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Rühle J, Schwarz J, Dietz S, Rückle X, Schoppmeier U, Lajqi T, Poets CF, Gille C, Köstlin-Gille N. Impact of perinatal administration of probiotics on immune cell composition in neonatal mice. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03029-2. [PMID: 38278847 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborns and especially preterm infants are much more susceptible to infections than adults. The pathogens causing infections in newborns are often detectable in the intestinal flora of affected children even before disease onset. Therefore, it seems reasonable to prevent dysbiosis in newborns and preterm infants. An approach followed in many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) is to prevent infections in preterm infants with probiotics however their mechanisms of action of probiotics are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the effect of perinatal probiotic exposure on immune cells in newborn mice. METHODS Pregnant mice were orally treated with a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum (Infloran®) from mid-pregnancy until the offspring were harvested. Immune cell composition in organs of the offspring were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Perinatal probiotic exposure had profound effects on immune cell composition in the intestine, liver and lungs of newborn mice with reduction of myeloid and B cells and induction of T cells in the probiotic treated animals' organs at weaning. Furthermore, probiotic exposure had an effect on T cell development in the thymus. CONCLUSION Our results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of probiotics with the developing immune system. IMPACT probiotics have profound effects on immune cell composition in intestines, livers and lungs of newborn mice. probiotics modulate T cell development in thymus of newborn mice. effects of probiotics on neonatal immune cells are particularly relevant in transition phases of the microbiome. our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of probiotics in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rühle
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schwarz
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xenia Rückle
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schoppmeier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Trim Lajqi
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natascha Köstlin-Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Schwarz J, Rühle J, Stephan K, Dietz S, Geißert J, Schoppmeier U, Frick JS, Hudalla H, Lajqi T, Poets CF, Gille C, Köstlin-Gille N. HIF-1α targeted deletion in myeloid cells decreases MDSC accumulation and alters microbiome in neonatal mice. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250144. [PMID: 37044112 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The newborn's immune system is faced with the challenge of having to learn quickly to fight off infectious agents, but tolerating the colonization of the body surfaces with commensals without reacting with an excessive inflammatory response. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are innate immune cells with suppressive activity on other immune cells that regulate fetal-maternal tolerance during pregnancy and control intestinal inflammation in neonates. Until now, nothing is known about the role of MDSC in microbiome establishment. One of the transcription factors regulating MDSC homeostasis is the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). We investigated the impact of HIF-1α on MDSC accumulation and microbiome establishment during the neonatal period in a mouse model with targeted deletion of HIF-1α in myeloid cells (Hif1a loxP/loxP LysMCre+). We show that in contrast to wildtype mice, where an extensive expansion of MDSC was observed, MDSC expansion in neonatal Hif1a loxP/loxP LysMCre+ mice was dramatically reduced both systemically and locally in the intestine. This was accompanied by an altered microbiome composition and intestinal T-cell homeostasis. Our results point toward a role of MDSC in inflammation regulation in the context of microbiome establishment and thus reveal a new aspect of the biological role of MDSC during the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schwarz
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Rühle
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Stephan
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
- Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janina Geißert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- NGS-Competence Center Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schoppmeier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia S Frick
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- MVZ Laboratory Ludwigsburg GbR, Germany
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Trim Lajqi
- Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian F Poets
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natascha Köstlin-Gille
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
- Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg, Germany
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Rühle J, Ginzel M, Dietz S, Schwarz J, Lajqi T, Beer-Hammer S, Poets CF, Gille C, Köstlin-Gille N. Depletion of Ly6G-Expressing Neutrophilic Cells Leads to Altered Peripheral T-Cell Homeostasis and Thymic Development in Neonatal Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7763. [PMID: 37175470 PMCID: PMC10178674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborns and especially preterm infants are much more susceptible to infections than adults. Due to immature adaptive immunity, especially innate immune cells play an important role in a newborn's infection defense. Neonatal neutrophils exhibit profound differences in their functionality compared to neutrophils of adults. In particular, neonates possess a relevant population of suppressive neutrophils, which not only inhibit but also specifically modulate the function of T-cells. In this study, we investigated whether neonatal neutrophils are already involved in T-cell development in the thymus. For this purpose, we used a newly developed model of antibody-mediated immune cell depletion in which we administered a depleting antibody to pregnant and then lactating dams. Using this method, we were able to sufficiently deplete Ly6G-positive neutrophils in offspring. We demonstrated that the depletion of neutrophils in newborn mice resulted in altered peripheral T-cell homeostasis with a decreased CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio and decreased expression of CD62L. Neutrophil depletion even affected T-cell development in the thymus, with increased double positive thymocytes and a decreased CD4+/CD8+ single positive thymocyte ratio. Altogether, we demonstrated a previously unknown mechanism mediating neutrophils' immunomodulatory effects in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rühle
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.R.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Marco Ginzel
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.R.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (C.F.P.)
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Julian Schwarz
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.R.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Trim Lajqi
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomic and ICePhA, University of Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Christian F. Poets
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.R.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Natascha Köstlin-Gille
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.R.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (C.F.P.)
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (C.G.)
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Lajqi T, Köstlin-Gille N, Bauer R, Zarogiannis SG, Lajqi E, Ajeti V, Dietz S, Kranig SA, Rühle J, Demaj A, Hebel J, Bartosova M, Frommhold D, Hudalla H, Gille C. Training vs. Tolerance: The Yin/Yang of the Innate Immune System. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030766. [PMID: 36979747 PMCID: PMC10045728 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For almost nearly a century, memory functions have been attributed only to acquired immune cells. Lately, this paradigm has been challenged by an increasing number of studies revealing that innate immune cells are capable of exhibiting memory-like features resulting in increased responsiveness to subsequent challenges, a process known as trained immunity (known also as innate memory). In contrast, the refractory state of endotoxin tolerance has been defined as an immunosuppressive state of myeloid cells portrayed by a significant reduction in the inflammatory capacity. Both training as well tolerance as adaptive features are reported to be accompanied by epigenetic and metabolic alterations occurring in cells. While training conveys proper protection against secondary infections, the induction of endotoxin tolerance promotes repairing mechanisms in the cells. Consequently, the inappropriate induction of these adaptive cues may trigger maladaptive effects, promoting an increased susceptibility to secondary infections—tolerance, or contribute to the progression of the inflammatory disorder—trained immunity. This review aims at the discussion of these opposing manners of innate immune and non-immune cells, describing the molecular, metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms involved and interpreting the clinical implications in various inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trim Lajqi
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Natascha Köstlin-Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, GR-41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Esra Lajqi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valdrina Ajeti
- Department of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Europaea—Campus College Rezonanca, XK-10000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon A. Kranig
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Rühle
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ardian Demaj
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Tetovo, MK-1200 Tetova, North Macedonia
| | - Janine Hebel
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Frommhold
- Klinik für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, D-87700 Memmingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.G.)
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Rückle X, Rühle J, Judd L, Hebel J, Dietz S, Poets CF, Gille C, Köstlin-Gille N. Different probiotic strains alter human cord blood monocyte responses. Pediatr Res 2022:10.1038/s41390-022-02400-5. [PMID: 36476746 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics have a protective effect on various diseases. In neonatology, they are predominantly used to prevent necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), a severe inflammatory disease of the neonatal intestine. The mechanisms by which probiotics act are diverse; little is known about their direct effect on neonatal immune cells. METHODS In this study, we investigated the effect of probiotics on the functions of neonatal monocytes in an in vitro model using three different strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (BB)) and mononuclear cells isolated from cord blood. RESULTS We show that stimulation with LR induces proinflammatory effects in neonatal monocytes, such as increased expression of surface molecules involved in monocyte activation, increased production of pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similar effects were observed when monocytes were stimulated simultaneously with LPS. Stimulation with LA and BB alone or in combination also induced cytokine production in monocytes, with BB showing the least effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that probiotics increase the defence functions of neonatal monocytes and thus possibly favourably influence the newborn's ability to fight infections. IMPACT Probiotics induce a proinflammatory response in neonatal monocytes in vitro. This is a previously unknown mechanism of how probiotics modulate the immune response of newborns. Probiotic application to neonates may increase their ability to fight off infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Rückle
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Rühle
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonie Judd
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine Hebel
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natascha Köstlin-Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dietz S, Schwarz J, Rühle J, Schaller M, Fehrenbacher B, Marmé A, Schmid E, Peter A, Poets CF, Gille C, Köstlin-Gille N. Extracellular vesicles released by myeloid-derived suppressor cells from pregnant women modulate adaptive immune responses. Cell Immunol 2020; 361:104276. [PMID: 33517124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunological pregnancy complications are a main challenge in reproductive medicine. Mechanisms regulating the adaptation of the maternal immune system to pregnancy are incompletely understood and therapeutic options limited. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are immune-modulatory cells expanding during healthy pregnancy and seem to play a crucial role for maternal-fetal tolerance. Recent studies showed that exosomes produced by MDSC have immune-modulatory effects corresponding to their parental cells under different pathological conditions. Here, we investigated immunological effects of exosomes of GR-MDSC during pregnancy. Isolated GR-MDSC exosomes from peripheral blood of pregnant women were tested for functionality in different in vitro assays. We show that GR-MDSC exosomes exhibited profound immune-modulatory effects such as suppression of T-cell proliferation, T helper 2 (Th2)-cell polarization, induction of regulatory T-cells and inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Our results confirm that MDSC-derived exosomes functionally correspond to their parental cells and identify them as an interesting therapeutic target for immunological pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dietz
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schwarz
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Rühle
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Evi Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Surgery & Pediatric Urology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian F Poets
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Rühle J. Die Nahrungsmittelchemie im Jahre 1915. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19160291313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rosenthaler L, Schellhaas H, Weber, Rühle J, Vamvakas J, Lübeck A, Behre A, Gadamer J, Sormani C, Rusconi A, Halberkann J, Kofler L, Fresenius W. Über den Nachweis von Saponinen. Anal Bioanal Chem 1923. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02423059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rühle J. Die Nahrungsmittelchemie im Jahre 1917. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1919. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19190321003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rühle J. Die Nahrungsmittelchemie im Jahre 1917. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1919. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19190320803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rühle J. Die Nahrungsmittelchemie im Jahre 1917. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1919. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19190320603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rühle J. Die Nahrungsmittelchemie im Jahre 1917. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1919. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19190320402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rühle J. Die Nahrungsmittelchemie im Jahre 1916. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1917. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19170309105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rühle J. Die Nahrungsmittelchemie im Jahre 1916. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1917. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19170308703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rühle J. Liebesgaben im Handel mit Nahrungs- und Genußmitteln. II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1916. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19160298302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rühle J. Die Nahrungsmittelchemie im Jahre 1911. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1912. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19120254305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kühn B, Rühle J. Beitrag zur Bestimmung der schwefligen Säure im Hackfleisch. Eur Food Res Technol 1910. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02008660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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