This study tests whether NO can prevent the symptoms associated with BRDc. Eighty-five, crossbred, multiple-sourced, commingled commercial weaned beef calves were monitored and scored for temperature, white blood count, clinical score, hematology, cortisol levels and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. NO treatment or placebo were given once on arrival to the stockyard. After one week 87.5% of sick animals were from the control while 12.5% from treatment groups and after two weeks 72% and 28% respectively. Treatment was shown to be safe, causing neither distress nor adverse effects on the animals. These data show that NO treatment on arrival to the feedlot significantly decreased the incidence of BRDc in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Regev-Shoshani
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Walker AA, Church JS, Woodhead AL, Sutherland TD. Silverfish silk is formed by entanglement of randomly coiled protein chains. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 43:572-579. [PMID: 23578395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Silks are semi-crystalline solids in which protein chains are associated by intermolecular hydrogen bonding within ordered crystallites, and by entanglement within unordered regions. By varying the type of protein secondary structure within crystallites and the overall degree of molecular order within fibers, arthropods produce fibers with a variety of physical properties suited to many purposes. We characterized silk produced as a tactile stimulus during mating by the grey silverfish (Ctenolepisma longicaudata) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarized Raman spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. Fibers were proteinaceous-the main component being a 220 kDa protein-and were rich in Gln/Glu, Leu, and Lys. The protein structure present was predominantly random coil, with a lesser amount of beta-structure. Silk fibers could readily be solubilized in aqueous solutions of a mild chaotrope, sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicating protein chains were not cross-linked by disulfide or other covalent bonds. We conclude that entanglement is the major mechanism by which these silk proteins cohere into a solid material. We propose silks used as short-term tactile cues are subject to less stringent requirements for molecular order relative to other silks, allowing the random coil structure to be favored as an adaptation promoting maximal entanglement and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Walker
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Hameed N, Church JS, Salim NV, Hanley TL, Amini A, Fox BL. Dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes in ionic liquids: a quantitative analysis. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42488j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Church JS, Huson MG, Sutherland TD. Artificial Honeybee Silk: A Recombinant Protein as a Biomimetic Structural Material. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Huson MG, Church JS, Poole JM, Weisman S, Sriskantha A, Warden AC, Campbell PM, Ramshaw JAM, Sutherland TD. Controlling the molecular structure and physical properties of artificial honeybee silk by heating or by immersion in solvents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52308. [PMID: 23300639 PMCID: PMC3533894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee larvae produce silken cocoons that provide mechanical stability to the hive. The silk proteins are small and non-repetitive and therefore can be produced at large scale by fermentation in E. coli. The recombinant proteins can be fabricated into a range of forms; however the resultant material is soluble in water and requires a post production stabilizing treatment. In this study, we describe the structural and mechanical properties of sponges fabricated from artificial honeybee silk proteins that have been stabilized in aqueous methanol baths or by dry heating. Aqueous methanol treatment induces formation of ß-sheets, with the amount of ß-sheet dictated by methanol concentration. Formation of ß-sheets renders sponges insoluble in water and generates a reversibly compressible material. Dry heat treatments at 190°C produce a water insoluble material, that is stiffer than the methanol treated equivalent but without significant secondary structural changes. Honeybee silk proteins are particularly high in Lys, Ser, Thr, Glu and Asp. The properties of the heat treated material are attributed to generation of lysinoalanine, amide (isopeptide) and/or ester covalent cross-links. The unique ability to stabilize material by controlling secondary structure rearrangement and covalent cross-linking allows us to design recombinant silk materials with a wide range of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey G Huson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Materials Science and Engineering, Geelong, Australia.
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Abstract
Raspy crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) are unique among the orthopterans in producing silk, which is used to build shelters. This work studied the material composition and the fabrication of cricket silk for the first time. We examined silk-webs produced in captivity, which comprised cylindrical fibers and flat films. Spectra obtained from micro-Raman experiments indicated that the silk is composed of protein, primarily in a beta-sheet conformation, and that fibers and films are almost identical in terms of amino acid composition and secondary structure. The primary sequences of four silk proteins were identified through a mass spectrometry/cDNA library approach. The most abundant silk protein was large in size (300 and 220 kDa variants), rich in alanine, glycine and serine, and contained repetitive sequence motifs; these are features which are shared with several known beta-sheet forming silk proteins. Convergent evolution at the molecular level contrasts with development by crickets of a novel mechanism for silk fabrication. After secretion of cricket silk proteins by the labial glands they are fabricated into mature silk by the labium-hypopharynx, which is modified to allow the controlled formation of either fibers or films. Protein folding into beta-sheet structure during silk fabrication is not driven by shear forces, as is reported for other silks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Walker
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Ecosystem Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, Australia
| | - Sarah Weisman
- Ecosystem Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, Australia
| | - Jeffrey S. Church
- Materials Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Belmont, Australia
| | - David J. Merritt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Tara D. Sutherland
- Ecosystem Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, Australia
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Schokker EP, Church JS, Mata JP, Gilbert EP, Puvanenthiran A, Udabage P. Reconstitution properties of micellar casein powder: Effects of composition and storage. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huson MG, Strounina EV, Kealley CS, Rout MK, Church JS, Appelqvist IAM, Gidley MJ, Gilbert EP. Effects of thermal denaturation on the solid-state structure and molecular mobility of glycinin. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2092-102. [PMID: 21480635 DOI: 10.1021/bm200080h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of moisture and thermal denaturation on the solid-state structure and molecular mobility of soy glycinin powder were investigated using multiple techniques that probe over a range of length and time scales. In native glycinin, increased moisture resulted in a decrease in both the glass transition temperature and the denaturation temperature. The sensitivity of the glass transition temperature to moisture is shown to follow the Gordon-Taylor equation, while the sensitivity of the denaturation temperature to moisture is modeled using Flory's melting point depression theory. While denaturation resulted in a loss of long-range order, the principal conformational structures as detected by infrared are maintained. The temperature range over which the glass to rubber transition occurred was extended on the high temperature side, leading to an increase in the midpoint glass transition temperature and suggesting that the amorphous regions of the newly disordered protein are less mobile. (13)C NMR results supported this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey G Huson
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
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Sutherland TD, Church JS, Hu X, Huson MG, Kaplan DL, Weisman S. Single honeybee silk protein mimics properties of multi-protein silk. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16489. [PMID: 21311767 PMCID: PMC3032785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee silk is composed of four fibrous proteins that, unlike other silks, are readily synthesized at full-length and high yield. The four silk genes have been conserved for over 150 million years in all investigated bee, ant and hornet species, implying a distinct functional role for each protein. However, the amino acid composition and molecular architecture of the proteins are similar, suggesting functional redundancy. In this study we compare materials generated from a single honeybee silk protein to materials containing all four recombinant proteins or to natural honeybee silk. We analyse solution conformation by dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism, solid state structure by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and fiber tensile properties by stress-strain analysis. The results demonstrate that fibers artificially generated from a single recombinant silk protein can reproduce the structural and mechanical properties of the natural silk. The importance of the four protein complex found in natural silk may lie in biological silk storage or hierarchical self-assembly. The finding that the functional properties of the mature material can be achieved with a single protein greatly simplifies the route to production for artificial honeybee silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara D Sutherland
- Entomology Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australia.
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Edwards SL, Church JS, Alexander DLJ, Russell SJ, Ingham E, Ramshaw JAM, Werkmeister JA. Modeling tissue growth within nonwoven scaffolds pores. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 17:123-30. [PMID: 20687775 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we present a novel approach for predicting tissue growth within the pores of fibrous tissue engineering scaffolds. Thin nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate scaffolds were prepared to characterize tissue growth within scaffold pores, by mouse NR6 fibroblast cells. On the basis of measurements of tissue lengths at fiber crossovers and along fiber segments, mathematical models were determined during the proliferative phase of cell growth. Tissue growth at fiber crossovers decreased with increasing interfiber angle, with exponential relationships determined on day 6 and 10 of culture. Analysis of tissue growth along fiber segments determined two growth profiles, one with enhanced growth as a result of increased tissue lengths near the fiber crossover, achieved in the latter stage of culture. Derived mathematical models were used in the development of a software program to visualize predicted tissue growth within a pore. This study identifies key pore parameters that contribute toward tissue growth, and suggests models for predicting this growth, based on fibroblast cells. Such models may be used in aiding scaffold design, for optimum pore infiltration during the tissue engineering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Edwards
- Materials Science and Engineering, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Li YS, Church JS, Woodhead AL, Moussa F. Preparation and characterization of silica coated iron oxide magnetic nano-particles. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2010; 76:484-489. [PMID: 20452273 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide magnetic nano-particles have been prepared by precipitation in an aqueous solution of iron(II) and iron(III) chlorides under basic condition. Surface modifications have been carried out by using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS). The uncoated and coated particles have been characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The particle sizes as measured from TEM images were found to have mean diameters of 13nm for the uncoated and about 19nm for the coated particles. The measured IR spectra of the uncoated and MPTMS coated particles showed the conversion of magnetite to hematite at high temperature. The results obtained from both IR spectroscopy and TGA revealed that the mercaptopropylsilyl group in the MPTMS coated magnetite decomposed at 600 degrees C and the silica layer of the TEOS coated magnetite was rather stable. Raman spectroscopy has shown the laser heating effect through the conversion of magnetite to maghemite and hematite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Sing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, 3774 Walker Ave., Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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Church JS, Woodhead AL, Fincher K. Separation of photo-active nano-crystalline anatase from titanate nanotubes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 346:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Sodium titanate nanotubes were prepared hydrothermally and sodium ions were exchanged for hydrogen ions by washing with water and further treatment with HCl. No anatase or rutile was produced during the exchange. Photo-catalysts were prepared by calcination and their activity was compared in UV-A and simulated sunlight by bleaching methyl orange, which does not adsorb onto the catalyst’s surface. Only photo-catalysts with low sodium content were capable of bleaching the dye. More photo-oxidation occurred in simulated sunlight suggesting that the dye is absorbing visible light and transferring this energy to the TiO2. The preparation of highly active photo-catalysts from sodium titanate nanotubes may well depend on optimizing their preparation to minimize sodium content without the formation of rutile.
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Cook NJ, Veira D, Church JS, Schaefer AL. Dexamethasone reduces transport-induced weight losses in beef calves. Can J Anim Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas09006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone was administered intramuscularly at two dose levels (Trial 1 = 0.088 mg kg-1; Trial 2 = 10 mg per calf) to beef calves (Trial 1, n = 60; Trial 2, n = 58) prior to transport by road for 10 and 8 h, to test the effect on transport-induced weight losses. Calves lost significant weight over the transport periods (P < 0.001) but dexamethasone-treated calves lost significantly less weight than control animals (P < 0.004). The relationship between salivary dexamethasone concentrations and weight losses in Trial 1 exhibited a significant trend (r = 0.47, P < 0.06). The correlation of administered dose of dexamethasone (mg kg-1) with weight losses in Trial 2 was significant (r = 0.5, P < 0.006). Dexamethasone administration prior to long-haul transport reduced transport-induced weight losses, and may be an effective method of mitigating transport stress.Key words: Transport, beef calves, dexamethasone, weight losses, salivary cortisol, salivary dexamethasone
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Abstract
Concerns for the environment and consumer demand are driving research into environmentally friendly fibers as replacements for part of the 38 million tonnes of synthetic fiber produced annually. While much current research focuses on cellulosic fibers, we highlight that protein fibers regenerated from waste or byproduct sources should also be considered. Feather keratin and wheat gluten may both be suitable. They are annually renewable, commercially abundant, of consistent quality, and have guaranteed supply. They contain useful amino acids for fiber making, with interchain cross-linking possible via cysteine residues or through the metal-catalyzed photocrosslinking of tyrosine residues. Previous commercially produced fibers suffered from poor wet strength. Contemporary nanoparticle and cross-linking technology has the potential to overcome this, allowing commercial production to resume. This would bring together two existing large production and processing pipelines, agricultural protein production and textile processing, to divert potential waste streams into useful products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Poole
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 21, Belmont, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
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Edwards SL, Church JS, Werkmeister JA, Ramshaw JA. Tubular micro-scale multiwalled carbon nanotube-based scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2009; 30:1725-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Church
- Principal research scientist at CSIRO Textile and Fibre Technology, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - A S Davie
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - P J Scammells
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - D J Tucker
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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42
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Weisman S, Trueman HE, Mudie ST, Church JS, Sutherland TD, Haritos VS. An unlikely silk: the composite material of green lacewing cocoons. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3065-9. [PMID: 18828638 DOI: 10.1021/bm8005853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spiders routinely produce multiple types of silk; however, common wisdom has held that insect species produce one type of silk each. This work reports that the green lacewing ( Mallada signata, Neuroptera) produces two distinct classes of silk. We identified and sequenced the gene that encodes the major protein component of the larval lacewing cocoon silk and demonstrated that it is unrelated to the adult lacewing egg-stalk silk. The cocoon silk protein is 49 kDa in size and is alanine rich (>40%), and it contains an alpha-helical secondary structure. The final instar lacewing larvae spin protein fibers of approximately 2 microm diameter to construct a loosely woven cocoon. In a second stage of cocoon construction, the insects lay down an inner wall of lipids that uses the fibers as a scaffold. We propose that the silk protein fibers provide the mechanical strength of the composite lacewing cocoon whereas the lipid layer provides a barrier to water loss during pupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weisman
- CSIRO Entomology, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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43
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Jendral MJ, Korver DR, Church JS, Feddes JJR. Bone mineral density and breaking strength of White Leghorns housed in conventional, modified, and commercially available colony battery cages. Poult Sci 2008; 87:828-37. [PMID: 18420972 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited opportunity for movement and load-bearing exercise for conventionally caged laying hens leads to bone loss and increased susceptibility to osteoporosis, bone fractures, and cage layer fatigue, all of which compromise hen welfare and have negative consequences for production. The objective of this study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) and strength measures of White Leghorns housed in conventional battery cages (CONV), cages modified to incorporate a nest box and perch (MOD), and commercially available, furnished colony cages with (CWDB) or without (CWODB) a raised dust bath. Hens reared on floor litter were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 cage systems at 19 wk of age. Hen-day production and egg quality were measured between 20 and 64 wk. At 65 wk, hens were killed, and right femur, tibia, and humerus were excised. Bone mineral density was assessed using quantitative computed tomography, and breaking strength was measured with an Instron Materials Tester. In the femur and tibia, CONV hens exhibited lower total BMD, bone mass, cortical bone area, cortical bone mass, and bone-breaking strength than CWDB, CWODB, and MOD hens. Density and cross-sectional area of bone in the trabecular space was highest in CONV. In the humerus, total and cortical BMD and mass and breaking strength values were higher for colony-housed birds than hens in CONV and MOD. The MOD birds did not exhibit increased humeral BMD or strength measures over CONV hens. These findings provide evidence that hens housed in modified and colony cages, furnished systems that promote load-bearing movement, are better able to preserve cortical structural bone than conventionally caged hens and simultaneously have stronger bones. Furthermore, inclusion of raised amenities that encourage wing loading is necessary to reduce humeral cortical bone loss. The overall absence of correlation between egg production or quality and bone quality measures also suggests that improved bone quality in CWDB, CWODB, and MOD furnished cages is not the result of lowered egg production or quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Jendral
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2P5.
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Church JS, Evans DJ. A spectroscopic investigation into the reaction of sodium tetrathionate with cysteine. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2008; 69:256-62. [PMID: 17482867 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A spectroscopic investigation into the reaction of sodium tetrathionate with cysteine at pH 5 both at the boil and at room temperature has been carried out. The Raman and infrared spectra of the model compounds cysteine, cysteine-S-sulfonate, cysteine-S-thiosulfonate, sodium thiosulfate and sodium sulfite were also obtained and vibrations involving the sulfur atoms were analyzed in detail. These results were utilized in the interpretation of the spectra obtained from tetrathionate-cysteine reaction mixtures. The reaction supernatants were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography while the precipitates were analyzed gravimetrically. It was found that during the reaction, the thiol groups of cysteine are oxidised to give predominantly cysteine-S-sulfonate. Cystine was also detected but was determined gravimetrically to be a minor reaction product. No significant amounts of cysteine-S-thiosulfonate were detected. The reaction is accompanied by the formation of elemental sulfur and a small amount of sulfite. Major reaction pathways are put forth that are consistent with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Church
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Textile and Fibre Technology, PO Box 21, Belmont 3216, Australia.
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Church JS, Scadden JE, Gupta RR, Cokis C, Williams KA, Janes GC. Embolic phenomena during computer-assisted and conventional total knee replacement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 89:481-5. [PMID: 17463116 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.89b4.18470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Systemic emboli released during total knee replacement have been implicated as a cause of peri-operative morbidity and neurological dysfunction. We undertook a prospective, double-blind, randomised study to compare the cardiac embolic load sustained during computer-assisted and conventional, intramedullary-aligned, total knee replacement, as measured by transoesophageal echocardiography. There were 26 consecutive procedures performed by a single surgeon at a single hospital. The embolic load was scored using the modified Mayo grading system for echogenic emboli. Fourteen patients undergoing computer-assisted total knee replacement had a mean embolic score of 4.89 (3 to 7) and 12 undergoing conventional total knee replacement had a mean embolic score of 6.15 (4 to 8) on release of the tourniquet. Comparison of the groups using a two-tailed t-test confirmed a highly significant difference (p = 0.004). This study demonstrates that computer-assisted knee replacement results in the release of significantly fewer systemic emboli than the conventional procedure using intramedullary alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Church
- Department of Orthopaedics Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Church JS, Basarab J, Perry B, Miller C, Tong AKW. The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:376-84. [PMID: 17349665 PMCID: PMC7111866 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex causes considerable distress to domestic livestock and economic hardship to the beef industry. Furthermore, the resulting extensive use of antimicrobial treatments is a growing concern from the perspective of facilitating antibiotic resistant microbes. The earlier detection of BRD would enable an earlier, more targeted treatment regime and earlier isolation of infected individuals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of non-invasive infrared thermography in the early detection of BRD in cattle. Studies were conducted on 133 head of weaned calves. Data demonstrated that infrared thermography was able to identify animals at early stages of illness, often several days to over one week before clinical signs were manifest. Data indicated that 4–6 days prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of BRD, greater positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency for infrared thermography (80%, 65% and 71%, respectively) compared to the industry standard practice of clinical scoring (70%, 45% and 55%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Schaefer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E trail, Lacombe, Alta., Canada T4L 1W1.
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Church JS, Woodhead AL. Spectroscopic assessment of Australian cotton waxes. Appl Spectrosc 2006; 60:1334-40. [PMID: 17132453 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778999021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An investigation into the spectroscopic analysis of cotton waxes on Australian cottons was undertaken. The chemical composition of cotton wax is complex and contains a number of lipid classes. Infrared transmission spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis was found to be capable of discriminating between solvent-extracted cotton waxes with differences in their alkyl functionality. Based on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) results, these differences were associated with an increase in levels of the alkane wax component. On the basis of these results, a photo-acoustic spectroscopic method was developed that could be used to distinguish raw cottons on the basis of these differences. This method was utilized to screen cottons from the Cotton Seed Distributors 2001 seed trial. A preliminary assessment of the scouring and dyeing properties of the various cottons, identified using the photo-acoustic method, was carried out. The results tended to confirm that cottons with increased alkyl functionality, most likely associated with alkane wax, were more difficult to remove and residual wax on the fiber acted as a barrier to dyestuff penetration, thus lowering color yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Church
- CSIRO Textile and Fibre Technology, Belmont, Victoria, 3216 Australia.
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Church JS, Martz DG, Cook NJ. The use of digital video recorders (DVRs) for capturing digital video files for use in both The Observer and Ethovision. Behav Res Methods 2006; 38:434-8. [PMID: 17186753 DOI: 10.3758/bf03192797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Before switching a laboratory from analog to digital, for the recording of video files for use in Noldus software such as Ethovision and The Observer, researchers need to proceed with caution. There are obvious advantages in moving to digital recording for behavioral work, including increased storage capacity; no requirement to purchase video tapes; immediate search by date, time, or event; digital images are of higher quality; ability to view study sites remotely by Internet connection; and "smart" features, such as motion detection. But before you throw away your time-lapse video recorders, time code generators, and video multiplexors, there are some important cautions to take account of. Some research groups have bought digital surveillance systems on the assumption that they work with Ethovision and The Observer, only to be disappointed. The vast majority of systems depend on proprietary compression software that must then be converted to work properly in Ethovision or The Observer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Church
- Livestock Welfare Unit, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Room 306, 7000-113 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6H 5TC Canada.
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Abstract
We describe a case of highly refractory synovial chondromatosis, which recurred despite four arthroscopic synovectomies, a chemical synovectomy, two open synovectomies and an arthrodesis. A review of the literature revealed one similar case. Both presented with marked joint stiffness suggesting a poor prognosis. Although arthrodesis may relieve short-term symptoms it does not prevent further recurrence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Church
- Perth Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, 31 Outram Street, West Perth 6005, Western Australia.
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Li YS, Wang Y, Church JS, Garzena F, Zhang Z, An D. Vibrational spectroscopic studies of mesna and dimesna. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2003; 59:1791-1798. [PMID: 12736065 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(02)00438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Raman, and infrared spectra of mesna and dimesna have been collected in the present spectroscopic studies. Based on the group frequencies, relative intensities and Raman depolarization measurements, some vibrational assignments have been suggested. For both mesna and dimesna, at least two rotational conformers have been identified. Adsorption behavior was investigated from the recorded surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra. It was found that both mesna and dimesna adsorbed as thiolate on silver sol particles with the cleavage of the S-H bond in mesna and the S-S bond in dimesna. For the adsorbed thiolate, two conformers existed in the adsorption state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Sing Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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