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Borgenvik A, Bolin S, Savov V, Holmberg KO, Zhao M, Rosén G, Hutter S, Garancher A, Rahmanto AS, Bergström T, Mainwaring O, Sattanino D, Verbaan AD, Rusert J, Sundström A, Dang Y, Wenz A, Richardson S, Fotaki G, Giraud G, Hill R, Dubuc A, Kalushkova A, Remke M, Cancer M, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Chen X, Taylor MD, Sangfelt O, Clifford S, Schüller U, Wechsler-Reya R, Weishaupt H, Swartling F. TMOD-25. LATENT SOX9-POSITIVE CELLS BEHIND MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA RELAPSE. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab196.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor recurrence developing from therapy resistance, immune escape and metastasis is the leading cause of death in medulloblastoma, the most frequent malignant pediatric brain tumor. Amplification of MYC genes is the most common genetic alteration in Group 3 and Group 4 subgroups that constitute two thirds of medulloblastoma. SOX9 is a transcription factor present in stem cells in the normal brain but is limited to rare, quiescent cells in medulloblastoma patients with MYC gene amplifications. By studying paired primary-recurrent patient samples and patient-derived xenografts we here identified significant accumulation of SOX9-positive cells in Group 3 and Group 4 relapses. To follow relapse at the single cell level we developed an inducible dual Tet model of MYC-driven MB, where MYC was re-directed from the treatment-sensitive bulk cells to resistant, dormant SOX9-positive cells by doxycycline. In this model, distant recurrent tumors and spinal metastases developed. SOX9 promoted immune escape, DNA repair suppression and was essential for recurrence. Tumor cell dormancy was non-hierarchical, migratory and depended on MYC suppression by SOX9 to promote relapse. By using computational modeling and treatment we also showed how doxorubicin and MGMT inhibitors were specifically targeting recurrent cells that could be of potential use in future treatments for patients affected by these fatal relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borgenvik
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Uppsala Lan, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Miao Zhao
- Uppsala University, IGP, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Amelie Wenz
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stacey Richardson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Rebecca Hill
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adrian Dubuc
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) University Hospital Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Matko Cancer
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Michael D Taylor
- Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olle Sangfelt
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven Clifford
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer & Professor of Molecular Paediatric Oncology, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Fredrik Swartling
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Leskoske K, Garcia-Mansfield K, Krishnan A, Sharma R, Rusert J, Mesirov J, Wechsler-Reya R, Pirrotte P. OMIC-05. PHOSPHOPROTEOMIC ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES SUBGROUP ENRICHED PATHWAYS AND KINASE SIGNATURES IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2021. [PMCID: PMC8263200 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab090.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is classified into four molecular subgroups: wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 (G3) and Group 4 (G4), each with different molecular profiles and patient outcomes. Subgroup heterogeneity and low mutational burdens have hindered the identification of actionable therapeutic targets, especially in G3 MB which has a particularly poor prognosis. Therefore, we took a (phospho)-proteomics approach to identify active pathways and potential therapeutic opportunities in twenty orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of MB comprising SHH, G3 and G4 subtypes. Through our enrichment analysis, we identified processes and pathways specifically upregulated in each MB subgroup. We also utilized neural network derived kinase-substrate predictions and kinase activity scores inferred by a heuristic machine learning algorithm to further characterize phosphosignaling activity. We found that MB PDX models recapitulate many features of primary MB tumors including two distinct proteomic subtypes of G3. G3a was enriched for transcription, translation and MYC target genes while G3b was enriched for axon guidance and neurotrophin signaling pathways. Notably, both G3a and G3b contained higher abundance of mitochondrial proteins, suggesting altered tumor metabolism in G3 MB. SHH PDXs displayed increased NFκB and JNK-MAPK signaling. Group 4 MBs most closely resembled differentiated neuronal cells and were enriched for PKC and AMPK signaling as well as DNA repair pathways. In conclusion, we have provided a comprehensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic characterization of commonly studied MB PDX models and revealed new insights into subgroup enriched pathways and kinase activity in MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Leskoske
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Krystine Garcia-Mansfield
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Aparna Krishnan
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jill Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Bolin S, Savov V, Borgenvik A, Rosén G, Olausson KH, Zhao M, Garancher A, Rahmanto AS, Hutter S, Mainwaring O, Rusert J, Sundstrom A, Richardson S, Fotaki G, Hill RM, Dubuc AM, Kalushkova A, Remke M, Čančer M, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Ramaswamy V, Chen X, Taylor MD, Sangfelt O, Schüller U, Clifford SC, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weishaupt H, Swartling FJ. MBRS-10. QUIESCENT SOX9-POSITIVE CELLS BEHIND MYC DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA RECURRENCE. Neuro Oncol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7715168 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is the leading cause of death in medulloblastoma, the most frequent malignant pediatric brain tumor. Recurrence occurs when subpopulations of cancer cells evade standard therapy by acquiring features of immune escape, metastatic spread, and treatment resistance. The transcription factor SOX9 correlated with treatment resistance and dissemination in aggressive Group 3 medulloblastoma. By studying paired primary-recurrent medulloblastoma samples and patient-derived xenograft models, we identified rare SOX9-positive slow-cycling, therapy-resistant tumor cells that accumulate in relapses and in metastases. In an inducible transgenic Group 3 tumor model, doxycycline treatment kills all tumor cells by turning MYC off. However, when MYC expression was redirected to the SOX9 promoter, recurrences from rare, dormant SOX9-positive cells developed with 100% penetrance. Expression profiling revealed that recurrences were more inflammatory, metastatic, and showed elevated MGMT methyltransferase levels which depleted recurrent cells when selectively inhibited. Our model explains how recurrences develop from SOX9-induced quiescence in MYC-driven brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca M Hill
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Marc Remke
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ulrich Schüller
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Yeerna H, Briggs B, Rusert J, Chavez L, Mesirov J, Wechsler-Reya R, Tamayo P. Abstract B21: Childhood Cancer Molecular Map (C2M2) to define medulloblastoma heterogeneity and predict treatment response. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedca19-b21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Medulloblastoma is a heterogenous group of tumors that collectively are the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Advances in treatment are required as one third of patients die from the disease, and those who survive suffer severe long-term side effects from therapy. The ability to sequence entire genome, methylome, and transcriptome of tumors provides the opportunity to identify underlying drivers of malignancy, predict treatment response, and develop novel therapies. A lack of reproducibility when comparing identified genetic mutations with treatment response is challenging because a single genetic change does not reflect the cellular state of a cancer cell in its entirety, which is expressing a multitude of genes. Computational methods allow for the creation of mapping systems that may more accurately describe the cellular state and thereby predict treatment response.
Objective: We used Childhood Cancer Molecular Map (C2M2) to define medulloblastoma heterogeneity and predict treatment response using patient-derived xenografts (PDX).
Methods: RNA transcription abundance from medulloblastoma samples published by Cho et al. were used to create C2M2. This was accomplished by analyzing the distribution of transcriptional abundance for each gene across all samples in order to select the genes that display the most asymmetric and non-Gaussian behavior. This delineated a “context score” for each gene, emphasizing those over- and underexpressed, allowing for the creation of a unique signature to model cellular states. The medulloblastoma samples from Cho et al. were then plotted onto the map based upon their RNA transcriptional abundance signatures, creating clusters of similar cellular states. Likewise, RNA transcription abundance from 20 PDX samples, for which drug response was known, was then mapped.
Results: C2M2 identified ten cellular states for medulloblastoma by which to define patient samples: SHH DNA repair, SHH glutamate signaling, SHH RNA repair, WNT, Photoreceptor and MYC (in which Group 3 medulloblastoma falls), Neuronal migration, Neuronal MAPK activation and Axonal (in which Group 4 medulloblastoma falls), and Homeobox activation. PDX samples for which drug response was known clustered similarly onto the map.
Conclusion: C2M2 using RNA transcriptional abundance from medulloblastoma samples could be used to predict drug response.
Citation Format: Huwate Yeerna, Benjamin Briggs, Jessica Rusert, Lukas Chavez, Jill Mesirov, Robert Wechsler-Reya, Pablo Tamayo. Childhood Cancer Molecular Map (C2M2) to define medulloblastoma heterogeneity and predict treatment response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwate Yeerna
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | | | - Jessica Rusert
- 3Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA,
| | - Lukas Chavez
- 4University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA,
| | - Jill Mesirov
- 4University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA,
| | | | - Pablo Tamayo
- 5University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA
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5
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Bihannic L, Hovestadt V, Smith K, Filbin M, Shaw M, Baumgartner A, DeWitt J, Groves A, Mayr L, Weisman H, Richman A, Shore M, Goumnerova L, Rosencrance C, Carter R, Phoenix T, Hadley J, Tong Y, Houston J, Ashmun R, DeCuypere M, Sharma T, Ligon K, Pomeroy S, Rivera M, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Rusert J, Wechsler-Reya R, Li XN, Peyrl A, Gojo J, Kirchhofer D, Lötsch D, Czech T, Dorfer C, Haberler C, Geyeregger R, Halfmann A, Gawad C, Easton J, Pfister S, Regev A, Gajjar A, Orr B, Slavc I, Robinson G, Bernstein B, Suvà M, Northcott P. PDTM-32. RESOLVING MEDULLOBLASTOMA CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE BY SINGLE-CELL GENOMICS. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a malignant childhood cerebellar tumor comprised of distinct molecular subgroups. Whereas genomic characteristics of these subgroups are well defined, the extent to which cellular diversity underlies their divergent biology and clinical behaviour remains largely unexplored. We used single-cell transcriptomics to investigate intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity in twenty-five medulloblastomas spanning all molecular subgroups. WNT, SHH, and Group 3 tumors comprised subgroup-specific undifferentiated and differentiated neuronal-like malignant populations, whereas Group 4 tumors were exclusively comprised of differentiated neuronal-like neoplastic cells. SHH tumors closely resembled granule neurons of varying differentiation states that correlated with patient age. Group 3 and Group 4 tumors exhibited a developmental trajectory from primitive progenitor-like to more mature neuronal-like cells, whose relative proportions distinguished these subgroups. Cross-species transcriptomics defined distinct glutamatergic populations as putative cells-of-origin for SHH and Group 4 subtypes. Collectively, these data provide novel insights into the cellular and developmental states underlying subtype-specific medulloblastoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyle Smith
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - McKenzie Shaw
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - John DeWitt
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Groves
- Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Marni Shore
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liliana Goumnerova
- Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert Carter
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Yiai Tong
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jim Houston
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Tanvi Sharma
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Centre at National Centre for Tumour Diseases Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keith Ligon
- Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Miguel Rivera
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Research Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela Halfmann
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Gawad
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Easton
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stefan Pfister
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Centre at National Centre for Tumour Diseases Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amar Gajjar
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brent Orr
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Irene Slavc
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Mario Suvà
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Prabhu VV, Kawakibi AR, Madhukar N, Garnett MJ, McDermott U, Benes CH, Anantharaman L, Charter N, Deacon S, VanEngelenburg A, Rucker JB, Doranz BJ, Rusert J, Wechsler-Reya R, Elemento O, Stogniew M, Oster W, DeMorrow S, Free RB, Sibley DR, Allen JE. Abstract 3877: IND-enabling characterization of DRD2/3 imipridone antagonist ONC206 for oncology. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is overexpressed and critical for survival in several cancers. ONC201, an imipridone small molecule, is a DRD2/3 antagonist in Phase II advanced cancer clinical trials with a compelling safety and efficacy profile. We evaluated the binding target, anti-tumor activity, biodistribution and safety of ONC206, a chemical derivative of ONC201 with the same imipridone core structure. GPCR profiling with β-Arrestin recruitment revealed that ONC206 selectively antagonizes dopamine receptors DRD2 and DRD3. ONC206 exhibited a Ki of ~320nM for DRD2 with complete specificity across human GPCRs and complete DRD2 antagonism. Schild analyses of ONC206 in cAMP and β-Arrestin recruitment assays revealed hallmarks of non-competitive DRD2 antagonism, unlike antipsychotics but similar to ONC201. Shotgun mutagenesis across DRD2 identified 7 residues critical for ONC206-mediated antagonism at orthosteric and allosteric sites. While 6 mutated residues were also critical for ONC201-mediated antagonism, the impact and magnitude of different mutants varied between the two compounds and one of the allosteric residues was unique to ONC206. In vitro profiling of ONC206 in >1000 GDSC cancer cell lines demonstrated broad nanomolar efficacy (GI50 <78-889nM). TCGA and tissue microarrays analyses revealed that malignant DRD2 expression was highest in pheochromocytoma, high grade gliomas, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, Ewing’s sarcoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Accordingly, ONC206 demonstrated nanomolar in vitro sensitivity in these tumor types. Similar to ONC201, a DRD2+/DRD5- RNA expression signature in the GDSC panel predicted significantly enhanced ONC206 sensitivity. ONC206 reduced the viability of normal human fibroblasts at micromolar doses (GI50 > 5µM), suggesting a wide therapeutic window. Robust inhibition of tumor growth without body weight loss was observed in HuCCT1 cholangiocarcinoma and MHH-ES-1 Ewing’s sarcoma subcutaneous xenografts with 50-100 mg/kg oral ONC206 weekly or every 2 weeks. Biodistribution studies in Sprague-Dawley rats revealed a ~12 µM plasma Cmax with a half-life of ~6 hours upon a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Additionally, 5-10 fold higher ONC206 concentrations were observed in adrenal gland, bile duct, brain and bone marrow relative to plasma concentrations. GLP toxicology studies with weekly oral ONC206 in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs at doses above or equivalent to efficacious doses revealed no dose-limiting toxicities. In both species, observations at the highest dose were mild and reversible. The no observed adverse event level (NOAEL) was ≥ 16.7 mg/kg in dogs and ≥ 50 mg/kg in rats, which both correspond to a human dose of approximately 500 mg assuming standard allometric scaling. These results provide rationale for a 50 mg starting ONC206 dose in dose escalation clinical trials in patients with DRD2-dysregulated tumors.
Citation Format: Varun V. Prabhu, Abed Rahman Kawakibi, Neel Madhukar, Mathew J. Garnett, Ultan McDermott, Cyril H. Benes, Lakshmi Anantharaman, Neil Charter, Sean Deacon, Alexander VanEngelenburg, Joseph B. Rucker, Benjamin J. Doranz, Jessica Rusert, Robert Wechsler-Reya, Olivier Elemento, Martin Stogniew, Wolfgang Oster, Sharon DeMorrow, R. Benjamin Free, David R. Sibley, Joshua E. Allen. IND-enabling characterization of DRD2/3 imipridone antagonist ONC206 for oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3877.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Rusert
- 8Sanford Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA
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Bolin S, Savov V, Borgenvik A, Rosen G, Garancher A, Rahmanto AS, Hutter S, Mainwaring O, Olausson KH, Rusert J, Sundstrom A, Richardson S, Fotaki G, Hill R, Dubuc A, Kalushkova A, Remke M, Cancer M, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Ramaswamy V, Taylor M, Sangfelt O, Clifford S, Schuller U, Wechsler-Reya R, Weishaupt H, Swartling F. MEDU-26. LATENT SOX9-POSITIVE CELLS RESPONSIBLE FOR MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA RECURRENCE. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz036.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is the leading cause of death among children with medulloblastoma, the most common type of malignant pediatric brain tumors. The mechanisms behind medulloblastoma recurrence are not fully understood. We previously showed that the transcription factor SOX9 promotes cisplatin treatment resistance in medulloblastoma. Here we show that SOX9 levels correlate with poor prognosis in Group 3 tumors. By studying paired primary-recurrent medulloblastoma samples and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models we further identified rare SOX9-positive slow-cycling, therapy-resistant tumor cells that accumulate in relapses and in leptomenigeal metastases of Group 3 and Group 4 patients. By using an inducible Tet-OFF transgenic (GTML) mouse model for malignant MYCN-driven Group 3 tumors we identified rare SOX9-positive, quiescent brain tumor cells that are more resistant to cisplatin. Dox treatment normally cures GTML transgenic animals that developed aggressive medulloblastoma by turning MYCN off. However, when crossing the Tet-OFF GTML model with a Tet-ON rtTA-Sox9 model we can redirect MYCN expression to the Sox9 promoter ultimately driving brain tumor recurrence from rare SOX9-positive cells with 100% penetrance. In this novel animal model, recurrent tumors were actively disseminating from the hindbrain to the spinal cord and into the forebrain similar to distant relapses found in patients. By overexpressing SOX9 in human Group 3 tumor cells, MYC was directly inhibited and cell proliferation was decreased. PDX models of Group 3 tumors further showed increased levels of SOX9-positivity and less proliferative cells in metastatic compartments. Expression profiling revealed that recurrences were more inflammatory, metastatic, immune evasive and showed elevated MGMT methyltransferase levels which depleted recurrent cells and sensitized them for chemotherapy when using the MGMT inhibitor lomeguatrib. To summarize, our data clarify important and complex mechanisms by which latent medulloblastoma cells fail to respond to standard therapy and generate relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bolin
- Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Hill
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Dubuc
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marc Remke
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven Clifford
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Schuller
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Prabhu VV, Madhukar NS, Gilvary C, Kline CLB, Oster S, El-Deiry WS, Elemento O, Doherty F, VanEngelenburg A, Durrant J, Tarapore RS, Deacon S, Charter N, Jung J, Park DM, Gilbert MR, Rusert J, Wechsler-Reya R, Arrillaga-Romany I, Batchelor TT, Wen PY, Oster W, Allen JE. Dopamine Receptor D5 is a Modulator of Tumor Response to Dopamine Receptor D2 Antagonism. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:2305-2313. [PMID: 30559168 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) is a G protein-coupled receptor antagonized by ONC201, an anticancer small molecule in clinical trials for high-grade gliomas and other malignancies. DRD5 is a dopamine receptor family member that opposes DRD2 signaling. We investigated the expression of these dopamine receptors in cancer and their influence on tumor cell sensitivity to ONC201. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The Cancer Genome Atlas was used to determine DRD2/DRD5 expression broadly across human cancers. Cell viability assays were performed with ONC201 in >1,000 Genomic of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer and NCI60 cell lines. IHC staining of DRD2/DRD5 was performed on tissue microarrays and archival tumor tissues of glioblastoma patients treated with ONC201. Whole exome sequencing was performed in RKO cells with and without acquired ONC201 resistance. Wild-type and mutant DRD5 constructs were generated for overexpression studies. RESULTS DRD2 overexpression broadly occurs across tumor types and is associated with a poor prognosis. Whole exome sequencing of cancer cells with acquired resistance to ONC201 revealed a de novo Q366R mutation in the DRD5 gene. Expression of Q366R DRD5 was sufficient to induce tumor cell apoptosis, consistent with a gain-of-function. DRD5 overexpression in glioblastoma cells enhanced DRD2/DRD5 heterodimers and DRD5 expression was inversely correlated with innate tumor cell sensitivity to ONC201. Investigation of archival tumor samples from patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with ONC201 revealed that low DRD5 expression was associated with relatively superior clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate DRD5 as a negative regulator of DRD2 signaling and tumor sensitivity to ONC201 DRD2 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Oster
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean Deacon
- Eurofins DiscoverX Corporation, Fremont, California
| | - Neil Charter
- Eurofins DiscoverX Corporation, Fremont, California
| | - Jinkyu Jung
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
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9
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Prabhu VV, Madhukar N, Tarapore R, Garnett M, McDermott U, Benes C, Anantharaman L, Charter N, Deacon S, VanEngelenburg A, Rucker J, Doranz B, Rusert J, Wechsler-Reya R, Elemento O, Stogniew M, Oster W, DeMorrow S, Free RB, Sibley D, Allen J. EXTH-17. SELECTIVE, NON-COMPETITIVE DRD2/3 ANTAGONISM BY IMIPRIDONE ONC206 IS EFFECTIVE IN TUMORS WITH DOPAMINE RECEPTOR DYSREGULATION. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy148.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mathew Garnett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Bolin S, Savov V, Borgenvik A, Garancher A, Rosén G, Rahmanto A, Hutter S, Rusert J, Garzia L, Fotaki G, Hill RM, Dubuc AM, Remke M, aner M, Ramaswamy V, Clifford S, Sangfelt O, Schüller U, Taylor M, Wechsler-Reya R, Weishaupt H, Swartling F. TMOD-35. CAN RARE SOX9-POSITIVE CELLS INCITE MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA RECURRENCE? Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy148.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandra Garancher
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Aldwin Rahmanto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Livia Garzia
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rebecca M Hill
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M Dubuc
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steve Clifford
- Newcastle University, Newcastle, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ulrich Schüller
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Bolin S, Savov V, Borgenvik A, Garancher A, Rosén G, Rahmanto AS, Hutter S, Rusert J, Fotaki G, Hill R, Dubuc A, Remke M, Čančer M, Ramaswamy V, Clifford S, Sangfelt O, Schüller U, Taylor M, Wechsler-Reya R, Weishaupt H, Swartling F. TMOD-31. RARE SOX9+ CELLS BEHIND MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA RECURRENCE. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox168.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Rusert J, Garancher A, Brabetz S, Udaka Y, Jensen J, Esparza L, Seker-Cin H, Qi L, Kogiso M, Schubert S, Milde T, Cho YJ, Li XN, Olson J, Tamayo P, Crawford J, Levy M, Kool M, Mesirov J, Pfister SM, Wechsler-Reya R. PDTB-23. CHEMI-GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF PATIENT-DERIVED XENOGRAFTS TO IDENTIFY PERSONALIZED THERAPIES FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now212.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Jiang Q, Crews LA, Barrett CL, Court-Recart A, Goff D, Sadarangani A, Rusert J, Morris S, Goldstein L, Chun HJ, Marra M, Fraser K, Dao KH, Minden M, Jamieson C. Abstract 247: ADAR1 promotes malignant progenitor reprogramming in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The molecular etiology of human progenitor reprogramming into self-renewing leukemia stem cells (LSC) has remained elusive. While DNA sequencing has uncovered spliceosome gene mutations that promote alternative splicing and portend leukemic transformation, isoform diversity may also be generated by RNA editing mediated by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes that regulate stem cell maintenance. In this study, whole transcriptome sequencing of normal, chronic phase (CP) and serially transplantable blast crisis (BC) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) progenitors revealed increased interferon-γ pathway gene expression in concert with BCR-ABL amplification, enhanced expression of the interferon responsive ADAR1 p150 isoform and a propensity for increased A-to-I RNA editing during CML progression. Lentiviral overexpression experiments demonstrate that ADAR1 p150 promoted expression of the myeloid transcription factor PU.1 and induced malignant reprogramming of myeloid progenitors. Moreover, enforced ADAR1 p150 expression was associated with production of a mis-spliced form of GSK3β implicated in LSC self-renewal. Finally, functional serial transplantation and shRNA studies demonstrate that ADAR1 knockdown impaired in vivo self-renewal capacity of BC CML progenitors. Together these data provide a compelling rationale for developing ADAR1-based LSC detection and eradication strategies.
Citation Format: Qingfei Jiang, Leslie A. Crews, Christian L. Barrett, Angela Court-Recart, Daniel Goff, Anil Sadarangani, Jessica Rusert, Sheldon Morris, Lawrence Goldstein, Hye-Jung Chun, Marco Marra, Kelly Fraser, Kim-Hien Dao, Mark Minden, Catriona Jamieson. ADAR1 promotes malignant progenitor reprogramming in chronic myeloid leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 247. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-247
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Goff
- 1University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hye-Jung Chun
- 2Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco Marra
- 2Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly Fraser
- 1University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kim-Hien Dao
- 3Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Mark Minden
- 4Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Goff DJ, Court Recart A, Sadarangani A, Chun HJ, Barrett CL, Krajewska M, Leu H, Low-Marchelli J, Ma W, Shih AY, Wei J, Zhai D, Geron I, Pu M, Bao L, Chuang R, Balaian L, Gotlib J, Minden M, Martinelli G, Rusert J, Dao KH, Shazand K, Wentworth P, Smith KM, Jamieson CAM, Morris SR, Messer K, Goldstein LSB, Hudson TJ, Marra M, Frazer KA, Pellecchia M, Reed JC, Jamieson CHM. A Pan-BCL2 inhibitor renders bone-marrow-resident human leukemia stem cells sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibition. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:316-28. [PMID: 23333150 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) play a pivotal role in the resistance of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and its progression to blast crisis (BC), in part, through the alternative splicing of self-renewal and survival genes. To elucidate splice-isoform regulators of human BC LSC maintenance, we performed whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing, splice-isoform-specific quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), nanoproteomics, stromal coculture, and BC LSC xenotransplantation analyses. Cumulatively, these studies show that the alternative splicing of multiple prosurvival BCL2 family genes promotes malignant transformation of myeloid progenitors into BC LSCS that are quiescent in the marrow niche and that contribute to therapeutic resistance. Notably, sabutoclax, a pan-BCL2 inhibitor, renders marrow-niche-resident BC LSCs sensitive to TKIs at doses that spare normal progenitors. These findings underscore the importance of alternative BCL2 family splice-isoform expression in BC LSC maintenance and suggest that the combinatorial inhibition of prosurvival BCL2 family proteins and BCR-ABL may eliminate dormant LSCs and obviate resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Goff
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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