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van Rijssel TI, van Thiel GJMW, van Delden JJM. The Ethics of Decentralized Clinical Trials and Informed Consent: Taking Technologies' Soft Impacts into Account. Health Care Anal 2024:10.1007/s10728-024-00483-1. [PMID: 38764063 DOI: 10.1007/s10728-024-00483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) have the potential to advance the conduct of clinical trials, but raise several ethical issues, including obtaining valid informed consent. The debate on the ethical issues resulting from digitalization is predominantly focused on direct risks relating to for example data protection, safety, and data quality. We submit however, that a broader view on ethical aspects of DCTs is needed to touch upon the new challenges that come with the DCT practice. Digitalization has impacts that go beyond its direct purposes, by shaping behaviors, experiences, social relations, and values. We examine four elements of the informed consent procedure that are affected by DCTs, while taking these soft impacts of technologies into account: (i) informing participants and testing understanding, (ii) freedoms in relation to responsibilities and burdens, (iii) trust in participant-researcher relations, and (iv) impacts on the concept of privacy. Our analysis reveals that a broad view is key for optimal conduct of DCTs. In addition, it provides insight into the ethical impacts of DCTs on informed consent. Technologies such as DCTs potentially have profound impacts which are not immediately addressed by the existing regulatory frameworks, but nonetheless important to recognize. These findings can guide future practices of DCTs to foster the important values of clinical research in this novel approach for conducting clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa I van Rijssel
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ghislaine J M W van Thiel
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Groothuijse JM, van Tol LS, Leeuwen CCMTHV, van Delden JJM, Caljouw MAA, Achterberg WP. Active involvement in scientific research of persons living with dementia and long-term care users: a systematic review of existing methods with a specific focus on good practices, facilitators and barriers of involvement. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:324. [PMID: 38594644 PMCID: PMC11003093 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active involvement of persons living with dementia (PLWD) and long-term care (LTC) users in research is essential but less developed compared to other patient groups. However, their involvement in research is not only important but also feasible. This study aims to provide an overview of methods, facilitators, and barriers for involving PLWD and LTC users in scientific research. METHODS A systematic literature search across 12 databases in December 2020 identified studies involving PLWD, LTC users, or their carers beyond research subjects and describing methods or models for involvement. Qualitative descriptions of involvement methods underwent a risk of bias assessment using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Qualitative Checklist 2018. A data collection sheet in Microsoft Excel and thematic analysis were used to synthesize the results. RESULTS The eighteen included studies delineated five core involvement methods spanning all research phases: advisory groups, formal and informal research team meetings, action groups, workshops, and co-conducting interviews. Additionally, two co-research models with PLWD and carers were found, while only two studies detailed LTC user involvement methods. Four distinct involvement roles were identified: consulting and advisory roles, co-analysts, co-researchers, and partners. The review also addressed barriers, facilitators, and good practices in the preparation, execution, and translation phases of research, emphasizing the importance of diversity, bias reduction, and resource allocation. Trust-building, clear roles, ongoing training, and inclusive support were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS Planning enough time for active involvement is important to ensure that researchers have time to build a trusting relationship and meet personal needs and preferences of PLWD, LTC users and carers. Researchers are advised not to presume the meaning of burden and to avoid a deficit perspective. A flexible or emergent design could aid involved persons' ownership of the research process. TRIAL REGISTRATION Prospero 2021: CRD42021253736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke M Groothuijse
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- University Network for the Care Sector Zuid-Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa S van Tol
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- University Network for the Care Sector Zuid-Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C C M Toos Hoeksel-van Leeuwen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- University Network for the Care Sector Zuid-Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Monique A A Caljouw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- University Network for the Care Sector Zuid-Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilco P Achterberg
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- University Network for the Care Sector Zuid-Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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van Lummel EVTJ, Ietswaard L, Rigter M, Tjan DHT, van Delden JJM, Milota M. Finding the balance between person-centred and treatment-centred discussions in advance care planning-a qualitative analysis of conversations within the MUTUAL (Multidisciplinary Timely Undertaken Advance Care Planning conversations) intervention using a narrative analysis. Age Ageing 2024; 53:afae020. [PMID: 38452194 PMCID: PMC10919783 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advance care planning (ACP) aims to create conditions for more person-centred care. We aimed to explore variations in person-centred care discussions and treatment-centred care discussions within ACP conversations in the Multidisciplinary Timely Undertaken Advance Care Planning (MUTUAL) intervention and how person-centred care discussions could be encouraged. The MUTUAL intervention consists of the following: (i) timely patient selection, (ii) the patient and healthcare professionals preparing for the conversation, (iii) a scripted ACP conversation in a multidisciplinary setting and (iv) documentation. METHODS We conducted a narrative analysis of ACP conversations. A narrative summary template was created and used to analyse 18 audio-recordings. RESULTS We noticed variations in person-centred and treatment-centred focus within the ACP conversations. We identified three important strategies that facilitated person-centred care discussions within ACP conversations. First, healthcare professionals' acceptance that ACP is an individual process. We believe it is important that healthcare professionals recognise and accept where the patient is in his or her individual ACP process; not making decisions right away can also be part of a decisional process. Secondly, exploring the underlying motivation for treatment wishes can give insights into patient's wishes, values and needs. Lastly, healthcare professionals who demonstrated an adaptive, curious and engaged attitude throughout the ACP process achieved more person-centred ACP conversations. This coincided with elaborating on the patient's emotions, fears and worries. CONCLUSION Person-centred and treatment-centred focus varied within the ACP conversations in the MUTUAL intervention. Certain strategies by healthcare professionals facilitated a more person-centred focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline V T J van Lummel
- Department of Intensive Care, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, Netherlands
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Larissa Ietswaard
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marloes Rigter
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dave H T Tjan
- Department of Intensive Care, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Megan Milota
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Hollestelle MJ, van der Graaf R, Sturkenboom MCJM, Cunnington M, van Delden JJM. Building a Sustainable Learning Health Care System for Pregnant and Lactating People: Interview Study Among Data Access Providers. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2024; 7:e47092. [PMID: 38329780 PMCID: PMC10884907 DOI: 10.2196/47092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many areas of health care, learning health care systems (LHSs) are seen as promising ways to accelerate research and outcomes for patients by reusing health and research data. For example, considering pregnant and lactating people, for whom there is still a poor evidence base for medication safety and efficacy, an LHS presents an interesting way forward. Combining unique data sources across Europe in an LHS could help clarify how medications affect pregnancy outcomes and lactation exposures. In general, a remaining challenge of data-intensive health research, which is at the core of an LHS, has been obtaining meaningful access to data. These unique data sources, also called data access providers (DAPs), are both public and private organizations and are important stakeholders in the development of a sustainable and ethically responsible LHS. Sustainability is often discussed as a challenge in LHS development. Moreover, DAPs are increasingly expected to move beyond regulatory compliance and are seen as moral agents tasked with upholding ethical principles, such as transparency, trustworthiness, responsibility, and community engagement. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the views of people working for DAPs who participate in a public-private partnership to build a sustainable and ethically responsible LHS. METHODS Using a qualitative interview design, we interviewed 14 people involved in the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) ConcePTION (Continuum of Evidence from Pregnancy Exposures, Reproductive Toxicology and Breastfeeding to Improve Outcomes Now) project, a public-private collaboration with the goal of building an LHS for pregnant and lactating people. The pseudonymized transcripts were analyzed thematically. RESULTS A total of 3 themes were identified: opportunities and responsibilities, conditions for participation and commitment, and challenges for a knowledge-generating ecosystem. The respondents generally regarded the collaboration as an opportunity for various reasons beyond the primary goal of generating knowledge about medication safety during pregnancy and lactation. Respondents had different interpretations of responsibility in the context of data-intensive research in a public-private network. Respondents explained that resources (financial and other), scientific output, motivation, agreements collaboration with the pharmaceutical industry, trust, and transparency are important conditions for participating in and committing to the ConcePTION LHS. Respondents also discussed the challenges of an LHS, including the limitations to (real-world) data analyses and governance procedures. CONCLUSIONS Our respondents were motivated by diverse opportunities to contribute to an LHS for pregnant and lactating people, primarily centered on advancing knowledge on medication safety. Although a shared responsibility for enabling real-world data analyses is acknowledged, their focus remains on their work and contribution to the project rather than on safeguarding ethical data handling. The results of our interviews underline the importance of a transparent governance structure, emphasizing the trust between DAPs and the public for the success and sustainability of an LHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke J Hollestelle
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Bioethics & Health Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rieke van der Graaf
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Bioethics & Health Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Miriam C J M Sturkenboom
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Data Science & Biostatistics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Bioethics & Health Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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van Rijssel TI, van Thiel GJMW, Gardarsdottir H, van Delden JJM. Which Benefits Can Justify Risks in Research? Am J Bioeth 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38181217 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2023.2296404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Research ethics committees (RECs) evaluate whether the risk-benefit ratio of a study is acceptable. Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) are a novel approach for conducting clinical trials that potentially bring important benefits for research, including several collateral benefits. The position of collateral benefits in risk-benefit assessments is currently unclear. DCTs raise therefore questions about how these benefits should be assessed. This paper aims to reconsider the different types of research benefits, and their position in risk-benefit assessments. We first propose a categorization of research benefits, based on the types of benefits that can be distinguished from the literature and ethical guidelines. Secondly, we will reconsider the position of collateral benefits. We argue that these benefits are not fundamentally different from other benefits of research and can therefore be included in risk-benefit assessments of DCTs.
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Scheeres‐Feitsma TM, Schaafsma P, van der Steen JT, van Delden JJM. Commentary: Can an effective end-of-life intervention for advanced dementia be viewed as moral? Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2024; 16:e12531. [PMID: 38496715 PMCID: PMC10941533 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We comment on Dr. Terman's considerations on the moral justification of ceasing assisted feeding and hydration for people with advanced dementia. The core idea of his paper is that an advance directive can solve future dilemmas regarding assisted feeding. We submit that this static instrument is unfit for the complex and dynamic nature of assessing how to deal with refusals to eat, in particular for people with dementia. It overvalues the past in relation to the present situation and leaves no room for the possibility of changing wishes. Moreover, the perspectives of professional caregivers and families are not addressed because the focus is entirely on individual autonomy in early dementia. Multiple perspectives should be considered in interpreting directives and the actual situation in light of the patient's view of life in order to realistically account for what is morally justifiable in care in advanced dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny T. van der Steen
- Department of Public Health and Primary CareLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
- Department of Primary and Community CareRadboud university medical centerNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Radboudumc Alzheimer CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. M. van Delden
- Department of Bioethics and Health HumanitiesUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
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Smit JAR, Mostert M, van der Graaf R, Grobbee DE, van Delden JJM. Specific measures for data-intensive health research without consent: a systematic review of soft law instruments and academic literature. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:21-30. [PMID: 37848609 PMCID: PMC10772063 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a common misunderstanding of current European data protection law that when consent is not being used as lawful basis, the processing of personal data is prohibited. Article 9(2)(j) of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) permits Member States to establish a legal basis in national law that allows for the processing of personal data for scientific research purposes without consent. However, the European legislator has formulated this "research exemption" as an opening clause, rendering the GDPR not specific as to what measures exactly are required to comply with the research exemption. This may have significant implications for both the protection of personal data and the advancement of data-intensive health research. We performed a systematic review of relevant soft law instruments and academic literature to identify what measures are mentioned in those documents. Our analysis resulted in the identification of four overarching themes of suggested measures: organizational measures; technical measures; oversight and review mechanisms; and public engagement and participation. Some of the suggested measures do not substantially contribute to the clarification of the GDPR's "suitable and specific measures" requirement because they remain vague or broad in nature and encompass all types of data processing. However, the themes oversight and review mechanisms and public engagement and participation provide valuable insights which can be put to practice. Nevertheless, further clarification of the measures and safeguards that should be installed when invoking the research exemption remains necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne R Smit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Menno Mostert
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rieke van der Graaf
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jonker LA, Heijltjes MT, Rietjens JAC, van der Heide A, Hendriksen G, van Delden JJM, van Thiel GJMW. Experiences and perceptions of continuous deep sedation: An interview study among Dutch patients and relatives. Health Expect 2023; 27:e13869. [PMID: 37822095 PMCID: PMC10726059 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of continuous deep sedation (CDS) has more than doubled over the last decade in The Netherlands, while reasons for this increase are not fully understood. Patients and relatives have an essential role in deciding on CDS. We hypothesize that the increase in CDS practice is related to the changing role of patients and relatives in deciding on CDS. OBJECTIVE To describe perceptions and experiences of patients and relatives with regard to CDS. This insight may help professionals and policymakers to better understand and respond to the evolving practice of CDS. METHODS Qualitative interviews were held with patients and relatives who had either personal experience with CDS as a relative or had contemplated CDS for themselves. RESULTS The vast majority of respondents appreciated CDS as a palliative care option, and none of the respondents reported (moral) objections to CDS. The majority of respondents prioritized avoiding suffering at the end of life. The patients and families generally considered CDS a palliative care option for which they can choose. Likewise, according to our respondents, the decision to start CDS was made by them, instead of the physician. Negative experiences with CDS care were mostly related to loss of sense of agency, due to insufficient communication or information provision by healthcare professionals. Lack of continuity of care was also a source of distress. We observed a variety in the respondents' understanding of the distinction between CDS and other end-of-life care decisions, including euthanasia. Some perceived CDS as hastening death. CONCLUSION The traditional view of CDS as a last resort option for a physician to relieve a patient's suffering at the end of life is not explicit among patients and relatives. Instead, our results show that they perceive CDS as a regular palliative care option. Along with this normalization of CDS, patients and relatives claim a substantial say in the decision-making and are mainly motivated by a wish to avoid suffering and exercise control at the end of life. These distinct views on CDS of patients, their relatives and healthcare providers should be reconciled in guidelines and protocols for CDS. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION One of the authors in our team (G. H.) has experience with CDS as a relative and ensured that the patient/relative viewpoint was adequately reflected in the design and conduct of our study. In the preliminary phase of our study, G. H. adjusted the topic list so it was better adapted to the current practice of CDS. During the data analysis, G. H. read several interviews and took part in the open and critical discussion on central themes and core concepts as an important member of the author team, thereby guaranteeing the central position of the patient/relative perspective in our final research outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Annemoon Jonker
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of PediatricsDiakonessenhuis UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Madelon T. Heijltjes
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Judith A. C. Rietjens
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical CenterErasmus UniversityRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Design, Organization and Strategy, Faculty of Industrial Design EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical CenterErasmus UniversityRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Geeske Hendriksen
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. M. van Delden
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Smit JAR, van der Graaf R, Mostert M, Vaartjes I, Zuidgeest M, Grobbee DE, van Delden JJM. Overcoming ethical and legal obstacles to data linkage in health research: stakeholder perspectives. Int J Popul Data Sci 2023; 8:2151. [PMID: 38414541 PMCID: PMC10898216 DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v8i1.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Data linkage for health research purposes enables the answering of countless new research questions, is said to be cost effective and less intrusive than other means of data collection. Nevertheless, health researchers are currently dealing with a complicated, fragmented, and inconsistent regulatory landscape with regard to the processing of data, and progress in health research is hindered. Aim We designed a qualitative study to assess what different stakeholders perceive as ethical and legal obstacles to data linkage for health research purposes, and how these obstacles could be overcome. Methods Two focus groups and eighteen semi-structured in-depth interviews were held to collect opinions and insights of various stakeholders. An inductive thematic analysis approach was used to identify overarching themes. Results This study showed that the ambiguity regarding the 'correct' interpretation of the law, the fragmentation of policies governing the processing of personal health data, and the demandingness of legal requirements are experienced as causes for the impediment of data linkage for research purposes by the participating stakeholders. To remove or reduce these obstacles authoritative interpretations of the laws and regulations governing data linkage should be issued. The participants furthermore encouraged the harmonisation of data linkage policies, as well as promoting trust and transparency and the enhancement of technical and organisational measures. Lastly, there is a demand for legislative and regulatory modifications amongst the participants. Conclusions To overcome the obstacles in data linkage for scientific research purposes, perhaps we should shift the focus from adapting the current laws and regulations governing data linkage, or even designing completely new laws, towards creating a more thorough understanding of the law and making better use of the flexibilities within the existing legislation. Important steps in achieving this shift could be clarification of the legal provisions governing data linkage by issuing authoritative interpretations, as well as the strengthening of ethical-legal oversight bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne R Smit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rieke van der Graaf
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Mostert
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mira Zuidgeest
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik E Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yildiz B, Korfage IJ, Deliens L, Preston NJ, Miccinesi G, Kodba-Ceh H, Pollock K, Johnsen AT, van Delden JJM, Rietjens JAC, van der Heide A. Self-efficacy of advanced cancer patients for participation in treatment-related decision-making in six European countries: the ACTION study. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:512. [PMID: 37552324 PMCID: PMC10409662 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-07974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many patients prefer an active role in making decisions about their care and treatment, but participating in such decision-making is challenging. The aim of this study was to explore whether patient-reported outcomes (quality of life and patient satisfaction), patients' coping strategies, and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were associated with self-efficacy for participation in decision-making among patients with advanced cancer. METHODS We used baseline data from the ACTION trial of patients with advanced colorectal or lung cancer from six European countries, including scores on the decision-making participation self-efficacy (DEPS) scale, EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL questionnaire, and the EORTC IN-PATSAT32 questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to examine associations with self-efficacy scores. RESULTS The sample included 660 patients with a mean age of 66 years (SD 10). Patients had a mean score of 73 (SD 24) for self-efficacy. Problem-focused coping (B 1.41 (95% CI 0.77 to 2.06)), better quality of life (B 2.34 (95% CI 0.89 to 3.80)), and more patient satisfaction (B 7.59 (95% CI 5.61 to 9.56)) were associated with a higher level of self-efficacy. Patients in the Netherlands had a higher level of self-efficacy than patients in Belgium ((B 7.85 (95% CI 2.28 to 13.42)), whereas Italian patients had a lower level ((B -7.50 (95% CI -13.04 to -1.96)) than those in Belgium. CONCLUSION Coping style, quality of life, and patient satisfaction with care were associated with self-efficacy for participation in decision-making among patients with advanced cancer. These factors are important to consider for healthcare professionals when supporting patients in decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berivan Yildiz
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ida J Korfage
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Deliens
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nancy J Preston
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Guido Miccinesi
- Clinical Epidemiology, Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Hana Kodba-Ceh
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Kristian Pollock
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anna Thit Johnsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, 55, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van Delden JJM, Heijltjes MT, Harwood RH. Should we all die asleep? The problem of the normalization of palliative sedation. Age Ageing 2023; 52:afad164. [PMID: 37603842 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Palliative sedation is a medical intervention to manage distress in dying patients, by reducing consciousness when symptom-directed therapies fail. Continuous deep sedation is ethically sensitive because it may shorten life and completely prevents communication. But sedation short of this is also common. There has been a steady increase in the use of sedation over recent decades. Sedation may have become a means to die while sleeping, rather than a method of last resort to alleviate suffering. Sedation may be requested or expected by patients, families or staff. The need for sedation may be being interpreted more loosely. The acceptance of a 'tolerable amount of discomfort' may have lost ground to a desire to get the final phase over with quickly. Sedation is not always a bad thing. Medical care is otherwise unable to completely control all distressing symptoms in every patient. Sedation may result from other necessary symptom control drugs. Dying when sedated can be seen by as 'peaceful'. We feel it is necessary, however, to highlight three caveats: the need to manage expectations, the cost in terms of loss of communication, and the grey area between continuous deep sedation and euthanasia. We conclude that there may be good grounds for sedation in palliative care, and in some cases, continuous deep sedation may be used as a last resort. But the criteria of necessary and proportionate drug treatment should remain. The normalisation of sedation into dying while sleeping should be resisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, UMC Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Madelon T Heijltjes
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, UMC Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rowan H Harwood
- Queens Medical Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK
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Bulli F, Toccafondi A, Kars MC, Caswell G, Kodba-Čeh H, Lunder U, Pollock K, Seymour J, van Delden JJM, Zwakman M, Korfage IJ, Van der Heide A, Miccinesi G. Impacts of an advance care planning intervention on close relationships. Palliat Support Care 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37249086 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951523000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine how an advance care planning (ACP) intervention based on structured conversations impacts the relationship between patients with advanced cancer and their nominated Personal Representatives (PRs). METHODS Within the ACTION research project, a qualitative study was carried out in 4 countries (Italy, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Slovenia) to explore the lived experience of engagement with the ACTION Respecting Choices® ACP intervention from the perspectives of patients and their PRs. A phenomenological approach was undertaken. RESULTS Our findings show that taking part in the ACTION ACP intervention provides a communicative space for patients and their PRs to share their understanding and concerns about the illness and its consequences. In some cases, this may strengthen relationships by realigning patients' and PRs' understanding and expectations and affirming their mutual commitment and support. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS The most significant consequence of the ACP process in our study was the deepening of mutual understanding and relationship between some patients and PRs and the enhancement of their sense of mutuality and connectedness in the present. However, being a relational intervention, ACP may raise some challenging and distressing issues. The interpersonal dynamics of the discussion require skilled and careful professional facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bulli
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Oncological Network Research and Prevention Institute-ISPRO, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Toccafondi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Oncological Network Research and Prevention Institute-ISPRO, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marijke C Kars
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Glenys Caswell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hana Kodba-Čeh
- University Clinic of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Urska Lunder
- University Clinic of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Kristian Pollock
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jane Seymour
- Health Sciences School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Zwakman
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ida J Korfage
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guido Miccinesi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Oncological Network Research and Prevention Institute-ISPRO, Firenze, Italy
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van Lummel EVTJ, Meijer Y, Tjan DHT, van Delden JJM. Barriers and facilitators for healthcare professionals to the implementation of Multidisciplinary Timely Undertaken Advance Care Planning conversations at the outpatient clinic (the MUTUAL intervention): a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study. BMC Palliat Care 2023; 22:24. [PMID: 36922796 PMCID: PMC10015131 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-023-01139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advance Care Planning (ACP) enables patients to define and discuss their goals and preferences for future medical treatment and care. However, the structural implementation of ACP interventions remains challenging. The Multidisciplinary Timely Undertaken Advance Care Planning (MUTUAL) intervention has recently been developed which takes into account existing barriers and facilitators. We aimed to evaluate the MUTUAL intervention and identify the barriers and facilitators healthcare professionals experience in the implementation of the MUTUAL intervention and also to identify suggestions for improvement. METHODS We performed a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study at five outpatient clinics of one, 300-bed, non-academic hospital. Firstly, semi-structured interviews were performed with a purposive sample of healthcare professionals. The content of these interviews was used to specify the Measurement Instrument for Determinants of Innovations (MIDI). The MIDI was sent to all healthcare professionals. The interviews and questionnaires were used to clarify the results. RESULTS Eleven healthcare professionals participated in the interviews and 37 responded to the questionnaire. Eight barriers and 20 facilitators were identified. Healthcare professionals agreed that the elements of the MUTUAL intervention are clear, correct, complete, and simple - and the intervention is relevant for patients and their proxies. The main barriers are found within the user and the organisational domain. Barriers related to the organisation include: inadequate replacement of staff, insufficient staff, and insufficient time to introduce and invite patients. Several suggestions for improvement were made. CONCLUSION Our results show that healthcare professionals positively evaluate the MUTUAL intervention and are very receptive to implementing the MUTUAL intervention. Taking into account the suggestions for improvement may enhance further implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline V T J van Lummel
- Department of Intensive Care, Gelderse Vallei hospital, Ede, Netherlands. .,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Yoeki Meijer
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dave H T Tjan
- Department of Intensive Care, Gelderse Vallei hospital, Ede, Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Scheijmans FEV, Zomers ML, Fadaei S, Onrust MR, van der Graaf R, Delden JJMV, van der Pol WL, van Thiel GJMW. The reimbursement for expensive medicines: stakeholder perspectives on the SMA medicine nusinersen and the Dutch Coverage Lock policy. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1320. [PMID: 36333803 PMCID: PMC9636634 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reimbursement for expensive medicines poses a growing challenge to healthcare worldwide. In order to increase its control over the costs of medicines, the Dutch government introduced the Coverage Lock (CL) policy in 2015. The CL postpones decisions regarding reimbursement of expensive medicines until detailed advice on i.e., cost-effectiveness has been given. The CL has been in place for six years, has raised many questions and concerns, but currently, no evaluation is known to the authors. A better understanding of the effects of the CL on all stakeholders involved may contribute to reflections on the CL process and help find ways to improve it. An evaluation of Dutch policy will also be relevant for other countries that aim to optimize reimbursement procedures for expensive treatments. To perform this evaluation, we focused on the CL procedure for the medicine nusinersen. Nusinersen is the first treatment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Following EMA approval in May 2017, it was placed in the CL. The analysis of cost-effectiveness and added therapeutic value resulted in an advice for reimbursement limited to children younger than 9.5 years at the start of treatment; this was implemented from August 2018 onwards. Methods Qualitative stakeholder perspective analysis of the CL procedure focusing on nusinersen with 15 stakeholders. Results Stakeholders raised key issues of the CL based on their experience with nusinersen: emotional impact of the CL, duration of the CL procedure, appropriateness of the CL procedure for different types of medicines, transparency of the CL, a wish for patient-centred decision-making and the lack of uniformity of access to expensive treatments. Discussion Stakeholders supported measures to control healthcare expenses and to ensure reasonable pricing. They considered the delay in access to therapies and lack of procedural transparency to be the main challenges to the CL. Stakeholders also agreed that the interests of patients deserve more attention in the practical implementation of the reimbursement decision. Stakeholders suggested a number of adjustments to improve the CL, such as a faster start with conditional reimbursement programs to ensure access and intensify European collaboration to speed up the assessment of the medicine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08690-z.
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Kodba‐Čeh H, Lunder U, Bulli F, Caswell G, van Delden JJM, Kars MC, Korfage IJ, Miccinesi G, Rietjens JAC, Seymour J, Toccafondi A, Zwakman M, Pollock K. How can advance care planning support hope in patients with advanced cancer and their families: A qualitative study as part of the international ACTION trial. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2022; 31:e13719. [PMID: 36168108 PMCID: PMC9787960 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinicians' fears of taking away patients' hope is one of the barriers to advance care planning (ACP). Research on how ACP supports hope is scarce. We have taken up the challenge to specify ways in which ACP conversations may potentially support hope. METHODS In an international qualitative study, we explored ACP experiences of patients with advanced cancer and their personal representatives (PRs) within the cluster-randomised control ACTION trial. Using deductive analysis of data obtained in interviews following the ACP conversations, this substudy reports on a theme of hope. A latent thematic analysis was performed on segments of text relevant to answer the research question. RESULTS Twenty patients with advanced cancer and 17 PRs from Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom were participating in post-ACP interviews. Three themes reflecting elements that provide grounds for hope were constructed. ACP potentially supports hope by being (I) a meaningful activity that embraces uncertainties and difficulties; (II) an action towards an aware and empowered position; (III) an act of mutual care anchored in commitments. CONCLUSION Our findings on various potentially hope supporting elements of ACP conversations provide a constructive way of thinking about hope in relation to ACP that could inform practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kodba‐Čeh
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases GolnikGolnikSlovenia
- Faculty of Arts, Department of PsychologyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Urška Lunder
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases GolnikGolnikSlovenia
| | - Francesco Bulli
- Clinical Epidemiology UnitOncological network research and prevention Institute‐ISPROSienaItaly
| | - Glenys Caswell
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Johannes J. M. van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marijke C. Kars
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ida J. Korfage
- Department of Public HealthErasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Guido Miccinesi
- Clinical Epidemiology UnitOncological network research and prevention Institute‐ISPROSienaItaly
| | - Judith A. C. Rietjens
- Department of Public HealthErasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jane Seymour
- Division of Nursing and Midwifery, Health Sciences SchoolUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Alessandro Toccafondi
- Clinical Epidemiology UnitOncological network research and prevention Institute‐ISPROSienaItaly
| | - Marieke Zwakman
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Muller SHA, van Thiel GJMW, Vrana M, Mostert M, van Delden JJM. Patients' and Publics' Preferences for Data-Intensive Health Research Governance: Survey Study. JMIR Hum Factors 2022; 9:e36797. [PMID: 36069794 PMCID: PMC9494211 DOI: 10.2196/36797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients and publics are generally positive about data-intensive health research. However, conditions need to be fulfilled for their support. Ensuring confidentiality, security, and privacy of patients’ health data is pivotal. Patients and publics have concerns about secondary use of data by commercial parties and the risk of data misuse, reasons for which they favor personal control of their data. Yet, the potential of public benefit highlights the potential of building trust to attenuate these perceptions of harm and risk. Nevertheless, empirical evidence on how conditions for support of data-intensive health research can be operationalized to that end remains scant. Objective This study aims to inform efforts to design governance frameworks for data-intensive health research, by gaining insight into the preferences of patients and publics for governance policies and measures. Methods We distributed a digital questionnaire among a purposive sample of patients and publics. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric inferential statistics to compare group differences and explore associations between policy preferences. Results Study participants (N=987) strongly favored sharing their health data for scientific health research. Personal decision-making about which research projects health data are shared with (346/980, 35.3%), which researchers/organizations can have access (380/978, 38.9%), and the provision of information (458/981, 46.7%) were found highly important. Health data–sharing policies strengthening direct personal control, like being able to decide under which conditions health data are shared (538/969, 55.5%), were found highly important. Policies strengthening collective governance, like reliability checks (805/967, 83.2%) and security safeguards (787/976, 80.6%), were also found highly important. Further analysis revealed that participants willing to share health data, to a lesser extent, demanded policies strengthening direct personal control than participants who were reluctant to share health data. This was the case for the option to have health data deleted at any time (P<.001) and the ability to decide the conditions under which health data can be shared (P<.001). Overall, policies and measures enforcing conditions for support at the collective level of governance, like having an independent committee to evaluate requests for access to health data (P=.02), were most strongly favored. This also applied to participants who explicitly stressed that it was important to be able to decide the conditions under which health data can be shared, for instance, whether sanctions on data misuse are in place (P=.03). Conclusions This study revealed that both a positive attitude toward health data sharing and demand for personal decision-making abilities were associated with policies and measures strengthening control at the collective level of governance. We recommend pursuing the development of this type of governance policy. More importantly, further study is required to understand how governance policies and measures can contribute to the trustworthiness of data-intensive health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam H A Muller
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine J M W van Thiel
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Menno Mostert
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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17
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van Lummel EVTJ, Savelkoul C, Stemerdink ELE, Tjan DHT, van Delden JJM. The development and feasibility study of Multidisciplinary Timely Undertaken Advance Care Planning conversations at the outpatient clinic: the MUTUAL intervention. BMC Palliat Care 2022; 21:119. [PMID: 35794617 PMCID: PMC9258045 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-022-01005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients still receive non-beneficial treatments when nearing the end of life. Advance care planning (ACP) interventions have shown to positively influence compliance with end of life wishes. Hospital physicians seem to miss opportunities to engage in ACP, whereas patients visiting the outpatient clinic usually have one or more chronic conditions and are at risk for medical emergencies. So far, implemented ACP interventions have had limited impact. Structural implementation of ACP may be beneficial. We hypothesize that having ACP conversations more towards the end of life and involving the treating physician in the ACP conversation may help patient wishes and goals to become more concrete and more often documented, thus facilitating goal-concordant care. Aim To facilitate timely shared decision making and increase patient autonomy we aim to develop an ACP intervention at the outpatient clinic for frail patients and determine the feasibility of the intervention. Methods The United Kingdom’s Medical Research Council framework was used to structure the development of the ACP intervention. Key elements of the ACP intervention were determined by reviewing existing literature and an iterative process with stakeholders. The feasibility of the developed intervention was evaluated by a feasibility study of 20 ACP conversations at the geriatrics and pulmonology department of a non-academic hospital. Feasibility was assessed by analysing evaluation forms by patients, nurses and physicians and by evaluating with stakeholders. A general inductive approach was used for analysing comments. The developed intervention was described using the template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR). Results We developed a multidisciplinary timely undertaken ACP intervention at the outpatient clinic. Key components of the developed intervention consist of 1) timely patient selection 2) preparation of patient and healthcare professional 3) a scripted ACP conversation in a multidisciplinary setting and 4) documentation. 94.7% of the patients, 60.0% of the nurses and 68.8% of the physicians agreed that the benefits of the ACP conversation outweighed the potential burdens. Conclusion This study showed that the developed ACP intervention is feasible and considered valuable by patients and healthcare professionals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12904-022-01005-3.
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18
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Smit JAR, Mostert M, van Delden JJM. Protecting Privacy While Optimizing the Use of (Health)Data: The Importance of Measures and Safeguards. Am J Bioeth 2022; 22:79-81. [PMID: 35737494 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2022.2075973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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19
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Verberne WR, Stiggelbout AM, Bos WJW, van Delden JJM. Asking the right questions: towards a person-centered conception of shared decision-making regarding treatment of advanced chronic kidney disease in older patients. BMC Med Ethics 2022; 23:47. [PMID: 35477488 PMCID: PMC9047263 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-022-00784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of older patients have to decide on a treatment plan for advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), involving dialysis or conservative care. Shared decision-making (SDM) is recommended as the model for decision-making in such preference-sensitive decisions. The aim of SDM is to come to decisions that are consistent with the patient’s values and preferences and made by the patient and healthcare professional working together. In clinical practice, however, SDM appears to be not yet routine and needs further implementation. A shift from a biomedical to a person-centered conception might help to make the process more shared. Shared should, therefore, be interpreted as two persons bringing two perspectives to the table, that both need to be explored during the decision-making process. Starting from the patient’s perspective will enable to determine the mutual goals of care first and, subsequently, determine the best way for achieving those goals. To perform such SDM, the healthcare professional needs to become a skilled companion, being part of the patient’s relational context, and start asking the right questions about what matters to the patient as person. In this article, we describe the need for a person-centered conception of SDM for the setting of older patients with advanced CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R Verberne
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne M Stiggelbout
- Medical Decision Making, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Jan W Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Gordon AL, Achterberg WP, van Delden JJM. Mandatory vaccination against COVID-19 for health and social care workers caring for older people. Age Ageing 2022; 51:6568530. [PMID: 35421214 PMCID: PMC9047223 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has particularly adversely affected older people with frailty and functional dependency. Essential regular contact with care staff has been evidenced as an important source of infection for this group. Vaccinating care staff can reduce the incidence, duration and severity of infection, preventing onward transmission to older people and minimising the harm associated with discontinuity caused by staff absence. Voluntary vaccination programmes for staff are more likely to be effective when associated with information and education, community engagement and financial incentives but programmes using all of these approaches have failed to establish consistently high vaccination rates in care staff during the pandemic. Mandatory vaccination, proposed as a solution in some countries, can increase vaccination rates. It is only ethical if a vaccine is effective and cost-effective, the risk associated with vaccinating care workers is proportionate to the risk reduction achieved through vaccination, and where all efforts to encourage voluntary vaccination have been exhausted. Even when these conditions have been met, careful attention is required to ensure that the penalties associated with conscientious objection are proportionate, and to ensure that implementation is equitable, in a way that does not disadvantage particular groups of staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Gordon
- Academic Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration-East Midlands (ARC-EM), Nottingham, UK
| | - Wilco P Achterberg
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University Network for the Care Sector Suid-Holland, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Heijltjes MT, Morita T, Mori M, Heckel M, Klein C, Stiel S, Miccinesi G, Deliens L, Robijn L, Stone P, Sykes N, Hui D, Krishna L, van Delden JJM, van der Heide A, Rietjens JAC. Physicians' Opinion and Practice With the Continuous Use of Sedatives in the Last Days of Life. J Pain Symptom Manage 2022; 63:78-87. [PMID: 34333097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There are few international studies about the continuous use of sedatives (CUS) in the last days of life. OBJECTIVES We aim to describe the experiences and opinions regarding CUS of physicians caring for terminally ill patients in seven countries. METHODS Questionnaire study about practices and experiences with CUS in the last days of life among physicians caring for terminally ill patients in Belgium (n = 175), Germany (n = 546), Italy (n = 214), Japan (n = 513), the Netherlands (n = 829), United Kingdom (n = 114) and Singapore (n = 21). RESULTS The overall response rate was 22%. Of the respondents, 88-99% reported that they had clinical experience of CUS in the last 12 months. More than 90% of respondents indicated that they mostly used midazolam for sedation. The use of sedatives to relieve suffering in the last days of life was considered acceptable in cases of physical suffering (87%-99%). This percentage was lower but still substantial in cases of psycho-existential suffering in the absence of physical symptoms (45%-88%). These percentages were lower when the prognosis was at least several weeks (22%-66% for physical suffering and 5%-42% for psycho-existential suffering). Of the respondents, 10% or less agreed with the statement that CUS is unnecessary because suffering can be alleviated with other measures. A substantial proportion (41%-95%) agreed with the statement that a competent patient with severe suffering has the right to demand the use of sedatives in the last days of life. CONCLUSION Many respondents in our study considered CUS acceptable for the relief of physical and psycho-existential suffering in the last days of life. The acceptability was lower regarding CUS for psycho-existential suffering and regarding CUS for patients with a longer life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon T Heijltjes
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.T.H., J.J.M.V.D.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tatsuya Morita
- Palliative and Supportive Care Division (T.M., M.M.), Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Mori
- Palliative and Supportive Care Division (T.M., M.M.), Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Maria Heckel
- Department of Palliative Medicine (M.H., C.K.), CCC Erlangen - EMN, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carsten Klein
- Department of Palliative Medicine (M.H., C.K.), CCC Erlangen - EMN, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stiel
- Hannover Medical School (S.S.), Institute for General Practice and Palliative Care, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guido Miccinesi
- Oncological network (G.M.), Prevention and Research Institute-ISPRO, Firenze, Italy
| | - Luc Deliens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (L.D.), Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Lenzo Robijn
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.R.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Stone
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department (P.S., N.S.), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Sykes
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department (P.S., N.S.), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Hui
- MD Anderson Cancer Center (D.H.), University of Texas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.T.H., J.J.M.V.D.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Erasmus MC (A.V.D.H., J.A.C.R.), University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A C Rietjens
- Erasmus MC (A.V.D.H., J.A.C.R.), University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder with an ego-syntonic nature, causing many patients to perceive their AN as part of their personal identity. Therefore, an important part of treatment is the externalization of the eating disorder, in order to help patients to perceive AN as an external influence. Studies on patient experiences of externalization in treatment for AN are sadly missing. The aims of this study were to investigate, first, patients' perspectives on the relation between identity and anorexia nervosa (AN) and second, their experiences of an externalizing approach during treatment. METHOD A qualitative interview study was conducted including fourteen patients with AN in either Family Based Treatment, the Maudsley Model for Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults, Specialist Supportive Clinical Management-Severe Enduring or Cognitive Behavioural Therapy-Enhanced. RESULTS There are important differences in participants' perceptions on how AN is related to identity. AN was perceived as part of identity, as alien or as a different side of the self. Patients' experiences towards an externalizing approach were ambivalent. Externalization was considered helpful, whilst also evoking a negative response. Participants reported feeling as if all their behaviour was referred to as part of AN, which elicited feelings of not being taken seriously or being wrongfully accused of being dishonest. CONCLUSIONS First, there is considerable variation in the perceived relation between AN and identity. Second, an externalizing approach within treatment may lead to so called epistemic injustice. Awareness of these two facts is of importance for clinicians and the therapeutic relationship because that will help them to refrain from actions that can be perceived as epistemic injustice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe M Voswinkel
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Wenshoek 4, 3705 WE, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Cleo Rijkers
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Wenshoek 4, 3705 WE, Zeist, The Netherlands.,Eating Disorders Center, PsyQ Haaglanden, Lijnbaan 4, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A van Elburg
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Wenshoek 4, 3705 WE, Zeist, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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van der Zande ISE, van der Graaf R, Oudijk MA, van Delden JJM. How Should the Precautionary Principle Apply to Pregnant Women in Clinical Research? J Med Philos 2021; 46:516-529. [PMID: 34596226 DOI: 10.1093/jmp/jhab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The precautionary principle is often invoked in relation to pregnant women and may be one of the underlying reasons for their continuous underrepresentation in clinical research. The principle is appealing, because potential fetal harm as a result of research participation is considered to be serious and irreversible. In our paper, we explore through conceptual analysis whether and if so how the precautionary principle should apply to pregnant women. We argue that the principle is a decision-making strategy underlying risk-benefit decisions in clinical research, which can be applied to pregnant women. However, the current application is a strong one, leading to the promotion of absolute exclusion or, less often, absolute inclusion of pregnant women. In order to change this paralyzing situation, a shift toward weak precautionary thinking is necessary. Instead of automatic extreme precaution, a balance will be found between harms and potential benefits of including pregnant women in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira S E van der Zande
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen/Campus Fryslân, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Muller SHA, Kalkman S, van Thiel GJMW, Mostert M, van Delden JJM. The social licence for data-intensive health research: towards co-creation, public value and trust. BMC Med Ethics 2021; 22:110. [PMID: 34376204 PMCID: PMC8353823 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-021-00677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rise of Big Data-driven health research challenges the assumed contribution of medical research to the public good, raising questions about whether the status of such research as a common good should be taken for granted, and how public trust can be preserved. Scandals arising out of sharing data during medical research have pointed out that going beyond the requirements of law may be necessary for sustaining trust in data-intensive health research. We propose building upon the use of a social licence for achieving such ethical governance. Main text We performed a narrative review of the social licence as presented in the biomedical literature. We used a systematic search and selection process, followed by a critical conceptual analysis. The systematic search resulted in nine publications. Our conceptual analysis aims to clarify how societal permission can be granted to health research projects which rely upon the reuse and/or linkage of health data. These activities may be morally demanding. For these types of activities, a moral legitimation, beyond the limits of law, may need to be sought in order to preserve trust. Our analysis indicates that a social licence encourages us to recognise a broad range of stakeholder interests and perspectives in data-intensive health research. This is especially true for patients contributing data. Incorporating such a practice paves the way towards an ethical governance, based upon trust. Public engagement that involves patients from the start is called for to strengthen this social licence. Conclusions There are several merits to using the concept of social licence as a guideline for ethical governance. Firstly, it fits the novel scale of data-related risks; secondly, it focuses attention on trustworthiness; and finally, it offers co-creation as a way forward. Greater trust can be achieved in the governance of data-intensive health research by highlighting strategic dialogue with both patients contributing the data, and the public in general. This should ultimately contribute to a more ethical practice of governance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12910-021-00677-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam H A Muller
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Shona Kalkman
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine J M W van Thiel
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Mostert
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Schneemann SA, Boers SN, van Delden JJM, Nieuwenhuis EES, Fuchs SA, Bredenoord AL. Ethical challenges for pediatric liver organoid transplantation. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/552/eaau8471. [PMID: 32669425 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau8471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver organoid transplantation may be a less invasive alternative to liver transplant, but is it ethically acceptable to include children with liver disease in a first-in-human clinical trial of this new intervention?
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Schneemann
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sarah N Boers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Science Department, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, Netherlands
| | - Sabine A Fuchs
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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26
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Lensink MA, Jongsma KR, Boers SN, van Delden JJM, Bredenoord AL. Responsible Research with Human Tissues: The Need for Reciprocity Toward Both Collectives and Individuals. Am J Bioeth 2021; 21:75-78. [PMID: 33825632 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1891346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah N Boers
- Julius Center, University Medical Center
- Utrecht General Practice Training Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht
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27
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Verkissen MN, De Vleminck A, Groenvold M, Jabbarian LJ, Bulli F, Cools W, van Delden JJM, Lunder U, Miccinesi G, Payne SA, Pollock K, Rietjens JAC, Deliens L. Functional impairment, symptom severity, and overall quality of life in patients with advanced lung or colorectal cancer in six European countries: baseline findings from the ACTION study. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:5797-5810. [PMID: 33742242 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with advanced cancer often suffer from various symptoms, which can arise from the cancer itself and its treatment, the illness experience, and/or co-morbid conditions. Important patient-reported outcomes such as functional status, symptom severity, and quality of life (QoL) might differ between countries, as countries vary with regard to contextual factors such as their healthcare system. PURPOSE To assess self-reported emotional functioning, physical functioning, symptoms, and overall QoL in patients with advanced lung or colorectal cancer from six European countries, particularly in relation to their country of residence. METHODS We used baseline patient data from the ACTION trial, including socio-demographic and clinical data as well as patient-reported data regarding functioning, symptoms, and overall QoL (EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL). RESULTS Data from 1117 patients (55% lung cancer stage III/IV, 45% colorectal cancer stage IV) were used. The highest (worst) average symptom score was found for fatigue. We found similarities but also important differences in the outcomes across countries. The best scores (the highest for emotional functioning and QoL, the lowest for symptoms) were reported by Dutch and Danish patients. Belgian patients reported relatively low emotional functioning. CONCLUSION The optimization of functioning, symptom relief, and overall QoL should be important objectives of healthcare professionals who take care of patients with advanced cancer. There are similarities, but also substantial differences across countries in functional status, symptoms, and overall QoL. Policymakers should take these differences into account and invest in offering health care catered to the needs of their population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte N Verkissen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, End-of-Life Care Research Group, Brussels, Belgium.
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Family Medicine and Chronic Care, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Aline De Vleminck
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, End-of-Life Care Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Family Medicine and Chronic Care, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mogens Groenvold
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea J Jabbarian
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Public Health, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Bulli
- Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Clinical Epidemiology, Florence, Italy
| | - Wilfried Cools
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Interfaculty Center Data Processing and Statistics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Urška Lunder
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Guido Miccinesi
- Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Clinical Epidemiology, Florence, Italy
| | - Sheila A Payne
- Lancaster University, International Observatory on End of Life Care, Division of Health Research, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Pollock
- University of Nottingham, School of Health Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A C Rietjens
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Public Health, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luc Deliens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) & Ghent University, End-of-Life Care Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Family Medicine and Chronic Care, Brussels, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Menon S, Entwistle VA, Campbell AV, van Delden JJM. Some Unresolved Ethical Challenges in Healthcare Decision-Making: Navigating Family Involvement. Asian Bioeth Rev 2021; 12:27-36. [PMID: 33717329 PMCID: PMC7747266 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-020-00111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Family involvement in healthcare decision-making for competent patients occurs to varying degrees in many communities around the world. There are different attitudes about who should make treatment decisions, how and why. Legal and professional ethics codes in most jurisdictions reflect and support the idea that competent patients should be enabled to make their own treatment decisions, even if others, including their healthcare professionals, disagree with them. This way of thinking contrasts with some cultural norms that put more emphasis on the family as a decision-making entity, in some circumstances to the exclusion of a competent patient. Possible tensions may arise between various combinations of patient, family members and healthcare professionals, and healthcare professionals must tread a careful path in navigating family involvement in the decision-making process. These tensions may be about differences of opinion about which treatment option is best and/or on who should have a say or influence in the decision-making process. While some relevant cultural, legal and policy considerations vary from community to community, there are ethical issues that healthcare professionals need to grapple with in balancing the laws and professional codes on decision-making and the ethical principle of respecting patients and their autonomy. This paper will highlight and propose that a partial resolution to these issues may lie in relational understandings of autonomy, which in principle justify interventions by healthcare professionals and family that support patients in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumytra Menon
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vikki A Entwistle
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alastair V Campbell
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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29
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Verberne LM, Fahner JC, Sondaal SFV, Schouten–van Meeteren AYN, de Kruiff CC, van Delden JJM, Kars MC. Anticipating the future of the child and family in pediatric palliative care: a qualitative study into the perspectives of parents and healthcare professionals. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:949-957. [PMID: 33030601 PMCID: PMC7886816 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Preparing for future scenarios in pediatric palliative care is perceived as complex and challenging by both families and healthcare professionals. This interpretative qualitative study using thematic analysis aims to explore how parents and healthcare professionals anticipate the future of the child and family in pediatric palliative care. Single and repeated interviews were undertaken with 42 parents and 35 healthcare professionals of 24 children, receiving palliative care. Anticipating the future was seen in three forms: goal-directed conversations, anticipated care, and guidance on the job. Goal-directed conversations were initiated by either parents or healthcare professionals to ensure others could align with their perspective regarding the future. Anticipated care meant healthcare professionals or parents organized practical care arrangements for future scenarios with or without informing each other. Guidance on the job was a form of short-term anticipation, whereby healthcare professionals guide parents ad hoc through difficult situations.Conclusion: Anticipating the future of the child and family is mainly focused on achievement of individual care goals of both families and healthcare professionals, practical arrangements in advance, and short-term anticipation when a child deteriorates. A more open approach early in disease trajectories exploring perspectives on the future could allow parents to anticipate more gradually and to integrate their preferences into the care of their child. What is Known: • Anticipating the future in pediatric palliative care occurs infrequently and too late. What is New: • Healthcare professionals and parents use different strategies to anticipate the future of children receiving palliative care, both intentionally and unwittingly. Strategies to anticipate the future are goal-directed conversations, anticipated care, and guidance on the job. • Parents and healthcare professionals are engaged to a limited extent in ongoing explorative conversations that support shared decision-making regarding future care and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Verberne
- Department of pediatrics, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jurrianne C. Fahner
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie F. V. Sondaal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris C. de Kruiff
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. M. van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke C. Kars
- Center of Expertise Palliative Care, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Menon S, Entwistle V, Campbell AV, van Delden JJM. How should the 'privilege' in therapeutic privilege be conceived when considering the decision-making process for patients with borderline capacity? J Med Ethics 2021; 47:47-50. [PMID: 31911500 PMCID: PMC7803884 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2019-105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic privilege (TP) is a defence that may be available to doctors who fail to disclose to the patient relevant information when seeking informed consent for treatment if they have a reasonable belief that providing that information would likely cause the patient concerned serious physical or mental harm. In a landmark judgement, the Singapore Court of Appeal introduced a novel interpretation of TP, identifying circumstances in which it might be used with patients who did not strictly lack capacity but might be inclined to refuse recommended treatments. In this paper, we explore the conceptual and practical challenges of this novel interpretation of TP. We propose that more emphasis should be placed on forms of shared and supported decision-making that foster the autonomy of patients with compromised mental capacity while being mindful of the need to safeguard their well-being. The kind of privilege that doctors might need to invoke is one of time and supportive expertise to ensure a flexible, responsive approach calibrated to the individual patients' needs. The provision of such service would extinguish the need for the novel TP proposed by the Singapore Court of Appeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumytra Menon
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vikki Entwistle
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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31
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van Mens HJT, van Eysden MM, Nienhuis R, van Delden JJM, de Keizer NF, Cornet R. Evaluation of lexical clarification by patients reading their clinical notes: a quasi-experimental interview study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2020; 20:278. [PMID: 33319706 PMCID: PMC7737248 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-01286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients benefit from access to their medical records. However, clinical notes and letters are often difficult to comprehend for most lay people. Therefore, functionality was implemented in the patient portal of a Dutch university medical centre (UMC) to clarify medical terms in free-text data. The clarifications consisted of synonyms and definitions from a Dutch medical terminology system. We aimed to evaluate to what extent these lexical clarifications match the information needs of the patients. Secondarily, we evaluated how the clarifications and the functionality could be improved. Methods We invited participants from the patient panel of the UMC to read their own clinical notes. They marked terms they found difficult and rated the ease of these terms. After the functionality was activated, participants rated the clarifications provided by the functionality, and the functionality itself regarding ease and usefulness. Ratings were on a scale from 0 (very difficult) to 100 (very easy). We calculated the median number of terms not understood per participant, the number of terms with a clarification, the overlap between these numbers (coverage), and the precision and recall. Results We included 15 participants from the patient panel. They marked a median of 21 (IQR 19.5–31) terms as difficult in their text files, while only a median of 2 (IQR 1–4) of these terms were clarified by the functionality. The median precision was 6.5% (IQR 2.3–14.25%) and the median recall 8.3% (IQR 4.7–13.5%) per participant. However, participants rated the functionality with median ease of 98 (IQR 93.5–99) and a median usefulness of 79 (IQR 52.5–97). Participants found that many easy terms were unnecessarily clarified, that some clarifications were difficult, and that some clarifications contained mistakes. Conclusions Patients found the functionality easy to use and useful. However, in its current form it only helped patients to understand few terms they did not understand, patients found some clarifications to be difficult, and some to be incorrect. This shows that lexical clarification is feasible even when limited terms are available, but needs further development to fully use its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo J T van Mens
- Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Department of Research and Development, ChipSoft B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Mirte M van Eysden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Remko Nienhuis
- Department of Research and Development, ChipSoft B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nicolette F de Keizer
- Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Cornet
- Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Korfage IJ, Carreras G, Arnfeldt Christensen CM, Billekens P, Bramley L, Briggs L, Bulli F, Caswell G, Červ B, van Delden JJM, Deliens L, Dunleavy L, Eecloo K, Gorini G, Groenvold M, Hammes B, Ingravallo F, Jabbarian LJ, Kars MC, Kodba-Čeh H, Lunder U, Miccinesi G, Mimić A, Ozbič P, Payne SA, Polinder S, Pollock K, Preston NJ, Seymour J, Simonič A, Thit Johnsen A, Toccafondi A, Verkissen MN, Wilcock A, Zwakman M, van der Heide A, Rietjens JAC. Advance care planning in patients with advanced cancer: A 6-country, cluster-randomised clinical trial. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003422. [PMID: 33186365 PMCID: PMC7665676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advance care planning (ACP) supports individuals to define, discuss, and record goals and preferences for future medical treatment and care. Despite being internationally recommended, randomised clinical trials of ACP in patients with advanced cancer are scarce. METHODS AND FINDINGS To test the implementation of ACP in patients with advanced cancer, we conducted a cluster-randomised trial in 23 hospitals across Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, Slovenia, and United Kingdom in 2015-2018. Patients with advanced lung (stage III/IV) or colorectal (stage IV) cancer, WHO performance status 0-3, and at least 3 months life expectancy were eligible. The ACTION Respecting Choices ACP intervention as offered to patients in the intervention arm included scripted ACP conversations between patients, family members, and certified facilitators; standardised leaflets; and standardised advance directives. Control patients received care as usual. Main outcome measures were quality of life (operationalised as European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC] emotional functioning) and symptoms. Secondary outcomes were coping, patient satisfaction, shared decision-making, patient involvement in decision-making, inclusion of advance directives (ADs) in hospital files, and use of hospital care. In all, 1,117 patients were included (442 intervention; 675 control), and 809 (72%) completed the 12-week questionnaire. Patients' age ranged from 18 to 91 years, with a mean of 66; 39% were female. The mean number of ACP conversations per patient was 1.3. Fidelity was 86%. Sixteen percent of patients found ACP conversations distressing. Mean change in patients' quality of life did not differ between intervention and control groups (T-score -1.8 versus -0.8, p = 0.59), nor did changes in symptoms, coping, patient satisfaction, and shared decision-making. Specialist palliative care (37% versus 27%, p = 0.002) and AD inclusion in hospital files (10% versus 3%, p < 0.001) were more likely in the intervention group. A key limitation of the study is that recruitment rates were lower in intervention than in control hospitals. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that quality of life effects were not different between patients who had ACP conversations and those who received usual care. The increased use of specialist palliative care and AD inclusion in hospital files of intervention patients is meaningful and requires further study. Our findings suggest that alternative approaches to support patient-centred end-of-life care in this population are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN registry ISRCTN63110516.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida J. Korfage
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Giulia Carreras
- Clinical Epidemiology, Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Caroline M. Arnfeldt Christensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Louise Bramley
- Institute of Nursing and Midwifery Care Excellence, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Briggs
- Respecting Choices, C-TAC Innovations, Oregon, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Francesco Bulli
- Clinical Epidemiology, Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Glenys Caswell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Branka Červ
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | | | - Luc Deliens
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lesley Dunleavy
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Eecloo
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Clinical Epidemiology, Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Mogens Groenvold
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bud Hammes
- Respecting Choices, C-TAC Innovations, Oregon, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Francesca Ingravallo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marijke C. Kars
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hana Kodba-Čeh
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Urska Lunder
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Guido Miccinesi
- Clinical Epidemiology, Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Alenka Mimić
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Polona Ozbič
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Sheila A. Payne
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kristian Pollock
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy J. Preston
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Seymour
- Health Sciences School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Simonič
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Anna Thit Johnsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Toccafondi
- Clinical Epidemiology, Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Mariëtte N. Verkissen
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Ghent University, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew Wilcock
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke Zwakman
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Bernabe RDLC, van Thiel GJMW, Breekveldt NS, Gispen CC, van Delden JJM. Ethics and the marketing authorization of pharmaceuticals: what happens to ethical issues discovered post-trial and pre-marketing authorization? BMC Med Ethics 2020; 21:103. [PMID: 33109181 PMCID: PMC7590474 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-00543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the EU, clinical assessors, rapporteurs and the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use are obliged to assess the ethical aspects of a clinical development program and include major ethical flaws in the marketing authorization deliberation processes. To this date, we know very little about the manner that these regulators put this obligation into action. In this paper, we intend to look into the manner and the extent that ethical issues discovered during inspection have reached the deliberation processes. Methods To gather data, we used the Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board database and first searched for the inspections, and their accompanying site inspection reports and integrated inspection reports, related to central marketing authorization applications (henceforth, application/s) of drugs submitted to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) from 2011 to 2015. We then extracted inspection findings that were purely of ethical nature, i.e., those that did not affect the benefit/risk balance of the study (issues related to informed consent, research ethics committees, and respect for persons). Only findings graded at least major by the inspectorate were included. Lastly, to identify how many of the ethically relevant findings (ERFs) reach the application deliberation processes, we extracted the relevant joint response assessment reports and reviewed the sections that discussed inspection findings. Results From 2011 to 2015, there were 390 processed applications, of which 65 had inspection reports and integrated inspection reports accessible via the database of the Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board. Of the 65, we found ERFs in 37 (56.9%). The majority of the ERFs were graded as major and half of the time it was informed-consent related. A third of these findings were related to research ethics committee processes and requirements. Of the 37 inspections with ERFs, 30 were endorsed in the integrated inspection reports as generally GCP compliant. Day 150 joint response assessment reports and Day 180 list of outstanding issues were reviewed for all 37 inspections, and none of the ERFs were carried over in any of the assessment reports or list of outstanding issues. Conclusion None of the ethically relevant findings, all of which were graded as major or critical in integrated inspection reports, were explicitly carried over to the joint assessment reports. This calls for more transparency in EMA application deliberations on how ERFs are considered, if at all, in the decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie D L C Bernabe
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway. .,Centre for Medical Ethics, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ghislaine J M W van Thiel
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Heijltjes MT, van Thiel GJMW, Rietjens JAC, van der Heide A, de Graeff A, van Delden JJM. Changing Practices in the Use of Continuous Sedation at the End of Life: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020; 60:828-846.e3. [PMID: 32599152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The use of continuous sedation until death (CSD) has been highly debated for many years. It is unknown how the use of CSD evolves over time. Reports suggest that there is an international increase in the use of CSD for terminally ill patients. OBJECTIVE To gain insight in developments in the use of CSD in various countries and subpopulations. METHODS We performed a search of the literature published between January 2000 and April 2020, in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Library by using the Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols guidelines. The search contained the following terms: continuous sedation, terminal sedation, palliative sedation, deep sedation, end-of-life sedation, sedation practice, and sedation until death. RESULTS We found 23 articles on 16 nationwide studies and 38 articles on 37 subpopulation studies. In nationwide studies on frequencies of CSD in deceased persons varied from 3% in Denmark in 2001 to 18% in The Netherlands in 2015. Nationwide studies indicate an increase in the use of CSD. Frequencies of CSD in the different subpopulations varied too widely to observe time trends. Over the years, more studies reported on the use of CSD for nonphysical symptoms including fear, anxiety, and psycho-existential distress. In some studies, there was an increase in requests for sedation of patients from their families. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of CSD seems to increase over time, possibly partly because of an extension of indications for sedation, from mainly physical symptoms to also nonphysical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon T Heijltjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ghislaine J M W van Thiel
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A C Rietjens
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander de Graeff
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands and Academic Hospice Demeter, De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van der Graaf R, Macklin R, Rid A, Bhan A, Gefenas E, Greco D, Haerry D, Hurst S, London AJ, Saracci R, Sprumont D, van Delden JJM. Integrating public health programs and research after the malaria vaccine implementation program (MVIP): Recommendations for next steps. Vaccine 2020; 38:6975-6978. [PMID: 32981780 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In February 2020, international controversy arose about the ethical acceptability of the WHO Malaria Vaccine Implementation Program (MVIP). Whereas some have argued that this program must be seen as research that is not in line with international ethical standards, notably regarding informed consent and local ethical review, some WHO representatives consider the MVIP as a public health implementation program that need not adhere to these standards. METHODS We performed a case analysis in light of the 2016 CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research involving Humans. FINDINGS We argue that the MVIP has a substantial research component, and that it is prudent to therefore apply ethical norms for research involving humans, such as the CIOMS guidelines. Accordingly, we agree that the ethical requirements of informed consent and independent ethical review have not been met. In addition, we are concerned that the study might not meet CIOMS's social value requirement. RECOMMENDATIONS We urge WHO to release more details about the process that led to the MVIP program and make the MVIP protocol publicly available. The full protocol should be assessed by the relevant ethics committees, new and already enrolled parents should be informed about the uncertainties under investigation and given a real opportunity to consent or refuse (continued) participation, communities should be engaged, and aspects of MVIP that require alteration in light of ethical review should be altered, if possible. Furthermore, in order to improve good ethical practices, it is necessary to engage in international debate regarding the integration of research and public health programs. Procedurally, vaccine implementation programs that combine both prevention and research should involve the wider international ethics community and ensure participation of the target populations in setting the proper conditions for launching such programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieke van der Graaf
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands(1).
| | - Ruth Macklin
- Distinguished University Professor Emerita, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA(2)
| | - Annette Rid
- National Institutes of Health, Department of Bioethics, The Clinical Center, USA(3)
| | - Anant Bhan
- Yenepoya (deemed to be University), India(4)
| | - Eugenijus Gefenas
- Centre for Health Ethics, Law and History, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of Vilnius University, Lithuania(5)
| | - Dirceu Greco
- Professor Emeritus, Infectious Diseases and Bioethics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil(6)
| | - David Haerry
- European AIDS Treatment Group, Brussels, Belgium(7)
| | - Samia Hurst
- Institute for Ethics, History, and the Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland(8)
| | - Alex John London
- Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Ethics and Policy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA(9)
| | - Rodolfo Saracci
- Former President, International Epidemiological Association, Lyon, France(10)
| | - Dominique Sprumont
- Deputy Director, Institute of Health Law, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland(11)
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Netherlands(12)
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Overbeek A, van de Wetering VE, van Delden JJM, Mevis PAM, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Postma L, Rietjens JAC, van der Heide A. Classification of end-of-life decisions by Dutch physicians: findings from a cross-sectional survey. Ann Palliat Med 2020; 10:3554-3562. [PMID: 32787356 DOI: 10.21037/apm-20-453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the end of patients' lives, physicians sometimes provide medication with the explicit intention to hasten death. Physicians' assessment of such acts varies. We studied which characteristics are associated with physicians' classification of these acts. METHODS This study concerns a secondary analysis of a nationwide study on the practice of medical decision-making at the end of life. In 2015, attending physicians of a sample of deceased people (n=9,351) received a questionnaire about end-of-life care and decision-making. The response rate was 78%. We studied 851 cases in which physicians reported that the patient had died as a result of medication they had provided with the explicit intention to hasten death. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS If medication had been provided with the explicit intention to hasten death at the explicit request of the patient, physicians considered "euthanasia", "assisted suicide" or "ending of life" the most appropriate term for their course of action in 82% of all cases, while 17% of physicians chose the term "palliative or terminal sedation". Physicians' classification of their act as "euthanasia", "assisted suicide" or "ending of life" was less likely when patients had a short (1-7 days) or very short (max. 24 hours) life expectancy. Furthermore, such classification was less likely when their act had involved the use of other medication than muscle relaxants. The limited number of cases in which patients had been provided with medication without an explicit patient request were never classified as "euthanasia", "assisted suicide" or "ending of life". CONCLUSIONS Physicians rarely classify the provision of medication with the explicit intention of hastening death as "euthanasia", "assisted suicide" or "ending of life" when patients are in the dying phase and when they provide other medication than muscle relaxants. In these cases, acts are mostly classified as "palliative or terminal sedation". This suggests that the legal distinction between euthanasia and palliative care may not always be clear in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Overbeek
- Department of Criminal Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Mevis
- Department of Criminal Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje D Onwuteaka-Philipsen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Postma
- Department of Criminal Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A C Rietjens
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Brinkman-Stoppelenburg A, Evenblij K, Pasman HRW, van Delden JJM, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der Heide A. Physicians' and Public Attitudes Toward Euthanasia in People with Advanced Dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020; 68:2319-2328. [PMID: 32652560 PMCID: PMC7689700 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To explore the opinion of the Dutch general public and of physicians regarding euthanasia in patients with advanced dementia. DESIGN A cross‐sectional survey. SETTING The Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Random samples of 1,965 citizens (response = 1,965/2,641 [75%]) and 1,147 physicians (response = 1,147/2,232 [51%]). MEASUREMENTS The general public was asked to what extent they agreed with the statement “I think that people with dementia should be eligible for euthanasia, even if they no longer understand what is happening (if they have previously asked for it).” Physicians were asked whether they were of the opinion that performing euthanasia is conceivable in patients with advanced dementia, on the basis of a written advance directive, in the absence of severe comorbidities. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with the acceptance of euthanasia. RESULTS A total of 60% of the general public agreed that people with advanced dementia should be eligible for euthanasia. Factors associated with a positive attitude toward euthanasia were being female, age between 40 and 69 years, and higher educational level. Considering religion important was associated with lower acceptance. The percentage of physicians who considered it acceptable to perform euthanasia in people with advanced dementia was 24% for general practitioners, 23% for clinical specialists, and 8% for nursing home physicians. Having ever performed euthanasia before was positively associated with physicians considering euthanasia conceivable. Being female, having religious beliefs, and being a nursing home physician were negatively associated with regarding performing euthanasia as conceivable. CONCLUSION There is a discrepancy between public acceptance of euthanasia in patients with advanced dementia and physicians' conceivability of performing euthanasia in these patients. This discrepancy may cause tensions in daily practice because patients' and families' expectations may not be met. It urges patients, families, and physicians to discuss mutual expectations in these complex situations in a comprehensive and timely manner. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:2319–2328, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten Evenblij
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Roeline W Pasman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Centrum voor Gezondheidswetenschappen en Eerstelijnsgeneeskunde, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje D Onwuteaka-Philipsen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Verberne WR, van den Wittenboer ID, Voorend CGN, Abrahams AC, van Buren M, Dekker FW, van Jaarsveld BC, van Loon IN, Mooijaart SP, Ocak G, van Delden JJM, Bos WJW. Health-related quality of life and symptoms of conservative care versus dialysis in patients with end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:1418-1433. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Non-dialytic conservative care (CC) has been proposed as a viable alternative to maintenance dialysis for selected older patients to treat end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This systematic review compares both treatment pathways on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and symptoms, which are major outcomes for patients and clinicians when deciding on preferred treatment.
Methods
We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus and PsycINFO from inception to 1 October 2019 for studies comparing patient-reported HRQoL outcomes or symptoms between patients who chose either CC or dialysis for ESKD.
Results
Eleven observational cohort studies were identified comprising 1718 patients overall. There were no randomized controlled trials. Studies were susceptible to selection bias and confounding. In most studies, patients who chose CC were older and had more comorbidities and worse functional status than patients who chose dialysis. Results were broadly consistent across studies, despite considerable clinical and methodological heterogeneity. Patient-reported physical health outcomes and symptoms appeared to be worse in patients who chose CC compared with patients who chose dialysis but had not yet started, but similar compared with patients on dialysis. Mental health outcomes were similar between patients who chose CC or dialysis, including before and after dialysis start. In patients who chose dialysis, the burden of kidney disease and impact on daily life increased after dialysis start.
Conclusions
The available data, while heterogeneous, suggest that in selected older patients, CC has the potential to achieve similar HRQoL and symptoms compared with a dialysis pathway. High-quality prospective studies are needed to confirm these provisional findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R Verberne
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carlijn G N Voorend
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alferso C Abrahams
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn van Buren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Friedo W Dekker
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Brigit C van Jaarsveld
- Department of Nephrology and Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ismay N van Loon
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Simon P Mooijaart
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gurbey Ocak
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Jan W Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Kerckhoffs MC, Brinkman S, de Keizer N, Soliman IW, de Lange DW, van Delden JJM, van Dijk D. The performance of acute versus antecedent patient characteristics for 1-year mortality prediction during intensive care unit admission: a national cohort study. Crit Care 2020; 24:330. [PMID: 32527298 PMCID: PMC7291572 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Multiple factors contribute to mortality after ICU, but it is unclear how the predictive value of these factors changes during ICU admission. We aimed to compare the changing performance over time of the acute illness component, antecedent patient characteristics, and ICU length of stay (LOS) in predicting 1-year mortality. Methods In this retrospective observational cohort study, the discriminative value of four generalized mixed-effects models was compared for 1-year and hospital mortality. Among patients with increasing ICU LOS, the models included (a) acute illness factors and antecedent patient characteristics combined, (b) acute component only, (c) antecedent patient characteristics only, and (d) ICU LOS. For each analysis, discrimination was measured by area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC), calculated using the bootstrap method. Statistical significance between the models was assessed using the DeLong method (p value < 0.05). Results In 400,248 ICU patients observed, hospital mortality was 11.8% and 1-year mortality 21.8%. At ICU admission, the combined model predicted 1-year mortality with an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.84–0.84). When analyzed separately, the acute component progressively lost predictive power. From an ICU admission of at least 3 days, antecedent characteristics significantly exceeded the predictive value of the acute component for 1-year mortality, AUC 0.68 (95% CI 0.68–0.69) versus 0.67 (95% CI 0.67–0.68) (p value < 0.001). For hospital mortality, antecedent characteristics outperformed the acute component from a LOS of at least 7 days, comprising 7.8% of patients and accounting for 52.4% of all bed days. ICU LOS predicted 1-year mortality with an AUC of 0.52 (95% CI 0.51–0.53) and hospital mortality with an AUC of 0.54 (95% CI 0.53–0.55) for patients with a LOS of at least 7 days. Conclusions Comparing the predictive value of factors influencing 1-year mortality for patients with increasing ICU LOS, antecedent patient characteristics are more predictive than the acute component for patients with an ICU LOS of at least 3 days. For hospital mortality, antecedent patient characteristics outperform the acute component for patients with an ICU LOS of at least 7 days. After the first week of ICU admission, LOS itself is not predictive of hospital nor 1-year mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika C Kerckhoffs
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Mail stop F06.149, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sylvia Brinkman
- National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolet de Keizer
- National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo W Soliman
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Mail stop F06.149, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan W de Lange
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Mail stop F06.149, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE) foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van Dijk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Mail stop F06.149, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Haas LEM, de Lange DW, van Dijk D, van Delden JJM. Should we deny ICU admission to the elderly? Ethical considerations in times of COVID-19. Crit Care 2020; 24:321. [PMID: 32517776 PMCID: PMC7282209 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenneke E M Haas
- Department of Intensive Care, Diakonessenhuis, PO box 80250, 3508 TG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Dylan W de Lange
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Diederik van Dijk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center, University Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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41
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Verberne WR, Ocak G, van Gils-Verrij LA, van Delden JJM, Bos WJW. Hospital Utilization and Costs in Older Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Choosing Conservative Care or Dialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Blood Purif 2020; 49:479-489. [PMID: 31927544 DOI: 10.1159/000505569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nondialytic conservative care has been recognized as a viable alternative to chronic dialysis in older patients with end-stage kidney disease, but little is known about its consequences on hospital utilization and costs. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study to compare outpatient and inpatient hospital utilization, place of death, and hospital costs in patients aged ≥70 years old who chose conservative care (n = 100) or dialysis (n = 162) after shared decision making in a nonacademic teaching hospital between 2008 and 2016. RESULTS Patients who chose conservative care were older than patients who chose dialysis (82.5 vs. 76.3 years). Comorbidity did not differ between the 2 patient groups. The incidence rates of outpatient visits per year were 7.1 in patients who chose conservative care and 10.7 in patients who chose dialysis (incidence rate ratio 0.67, 95% CI 0.55-0.81). The incidence rates of in-hospital days per year were, respectively, 6.0 and 9.8 (incidence rate ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.29-0.88). Also in the final month of life, patients on conservative care had less outpatient visits, were less frequently hospitalized, and died less frequently in hospital than the dialysis patient group. The cost rates per year, measured from original treatment decision, were EUR 5,859 in conservative care patients and EUR 28,354 in patients who chose dialysis comprising both the predialysis and dialysis period (cost rate ratio 0.42, 95% CI 0.27-0.65). Patients who chose dialysis had higher costs on dialysis sessions, outpatient care, inpatient care, laboratory tests, and medical imaging. CONCLUSIONS Patients who decided to forego dialysis and chose conservative care had less outpatient and inpatient hospital utilization than patients who chose dialysis, including less intensive hospital utilization near the end of life. Both overall and nondialysis-related costs were lower in patients on a conservative care pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R Verberne
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands, .,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | - Gurbey Ocak
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Jan W Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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42
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Fahner JC, Thölking TW, Rietjens JAC, van der Heide A, van Delden JJM, Kars MC. Towards advance care planning in pediatrics: a qualitative study on envisioning the future as parents of a seriously ill child. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:1461-1468. [PMID: 32193658 PMCID: PMC7413894 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Advance care planning enables parents to discuss goals and preferences for future care and treatment of their seriously ill child. Although clinicians report parental factors as common barriers for advance care planning, parental views on reflecting on their child's future have had limited exploration. A clear understanding of their perspectives might help clinicians to implement advance care planning tailored to parental needs. This interpretive qualitative study using thematic analysis aims to identify how parents envision the future when caring for their seriously ill child. Single interviews and two focus groups were attended by 20 parents of 17 seriously ill children. Parents reported to focus on the near future of their child. However, their actions and deeper thoughts showed perspectives towards a further future. Future perspectives initial focused on practical, disease-related themes, but more existential elaborations, reflecting underlying life values, were also identified. Parents needed acknowledgement of their challenging situation, care tasks, and expertise as a precondition for sharing their deepest thoughts regarding the future of their child.Conclusion: When envisioning the future of their seriously ill child, parents tend to stay in the near future, whereas they value the opportunity to share further thoughts within a compassionate relationship with clinicians. What is Known: • Parents prefer open and honest information about their child's illness and prognosis and they value the concept of advance care planning, while they emphasize the need for an individualized approach. • Health care professionals see parental factors like unease and emotional burden as key barriers for advance care planning. What is New: • When envisioning the future of their seriously ill child, parents tended to stay close to the near future initially, with a focus on disease-related, practical themes. Ongoing conversations uncovered deeper, value-based elaborations towards the future. To engage parents in advance care planning, the future needs to be discussed in relation to the present and the past. • There is "no sharing without caring". Parents who felt cared for and acknowledged in their challenging context by clinicians, were open to share their perspectives on the future of their seriously ill child. To share deeper motives and values underlying goals and preferences for future care and treatment, parents need a stimulating attitude of listening and encouragement from clinicians to express their feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurrianne C. Fahner
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal mail no Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thessa W. Thölking
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal mail no Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A. C. Rietjens
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. M. van Delden
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal mail no Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke C. Kars
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal mail no Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Evenblij K, Pasman HRW, van Delden JJM, van der Heide A, van de Vathorst S, Willems DL, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. Physicians' experiences with euthanasia: a cross-sectional survey amongst a random sample of Dutch physicians to explore their concerns, feelings and pressure. BMC Fam Pract 2019; 20:177. [PMID: 31847816 PMCID: PMC6918628 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-019-1067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Physicians who receive a request for euthanasia or assisted suicide may experience a conflict of duties: the duty to preserve life on the one hand and the duty to relieve suffering on the other hand. Little is known about experiences of physicians with receiving and granting a request for euthanasia or assisted suicide. This study, therefore, aimed to explore the concerns, feelings and pressure experienced by physicians who receive requests for euthanasia or assisted suicide. Methods In 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Questionnaires were sent to a random sample of 3000 Dutch physicians. Physicians who had been working in adult patient care in the Netherlands for the last year were included in the sample (n = 2657). Half of the physicians were asked about the most recent case in which they refused a request for euthanasia or assisted suicide, and half about the most recent case in which they granted a request for euthanasia or assisted suicide. Results Of the 2657 eligible physicians, 1374 (52%) responded. The most reported reason not to participate was lack of time. Of the respondents, 248 answered questions about a refused euthanasia or assisted suicide request and 245 about a granted EAS request. Concerns about specific aspects of the euthanasia and assisted suicide process, such as the emotional burden of preparing and performing euthanasia or assisted suicide were commonly reported by physicians who refused and who granted a request. Pressure to grant a request was mostly experienced by physicians who refused a request, especially if the patient was ≥80 years, had a life-expectancy of ≥6 months and did not have cancer. The large majority of physicians reported contradictory emotions after having performed euthanasia or assisted suicide. Conclusions Society should be aware of the impact of euthanasia and assisted suicide requests on physicians. The tension physicians experience may decrease their willingness to perform euthanasia and assisted suicide. On the other hand, physicians should not be forced to cross their own moral boundaries or be tempted to perform euthanasia and assisted suicide in cases that may not meet the due care criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Evenblij
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VUmc Expertise Center for Palliative Care, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H Roeline W Pasman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VUmc Expertise Center for Palliative Care, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- UMC Utrecht, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Department of Public Health Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van de Vathorst
- Department of General Practice, section Medical Ethics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick L Willems
- Department of General Practice, section Medical Ethics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje D Onwuteaka-Philipsen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VUmc Expertise Center for Palliative Care, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jabbarian LJ, Korfage IJ, Červ B, van Delden JJM, Deliens L, Miccinesi G, Payne S, Thit Johnsen A, Verkissen MN, Wilcock A, van der Heide A, Rietjens JAC. Coping strategies of patients with advanced lung or colorectal cancer in six European countries: Insights from the ACTION Study. Psychooncology 2019; 29:347-355. [PMID: 31663183 PMCID: PMC7028098 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective Even when medical treatments are limited, supporting patients’ coping strategies could improve their quality of life. Greater understanding of patients’ coping strategies, and influencing factors, can aid developing such support. We examined the prevalence of coping strategies and associated variables. Methods We used sociodemographic and baseline data from the ACTION trial, including measures of Denial, Acceptance, and Problem‐focused coping (COPE; Brief COPE inventory), of patients with advanced cancer from six European countries. Clinicians provided clinical information. Linear mixed models with clustering at hospital level were used. Results Data from 675 patients with stage III/IV lung (342, 51%) or stage IV colorectal (333, 49%) cancer were used; mean age 66 (10 SD) years. Overall, patients scored low on Denial and high on Acceptance and Problem‐focused coping. Older age was associated with higher scores on Denial than younger age (β = 0.05; CI[0.023; 0.074]), and patients from Italy (β = 1.57 CI[0.760; 2.388]) and Denmark (β = 1.82 CI[0.881; 2.750]) scored higher on Denial than patients in other countries. Conclusions Patients with advanced cancer predominantly used Acceptance and Problem‐focused coping, and Denial to a lesser extent. Since the studied coping strategies of patients with advanced cancer vary between subpopulations, we recommend taking these factors into account when developing tailored interventions to support patients’ coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea J Jabbarian
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ida J Korfage
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Branka Červ
- University Clinic for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Deliens
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Department of Family Medicine and Chronic Care, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Ghent University, Belgium.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sheila Payne
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Anna Thit Johnsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariëtte N Verkissen
- End-of-Life Care Research Group, Department of Family Medicine and Chronic Care, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Andrew Wilcock
- Department of Oncology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A C Rietjens
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Verberne WR, Dijkers J, Kelder JC, Jellema WT, van Delden JJM, Bos WJW. Reanalysis of the physical and mental health summary scores of dialysis versus conservative care in older patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: a critical appraisal. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:722. [PMID: 31685021 PMCID: PMC6829838 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-dialytic conservative care is argued to be a reasonable treatment alternative for dialysis in selected older patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. We evaluated patient-relevant outcomes including health-related quality of life in a previous study. However, the scoring algorithm we used to calculate the physical and mental component summary scores of the Short Form-36 (SF-36) turned out to differ from comparable studies on this topic. The aim of this critical appraisal was to reanalyze the SF-36 summary scores in our patient cohort (≥ 70 years) using the more widely used scoring algorithm. Results Patients on conservative care (n = 23) had lower physical and mental component summary scores compared to patients not yet started on dialysis (n = 39), but similar compared to patients on dialysis (n = 34). These findings were similar to our original findings and did not change the conclusions. Several scoring algorithms are used for the SF-36 summary scores. Researchers should be aware of this fact and should use the same scoring algorithm across similar studies in a specific field to increase comparability. Using the more widely used scoring algorithm, the recalculated SF-36 summary scores of our patient cohort can now be compared to other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R Verberne
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke Dijkers
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C Kelder
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert T Jellema
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Jan W Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Evenblij K, Pasman HRW, van der Heide A, van Delden JJM, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. Public and physicians' support for euthanasia in people suffering from psychiatric disorders: a cross-sectional survey study. BMC Med Ethics 2019; 20:62. [PMID: 31510976 PMCID: PMC6737595 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-019-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although euthanasia and assisted suicide (EAS) in people with psychiatric disorders is relatively rare, the increasing incidence of EAS requests has given rise to public and political debate. This study aimed to explore support of the public and physicians for euthanasia and assisted suicide in people with psychiatric disorders and examine factors associated with acceptance and conceivability of performing EAS in these patients. Methods A survey was distributed amongst a random sample of Dutch 2641 citizens (response 75%) and 3000 physicians (response 52%). Acceptance and conceivability of performing EAS, demographics, health status and professional characteristics were measured. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Of the general public 53% were of the opinion that people with psychiatric disorders should be eligible for EAS, 15% was opposed to this, and 32% remained neutral. Higher educational level, Dutch ethnicity, and higher urbanization level were associated with higher acceptability of EAS whilst a religious life stance and good health were associated with lower acceptability. The percentage of physicians who considered performing EAS in people with psychiatric disorders conceivable ranged between 20% amongst medical specialists and 47% amongst general practitioners. Having received EAS requests from psychiatric patients before was associated with considering performing EAS conceivable. Being female, religious, medical specialist, or psychiatrist were associated with lower conceivability. The majority (> 65%) of the psychiatrists were of the opinion that it is possible to establish whether a psychiatric patient’s suffering is unbearable and without prospect and whether the request is well-considered. Conclusion The general public shows more support than opposition as to whether patients suffering from a psychiatric disorder should be eligible for EAS, even though one third of the respondents remained neutral. Physicians’ support depends on their specialization; 39% of psychiatrists considered performing EAS in psychiatric patients conceivable. The relatively low conceivability is possibly explained by psychiatric patients often not meeting the eligibility criteria. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12910-019-0404-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Evenblij
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H Roeline W Pasman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje D Onwuteaka-Philipsen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Graaf R, van Thiel GJMW, Hoop EOD, Moons KGM, Grobbee DE, van Delden JJM. The moral and legal status of Health Care Workers in Cluster Randomized Trials: a response to Weijer and Taljaard. J Clin Epidemiol 2019; 116:146-149. [PMID: 31449856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2012, Weijer et al published "The Ottawa Statement on the ethical design and conduct of cluster randomized trials". In 2015, we reflected on this statement and argued that three recommendations in this statement need to be further refined. Weijer and Taljaard have responded to our comments in this issue of the journal. They agree with one of the proposed revisions but not with two others. In this commentary, we argue that the main reason why there is disagreement about two of our refinements is that we have different views on the moral and legal status of the health care workers as "research participants" in cluster randomized trials (CRTs). In this commentary, we clarify misunderstandings about our view expressed in 2015 and elaborate on the positions of health care workers in CRTs. We argue that there is sufficient reason to doubt whether the rights and interests of health care workers (HCWs) should be protected by means of ethics guidance documents and laws on human subjects research. Their interests are protected in the first place by professional codes of conduct which ensure that they cannot provide substandard care. Furthermore, protection of HCWs by ethics guidance on human subjects research will create an enormous burden for principle investigators and research ethics committees. Further debate is essential to determine how the interests of HCWs in CRTs can be protected best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieke van der Graaf
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Julius Center of Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ghislaine J M W van Thiel
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Julius Center of Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Oomen-de Hoop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel G M Moons
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Julius Center of Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Julius Center of Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Julius Center of Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jabbarian LJ, Maciejewski RC, Maciejewski PK, Rietjens JAC, Korfage IJ, van der Heide A, van Delden JJM, Prigerson HG. The Stability of Treatment Preferences Among Patients With Advanced Cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2019; 57:1071-1079.e1. [PMID: 30794935 PMCID: PMC6700722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Stability of patients' treatment preferences has important implications for decisions about concurrent and future treatment. OBJECTIVES To examine the stability of treatment preferences and correlates among patients with advanced cancer. METHODS In this cohort, 104 patients with metastatic cancer, progression after at least one chemotherapy regimen, and an oncologist-estimated life expectancy of six or fewer months participated in structured interviews after clinical visits in which patients' recent scan results were discussed. Interviews were repeated in three monthly follow-ups. At baseline, patients' age, education, sex, race, marital status, insurance status, and type of cancer were documented. At each assessment, patients reported their treatment preferences (i.e., prioritizing life-prolonging vs. comfort), quality of life, and current health status. RESULTS At baseline (n = 104), 55 (53%) patients preferred life-prolonging care and 49 (47%) preferred comfort care. Patients were followed up for one (n = 104), two (n = 74), or three months (n = 44). Between baseline and Month 1, 84 patients (81%) had stable preferences. During follow-up, preferences of 71 patients (68%) remained stable (equally divided between a consistent preference for life-prolonging and comfort care). Treatment preferences of 33 (32%) patients changed at least once during follow-up. Direction of change was inconsistent. Patients' preferences at baseline strongly predicted preferences at Month 1 (odds ratio = 17.8; confidence interval = 6.7-47.3; P < .001). Description of the current health status at baseline was the only variable significantly associated with stability of preferences at Month 1. CONCLUSION Two-thirds of patients with advanced cancer had stable preferences. Changes of preferences were often inconsistent and unpredictable. Our findings suggest potential benefits of ongoing communication about preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea J Jabbarian
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Renee C Maciejewski
- Cornell Center for Research on End-of-Life Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul K Maciejewski
- Cornell Center for Research on End-of-Life Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith A C Rietjens
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ida J Korfage
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes van der Heide
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Medical School of Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Holly G Prigerson
- Cornell Center for Research on End-of-Life Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Mazur NI, Bont LJ, van Delden JJM, Omer SB. An ethics framework and practical guidance for post-trial access to an RSV maternal vaccine. Lancet Respir Med 2019; 7:474-476. [PMID: 31003966 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(19)30080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie I Mazur
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utretcht, 3584EA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Louis J Bont
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utretcht, 3584EA Utrecht, Netherlands; Institutional Review Board Utrecht, University Medical Center Utretcht, 3584EA Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences, University Medical Center Utretcht, 3584EA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saad B Omer
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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50
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Dekking SAS, van der Graaf R, Zwaan CM, van Delden JJM. Voluntary Informed Consent Is Not Risk Dependent. Am J Bioeth 2019; 19:33-35. [PMID: 31544669 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2019.1572820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Michel Zwaan
- Erasmus Medical Centre and
- Prinses Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology
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