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Zhang G, Liu JB, Yuan HL, Chen SY, Singer JH, Ke JB. Multiple Calcium Channel Types with Unique Expression Patterns Mediate Retinal Signaling at Bipolar Cell Ribbon Synapses. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6487-6505. [PMID: 35896423 PMCID: PMC9410755 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0183-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal bipolar cells (BCs) compose the canonical vertical excitatory pathway that conveys photoreceptor output to inner retinal neurons. Although synaptic transmission from BC terminals is thought to rely almost exclusively on Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels mediating L-type currents, the molecular identity of CaV channels in BCs is uncertain. Therefore, we combined molecular and functional analyses to determine the expression profiles of CaV α1, β, and α2δ subunits in mouse rod bipolar (RB) cells, BCs from which the dynamics of synaptic transmission are relatively well-characterized. We found significant heterogeneity in CaV subunit expression within the RB population from mice of either sex, and significantly, we discovered that transmission from RB synapses was mediated by Ca2+ influx through P/Q-type (CaV2.1) and N-type (CaV2.2) conductances as well as the previously-described L-type (CaV1) and T-type (CaV3) conductances. Furthermore, we found both CaV1.3 and CaV1.4 proteins located near presynaptic ribbon-type active zones in RB axon terminals, indicating that the L-type conductance is mediated by multiple CaV1 subtypes. Similarly, CaV3 α1, β, and α2δ subunits also appear to obey a "multisubtype" rule, i.e., we observed a combination of multiple subtypes, rather than a single subtype as previously thought, for each CaV subunit in individual cells.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bipolar cells (BCs) transmit photoreceptor output to inner retinal neurons. Although synaptic transmission from BC terminals is thought to rely almost exclusively on Ca2+ influx through L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels, the molecular identity of CaV channels in BCs is uncertain. Here, we report unexpectedly high molecular diversity of CaV subunits in BCs. Transmission from rod bipolar (RB) cell synapses can be mediated by Ca2+ influx through P/Q-type (CaV2.1) and N-type (CaV2.2) conductances as well as the previously-described L-type (CaV1) and T-type (CaV3) conductances. Furthermore, CaV1, CaV3, β, and α2δ subunits appear to obey a "multisubtype" rule, i.e., a combination of multiple subtypes for each subunit in individual cells, rather than a single subtype as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jun-Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - He-Lan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Si-Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Joshua H Singer
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Jiang-Bin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China,
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Tang FS, Yuan HL, Liu JB, Zhang G, Chen SY, Ke JB. Glutamate Transporters EAAT2 and EAAT5 Differentially Shape Synaptic Transmission from Rod Bipolar Cell Terminals. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0074-22.2022. [PMID: 35523583 PMCID: PMC9121915 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0074-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) control visual signal transmission in the retina by rapidly removing glutamate released from photoreceptors and bipolar cells (BCs). Although it has been reported that EAAT2 and EAAT5 are expressed at presynaptic terminals of photoreceptors and some BCs in mammals, the distinct functions of these two glutamate transporters in retinal synaptic transmission, especially at a single synapse, remain elusive. In this study, we found that EAAT2 was expressed in all BC types while coexisting with EAAT5 in rod bipolar (RB) cells and several types of cone BCs from mice of either sex. Our immunohistochemical study, together with a recently published literature (Gehlen et al., 2021), showed that EAAT2 and EAAT5 were both located in RB axon terminals near release sites. Optogenetic, electrophysiological and pharmacological analyses, however, demonstrated that EAAT2 and EAAT5 regulated neurotransmission at RB→AII amacrine cell synapses in significantly different ways: EAAT5 dramatically affected both the peak amplitude and kinetics of postsynaptic responses in AIIs, whereas EAAT2 had either relatively small or opposite effects. By contrast, blockade of EAAT1/GLAST, which was exclusively expressed in Müller cells, showed no obvious effect on AII responses, indicating that glutamate uptake by Müller cells did not influence synaptic transmission from RB terminals. Furthermore, we found that temporal resolution at RB→AII synapses was reduced substantially by blockade of EAAT5 but not EAAT2. Taken together, our work reveals the distinct functions of EAAT2 and EAAT5 in signal transmission at RB ribbon synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiang-Bin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Park SJH, Lieberman EE, Ke JB, Rho N, Ghorbani P, Rahmani P, Jun NY, Lee HL, Kim IJ, Briggman KL, Demb JB, Singer JH. Connectomic analysis reveals an interneuron with an integral role in the retinal circuit for night vision. eLife 2020; 9:e56077. [PMID: 32412412 PMCID: PMC7228767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Night vision in mammals depends fundamentally on rod photoreceptors and the well-studied rod bipolar (RB) cell pathway. The central neuron in this pathway, the AII amacrine cell (AC), exhibits a spatially tuned receptive field, composed of an excitatory center and an inhibitory surround, that propagates to ganglion cells, the retina's projection neurons. The circuitry underlying the surround of the AII, however, remains unresolved. Here, we combined structural, functional and optogenetic analyses of the mouse retina to discover that surround inhibition of the AII depends primarily on a single interneuron type, the NOS-1 AC: a multistratified, axon-bearing GABAergic cell, with dendrites in both ON and OFF synaptic layers, but with a pure ON (depolarizing) response to light. Our study demonstrates generally that novel neural circuits can be identified from targeted connectomic analyses and specifically that the NOS-1 AC mediates long-range inhibition during night vision and is a major element of the RB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia JH Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Evan E Lieberman
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Jiang-Bin Ke
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Nao Rho
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Padideh Ghorbani
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Pouyan Rahmani
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Na Young Jun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Hae-Lim Lee
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - In-Jung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Kevin L Briggman
- Circuit Dynamics and Connectivity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jonathan B Demb
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Joshua H Singer
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
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Chen W, Ke JB, Wu HJ, Miao Y, Li F, Yang XL, Wang Z. Somatostatin receptor-mediated suppression of gabaergic synaptic transmission in cultured rat retinal amacrine cells. Neuroscience 2014; 273:118-27. [PMID: 24846611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF) modulates neurotransmitter release by activating the specific receptors (sst1-sst5). Our previous study showed that sst5 receptors are expressed in rat retinal GABAergic amacrine cells. Here, we investigated modulation of GABA release by SRIF in cultured amacrine cells, using patch-clamp techniques. The frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in the amacrine cells was significantly reduced by SRIF, which was partially reversed by BIM 23056, an sst5 receptor antagonist, and was further rescued by addition of CYN-154806, an sst2 receptor antagonist. Both nimodipine, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, and ω-conotoxin GVIA, an N-type Ca2+ channel blocker, suppressed the sIPSC frequency, and in the presence of nimodipine and ω-conotoxin GVIA, SRIF failed to further suppress the sIPSC frequency. Extracellular application of forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, increased the sIPSC frequency, while the membrane permeable protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor Rp-cAMP reduced it, and in the presence of Rp-cAMP, SRIF did not change sIPSCs. However, SRIF persisted to suppress the sIPSCs in the presence of KT5823, a protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor. Moreover, pre-incubation with Bis IV, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, or pre-application of xestospongin C, an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor, SRIF still suppressed the sIPSC frequency. All these results suggest that SRIF suppresses GABA release from the amacrine cells by inhibiting presynaptic Ca2+ channels, in part through activating sst5/sst2 receptors, a process that is mediated by the intracellular cAMP-PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - J B Ke
- Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - H J Wu
- Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Y Miao
- Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - F Li
- Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - X L Yang
- Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Z Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Ke JB, Wang YV, Borghuis BG, Cembrowski MS, Riecke H, Kath WL, Demb JB, Singer JH. Adaptation to background light enables contrast coding at rod bipolar cell synapses. Neuron 2013; 81:388-401. [PMID: 24373883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rod photoreceptors contribute to vision over an ∼ 6-log-unit range of light intensities. The wide dynamic range of rod vision is thought to depend upon light intensity-dependent switching between two parallel pathways linking rods to ganglion cells: a rod → rod bipolar (RB) cell pathway that operates at dim backgrounds and a rod → cone → cone bipolar cell pathway that operates at brighter backgrounds. We evaluated this conventional model of rod vision by recording rod-mediated light responses from ganglion and AII amacrine cells and by recording RB-mediated synaptic currents from AII amacrine cells in mouse retina. Contrary to the conventional model, we found that the RB pathway functioned at backgrounds sufficient to activate the rod → cone pathway. As background light intensity increased, the RB's role changed from encoding the absorption of single photons to encoding contrast modulations around mean luminance. This transition is explained by the intrinsic dynamics of transmission from RB synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Bin Ke
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yanbin V Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Bart G Borghuis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Mark S Cembrowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Hermann Riecke
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - William L Kath
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan B Demb
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Joshua H Singer
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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