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Zimmerman EA, Irani I, Chen P, Gal-Yam A, Schulze S, Perley DA, Sollerman J, Filippenko AV, Shenar T, Yaron O, Shahaf S, Bruch RJ, Ofek EO, De Cia A, Brink TG, Yang Y, Vasylyev SS, Ben Ami S, Aubert M, Badash A, Bloom JS, Brown PJ, De K, Dimitriadis G, Fransson C, Fremling C, Hinds K, Horesh A, Johansson JP, Kasliwal MM, Kulkarni SR, Kushnir D, Martin C, Matuzewski M, McGurk RC, Miller AA, Morag J, Neil JD, Nugent PE, Post RS, Prusinski NZ, Qin Y, Raichoor A, Riddle R, Rowe M, Rusholme B, Sfaradi I, Sjoberg KM, Soumagnac M, Stein RD, Strotjohann NL, Terwel JH, Wasserman T, Wise J, Wold A, Yan L, Zhang K. The complex circumstellar environment of supernova 2023ixf. Nature 2024; 627:759-762. [PMID: 38538936 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The early evolution of a supernova (SN) can reveal information about the environment and the progenitor star. When a star explodes in vacuum, the first photons to escape from its surface appear as a brief, hours-long shock-breakout flare1,2, followed by a cooling phase of emission. However, for stars exploding within a distribution of dense, optically thick circumstellar material (CSM), the first photons escape from the material beyond the stellar edge and the duration of the initial flare can extend to several days, during which the escaping emission indicates photospheric heating3. Early serendipitous observations2,4 that lacked ultraviolet (UV) data were unable to determine whether the early emission is heating or cooling and hence the nature of the early explosion event. Here we report UV spectra of the nearby SN 2023ixf in the galaxy Messier 101 (M101). Using the UV data as well as a comprehensive set of further multiwavelength observations, we temporally resolve the emergence of the explosion shock from a thick medium heated by the SN emission. We derive a reliable bolometric light curve that indicates that the shock breaks out from a dense layer with a radius substantially larger than typical supergiants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Zimmerman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - I Irani
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - P Chen
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A V Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T Shenar
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Yaron
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Shahaf
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R J Bruch
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A De Cia
- European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
| | - T G Brink
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics (THCA), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - S S Vasylyev
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Ben Ami
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Aubert
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Badash
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J S Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P J Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K De
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G Dimitriadis
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C Fransson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Fremling
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K Hinds
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Horesh
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J P Johansson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D Kushnir
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Martin
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Matuzewski
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R C McGurk
- W. M. Keck Observatory, Kamuela, HI, USA
| | - A A Miller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Morag
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J D Neil
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - P E Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R S Post
- Post Observatory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - N Z Prusinski
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Qin
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A Raichoor
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Riddle
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Rowe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - B Rusholme
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - I Sfaradi
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - K M Sjoberg
- Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Isaac Newton Group (ING), Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M Soumagnac
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - R D Stein
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N L Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J H Terwel
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Isaac Newton Group (ING), Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - T Wasserman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J Wise
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Wold
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - L Yan
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K Zhang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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Wasserman D, Apter G, Baeken C, Bailey S, Balazs J, Bec C, Bienkowski P, Bobes J, Ortiz MFB, Brunn H, Bôke Ö, Camilleri N, Carpiniello B, Chihai J, Chkonia E, Courtet P, Cozman D, David M, Dom G, Esanu A, Falkai P, Flannery W, Gasparyan K, Gerlinger G, Gorwood P, Gudmundsson O, Hanon C, Heinz A, Dos Santos MJH, Hedlund A, Ismayilov F, Ismayilov N, Isometsä ET, Izakova L, Kleinberg A, Kurimay T, Reitan SK, Lecic-Tosevski D, Lehmets A, Lindberg N, Lundblad KA, Lynch G, Maddock C, Malt UF, Martin L, Martynikhin I, Maruta NO, Matthys F, Mazaliauskiene R, Mihajlovic G, Peles AM, Miklavic V, Mohr P, Ferrandis MM, Musalek M, Neznanov N, Ostorharics-Horvath G, Pajević I, Popova A, Pregelj P, Prinsen E, Rados C, Roig A, Kuzman MR, Samochowiec J, Sartorius N, Savenko Y, Skugarevsky O, Slodecki E, Soghoyan A, Stone DS, Taylor-East R, Terauds E, Tsopelas C, Tudose C, Tyano S, Vallon P, Van der Gaag RJ, Varandas P, Vavrusova L, Voloshyn P, Wancata J, Wise J, Zemishlany Z, Öncü F, Vahip S. Compulsory admissions of patients with mental disorders: State of the art on ethical and legislative aspects in 40 European countries. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e82. [PMID: 32829740 PMCID: PMC7576531 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Compulsory admission procedures of patients with mental disorders vary between countries in Europe. The Ethics Committee of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) launched a survey on involuntary admission procedures of patients with mental disorders in 40 countries to gather information from all National Psychiatric Associations that are members of the EPA to develop recommendations for improving involuntary admission processes and promote voluntary care. Methods. The survey focused on legislation of involuntary admissions and key actors involved in the admission procedure as well as most common reasons for involuntary admissions. Results. We analyzed the survey categorical data in themes, which highlight that both medical and legal actors are involved in involuntary admission procedures. Conclusions. We conclude that legal reasons for compulsory admission should be reworded in order to remove stigmatization of the patient, that raising awareness about involuntary admission procedures and patient rights with both patients and family advocacy groups is paramount, that communication about procedures should be widely available in lay-language for the general population, and that training sessions and guidance should be available for legal and medical practitioners. Finally, people working in the field need to be constantly aware about the ethical challenges surrounding compulsory admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wasserman
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental-Ill Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Apter
- French Federation of Psychiatry, Paris, France.,Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - C Baeken
- Flemish Association of Psychiatry, Kortenberg, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychiatry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - S Bailey
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - J Balazs
- Hungarian Psychiatric Association, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology at the Institute Psychology Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - C Bec
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental-Ill Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Bienkowski
- Polish Psychiatric Association, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Psychiatry, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Bobes
- Spanish Society of Psychiatry, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M F Bravo Ortiz
- Association of Psychiatrists of Spanish Association of Neuropsychiatry, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Mental Health, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - H Brunn
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,Danish Psychiatric Association, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ö Bôke
- Psychiatric Association of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.,Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun, Turkey
| | - N Camilleri
- Maltese Association of Psychiatry, Attard, Malta.,University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - B Carpiniello
- European Psychiatric Association Council of National Psychiatric Associations, Strasbourg, France.,Italian Psychiatric Association, Roma, Italy.,Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Università degli studi di Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - J Chihai
- Society of Psychiatrists, Narcologists, Psychotherapists, and Clinical Psychologists from the Republic of Moldova, Chișinău, Moldova.,Department of State Medical and Pharmaceutical University "Nicolae Testemitanu", Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - E Chkonia
- Society of Georgian Psychiatrists, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - P Courtet
- French Congress of Psychiatry, Paris, France.,University of Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - D Cozman
- Romanian Association of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bucharest, Romania.,Medical Psychology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-NapocaRomania
| | - M David
- French Federation of Psychiatry, Paris, France.,Fondation Bon Sauveur, Bégard, France
| | - G Dom
- Belgium Professional Association of Medical Specialists in Psychiatry, Brussel, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Antwerp University (UA), Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - A Esanu
- Society of Psychiatrists, Narcologists, Psychotherapists, and Clinical Psychologists from the Republic of Moldova, Chișinău, Moldova.,Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - P Falkai
- German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - W Flannery
- College of Psychiatrists of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Adult Psychiatry, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Gasparyan
- Armenian Psychiatric Association, Yerevan, Armenia.,Medical Psychology Department, Yerevan State Mkhitar Herats Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - G Gerlinger
- German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Gorwood
- French Congress of Psychiatry, Paris, France.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), University of ParisParis, France
| | - O Gudmundsson
- Icelandic Psychiatric Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Psychiatric Department, Landspitali, University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - C Hanon
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,Regional Resource Center of old age Psychiatry, AP-HP Centre - Université de Paris, Corentin-Celton Hospital, Paris, France
| | - A Heinz
- German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M J Heitor Dos Santos
- Portuguese Society of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute of Environmental Health (ISAMB) of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon (FMUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Hedlund
- Swedish Psychiatry Association, Sundsvall, Sweden.,North Stockholm Psychiatry, Stockholm County Medical Area (SLSO), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Ismayilov
- Azerbaijan Psychiatric Association, Baku, Azerbaijan.,National Mental Health Centre, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - N Ismayilov
- Azerbaijan Psychiatric Association, Baku, Azerbaijan.,Department of Psychiatry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - E T Isometsä
- Finnish Psychiatric Association, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Izakova
- Slovak Psychiatric Association, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - A Kleinberg
- Estonian Psychiatric Association, Tartu, Estonia.,Children Mental Health Centre of Tallinn Children Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - T Kurimay
- European Psychiatric Association Council of National Psychiatric Associations, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Teaching Department of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Klæbo Reitan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Teaching Department of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Norwegian Psychiatric Association, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norweigan University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - D Lecic-Tosevski
- Serbian Psychiatric Association, Belgrade, Serbia.,Psychiatric Association of Eastern Europe and the Balkans, Athens, Greece.,Department of Medical Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Lehmets
- Estonian Psychiatric Association, Tartu, Estonia.,Psychiatric Centre of the Tallinn West Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - N Lindberg
- Finnish Psychiatric Association, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Psychiatry, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinski, Finland
| | - K A Lundblad
- Swedish Psychiatry Association, Sundsvall, Sweden.,Adult Psychiatry, Stockholm County Medical Area (SLSO), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Lynch
- Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Maddock
- Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, United Kingdom
| | - U F Malt
- Norwegian Psychiatric Association, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Martin
- College of Psychiatrists of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,St Loman's Hospital, Mullingar, Ireland
| | - I Martynikhin
- Russian Society of Psychiatrists, Moscow, Russian Federation.,First Pavlov State Medical University of St Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - N O Maruta
- Association of Neurologists, Psychiatrists and Narcologists of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.,Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the NAMS of Ukraine State Insitution, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - F Matthys
- Flemish Association of Psychiatry, Kortenberg, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Universitair Ziekenhuis, Brussel, Belgium
| | - R Mazaliauskiene
- Lithuanian Psychiatric Association, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Psychiatric Clinic, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - G Mihajlovic
- Serbian Psychiatric Association, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic for Psychiatry, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - A Mihaljevic Peles
- Croatian Psychiatric Association, Zagreb, Croatia.,Zagreb School of Medicine and Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Miklavic
- Slovenian Psychiatric Association, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Mohr
- Czech Psychiatric Association, Prague, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Munarriz Ferrandis
- Association of Psychiatrists of Spanish Association of Neuropsychiatry, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Musalek
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,Institute for Social Aesthetics and Mental Health, Vienna, Austria.,Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Neznanov
- Russian Society of Psychiatrists, Moscow, Russian Federation.,St. Petersburg V.M. Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - I Pajević
- Psychiatric Association of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A Popova
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,College Private Psychiatry of Bulgaria, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Nikola Shipkovenski Mental Health Centre, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - P Pregelj
- Slovenian Psychiatric Association, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - E Prinsen
- Netherlands Psychiatric Association, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C Rados
- Austrian Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Villach State Hospital, Villach, Austria
| | - A Roig
- Association of Psychiatrists of Spanish Association of Neuropsychiatry, Madrid, Spain.,Mental Health Centre, Horta-Guinardó, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Rojnic Kuzman
- Croatian Psychiatric Association, Zagreb, Croatia.,Zagreb School of Medicine and Zagreb University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J Samochowiec
- Polish Psychiatric Association, Warsaw, Poland.,European Psychiatric Association Council of National Psychiatric Associations, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Psychiatry Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - N Sartorius
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,Association for the Improvement of Mental Health Programmes (AMH), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y Savenko
- Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - O Skugarevsky
- Belarusian Psychiatric Association, Minsk, Belarus.,Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Department, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - E Slodecki
- Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Soghoyan
- Armenian Psychiatric Association, Yerevan, Armenia.,Center of Psychosocial Recovery, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - D S Stone
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental-Ill Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Taylor-East
- Maltese Association of Psychiatry, Attard, Malta.,University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - E Terauds
- Latvian Psychiatric Association, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - C Tsopelas
- Psychiatric Association of Eastern Europe and the Balkans, Athens, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - C Tudose
- Romanian Association of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Psychiatry "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S Tyano
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Vallon
- Swiss Society of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R J Van der Gaag
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Stradina Department, University of Riga, Riga, Latvia
| | - P Varandas
- Portuguese Society of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Lisbon, Portugal.,Casa de Saúde da Idanha and San José Psychiatric Clinic Instituto das Irmãs Hospitaleiras do Sagrado Coração de Jesus, Belas, Portugal
| | - L Vavrusova
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,Slovak Psychiatric Association, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - P Voloshyn
- Association of Neurologists, Psychiatrists and Narcologists of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - J Wancata
- Austrian Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Wise
- European Psychiatric Association, Committee on Ethical Issues, Strasbourg, France.,CNWL NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Z Zemishlany
- Israel Psychiatric Association, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - F Öncü
- Psychiatric Association of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.,Forensic Psychiatry Department, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Vahip
- European Psychiatric Association Council of National Psychiatric Associations, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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