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Devitt G, Johnson PB, Hanrahan N, Lane SIR, Vidale MC, Sheth B, Allen JD, Humbert MV, Spalluto CM, Hervé RC, Staples K, West JJ, Forster R, Divecha N, McCormick CJ, Crispin M, Hempler N, Malcolm GPA, Mahajan S. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation Using UVC Laser Radiation. ACS Photonics 2024; 11:42-52. [PMID: 38249683 PMCID: PMC10797618 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) has had a tremendous impact on humanity. Prevention of transmission by disinfection of surfaces and aerosols through a chemical-free method is highly desirable. Ultraviolet C (UVC) light is uniquely positioned to achieve inactivation of pathogens. We report the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 virus by UVC radiation and explore its mechanisms. A dose of 50 mJ/cm2 using a UVC laser at 266 nm achieved an inactivation efficiency of 99.89%, while infectious virions were undetectable at 75 mJ/cm2 indicating >99.99% inactivation. Infection by SARS-CoV-2 involves viral entry mediated by the spike glycoprotein (S), and viral reproduction, reliant on translation of its genome. We demonstrate that UVC radiation damages ribonucleic acid (RNA) and provide in-depth characterization of UVC-induced damage of the S protein. We find that UVC severely impacts SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein's ability to bind human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and this correlates with loss of native protein conformation and aromatic amino acid integrity. This report has important implications for the design and development of rapid and effective disinfection systems against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Devitt
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Johnson
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Hanrahan
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon I. R. Lane
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena C. Vidale
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria V. Humbert
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- University
of Cambridge, MRC Toxicology Unit, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Cosma M. Spalluto
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Southampton
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton
General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Rodolphe C. Hervé
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Staples
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Wessex Investigational
Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Southampton
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton
General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J. West
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Robert Forster
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Nullin Divecha
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. McCormick
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Hempler
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Graeme P. A. Malcolm
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University
of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 22, N-2317 Hamar, Norway
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2
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Matthews EZ, Lanham S, White K, Kyriazi ME, Alexaki K, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Kanaras AG, J West J, MacArthur BD, Stumpf PS, Oreffo ROC. Single-cell RNA-sequence analysis of human bone marrow reveals new targets for isolation of skeletal stem cells using spherical nucleic acids. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231169375. [PMID: 37216034 PMCID: PMC10192814 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231169375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a wealth of data indicating human bone marrow contains skeletal stem cells (SSC) with the capacity for osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. However, current methods to isolate SSCs are restricted by the lack of a defined marker, limiting understanding of SSC fate, immunophenotype, function and clinical application. The current study applied single-cell RNA-sequencing to profile human adult bone marrow populations from 11 donors and identified novel targets for SSC enrichment. Spherical nucleic acids were used to detect these mRNA targets in SSCs. This methodology was able to rapidly isolate potential SSCs found at a frequency of <1 in 1,000,000 in human bone marrow, with the capacity for tri-lineage differentiation in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo. The current studies detail the development of a platform to advance SSC enrichment from human bone marrow, offering an invaluable resource for further SSC characterisation, with significant therapeutic impact therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elloise Z Matthews
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stuart Lanham
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate White
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria-Eleni Kyriazi
- College of Engineering and Technology,
American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Konstantina Alexaki
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of
Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chemistry Branch, Department of Science
and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez,
Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonios G Kanaras
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of
Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University
of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan J West
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of
Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ben D MacArthur
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University
of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Mathematical Sciences, University of
Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick S Stumpf
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Joint Research Center for Computational
Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard OC Oreffo
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University
of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- College of Biomedical Engineering,
China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kimbley LM, Parker R, Harrington J, Walker RC, Grace B, West JJ, Underwood TJ, Rose-Zerilli MJ. Comparison of optimized methodologies for isolating nuclei from esophageal tissue. Biotechniques 2022; 72:104-109. [PMID: 35152705 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nuclei RNA sequencing allows single cell-based analysis in frozen tissue, ameliorating cell recovery biases associated with enzymatic dissociation methods. The authors present two optimized methods for isolating and sequencing nuclei from esophageal tissue using a commercial EZ and citric acid (CA)-based method. Despite high endogenous RNase activity, these protocols produced libraries of expected fragment length (average length EZ: 745 bp; CA: 1232 bp) with comparable complexity (median Transcript/Gene number, EZ: 496/254; CA: 483/256). CA nuclei showed a higher proportion of ribosomal gene reads, potentially reflecting co-isolation of nuclei and adherent ribosomes. The authors identified 11 cell lineages in the combined datasets, with differences in cell type recovery between the two methods, providing utility dependent on experimental needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Kimbley
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Parker
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jack Harrington
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert C Walker
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ben Grace
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan J West
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Centre for Hybrid Biodevices, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tim J Underwood
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Jj Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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4
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Turaj AH, Hussain K, Cox KL, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Testa J, Dahal LN, Chan HTC, James S, Field VL, Carter MJ, Kim HJ, West JJ, Thomas LJ, He LZ, Keler T, Johnson PWM, Al-Shamkhani A, Thirdborough SM, Beers SA, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Lim SH. Antibody Tumor Targeting Is Enhanced by CD27 Agonists through Myeloid Recruitment. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:777-791.e6. [PMID: 29198913 PMCID: PMC5734932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can destroy tumors by recruiting effectors such as myeloid cells, or targeting immunomodulatory receptors to promote cytotoxic T cell responses. Here, we examined the therapeutic potential of combining a direct tumor-targeting mAb, anti-CD20, with an extended panel of immunomodulatory mAbs. Only the anti-CD27/CD20 combination provided cures. This was apparent in multiple lymphoma models, including huCD27 transgenic mice using the anti-huCD27, varlilumab. Detailed mechanistic analysis using single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that anti-CD27 stimulated CD8+ T and natural killer cells to release myeloid chemo-attractants and interferon gamma, to elicit myeloid infiltration and macrophage activation. This study demonstrates the therapeutic advantage of using an immunomodulatory mAb to regulate lymphoid cells, which then recruit and activate myeloid cells for enhanced killing of mAb-opsonized tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James Testa
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Vikki L Field
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jonathan J West
- Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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West JJ, Bonsergent G, Mackenzie G, Ewing DF, Goodby JW, Benvegnu T, Plusquellec D, Bachir S, Bault P, Douillet O, Godé P, Goethals G, Martin P, Villa P. The Effect of Molecular Shape and Microphase Segregation on the Formation of Liquid Crystal Phases in Poly-Ols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587250108025758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. West
- a The School of Chemistry, The University of Hull , Hull , HU6 7RX , England
| | - Guenola Bonsergent
- a The School of Chemistry, The University of Hull , Hull , HU6 7RX , England
| | - Grahame Mackenzie
- a The School of Chemistry, The University of Hull , Hull , HU6 7RX , England
| | - David F. Ewing
- a The School of Chemistry, The University of Hull , Hull , HU6 7RX , England
| | - John W. Goodby
- a The School of Chemistry, The University of Hull , Hull , HU6 7RX , England
| | - Thierry Benvegnu
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et des Substances Naturelles, associé au CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc , 35700 , Rennes , France
| | - Daniel Plusquellec
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et des Substances Naturelles, associé au CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Avenue du Général Leclerc , 35700 , Rennes , France
| | - Sabrina Bachir
- c Université de Picardie, Jules Verne, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Cinétique , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 , Amiens , Cedex , France
| | - Phillipe Bault
- c Université de Picardie, Jules Verne, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Cinétique , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 , Amiens , Cedex , France
| | - Olivier Douillet
- c Université de Picardie, Jules Verne, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Cinétique , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 , Amiens , Cedex , France
| | - Paul Godé
- c Université de Picardie, Jules Verne, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Cinétique , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 , Amiens , Cedex , France
| | - Gerard Goethals
- c Université de Picardie, Jules Verne, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Cinétique , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 , Amiens , Cedex , France
| | - Patrick Martin
- c Université de Picardie, Jules Verne, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Cinétique , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 , Amiens , Cedex , France
| | - Pierre Villa
- c Université de Picardie, Jules Verne, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Cinétique , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 , Amiens , Cedex , France
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Hird M, Lewis RA, Toyne KJ, West JJ, Wilson MK. The synthesis of novel highly substituted benzene derivatives for use in palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a804525i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Northway MG, Libshitz HI, West JJ, Withers HR, Mukhopadhyay AK, Osborne BM, Szwarc IA, Dodd GD. The opossum as an animal model for studying radiation esophagitis. Radiology 1979; 131:731-5. [PMID: 441380 DOI: 10.1148/131.3.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Six opossums were evaluated as a possible animal model of radiation esophagitis. In a single exposure to the esophagus, four animals received 60Co radiation of various doses; two served as controls. Pre- and postirradiation evaluations using fiberoptic endoscopy, mucosal biopsy, barium esophagography, and manometry were performed. Esophagitis developed at one week in irradiated animals. Opossums receiving 17.5, 20, and 22.5 Gy (1,750; 2,000; and 2,250 rad) became anorexic one week postirradiation, and abnormal motility subsequently developed. The controls and the animal receiving 15 Gy (1,500 rad) remained normal. Histological changes in the irradiated opossum esophagus resembled those found in humans.
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West JJ, Weber JL. A phonological analysis of the spontaneous language of a four-year-old, hard-of-hearing child. J Speech Hear Disord 1973; 38:25-35. [PMID: 4698383 DOI: 10.1044/jshd.3801.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a linguistic analysis of the phonological system of a four-year-old, hard-of-hearing girl. The purpose is to clarify what phonological structures the child used and thereby to demonstrate the efficacy of a linguistic analysis. The phonetic structure of nonintelligible utterances was analyzed separately from the phonemic analysis of the intelligible, or so-called comparative, data. For the latter, specific phonemes were termed “fairly well established” when the child used a number of appropriate allophones, although these same allophones may have appeared in other classes, and “not established” when allophones were not appropriately used. This categorized the state of the child’s phonemic development. For example, in manner of articulation only the stop/resonant contrast was present; in place of articulation, only the gross labial/nonlabial distinction was consistent. An important discovery from the noncomparative data was that [w] and [?] were used as coarse phonetic representatives of possible syllabic or syntactic configurations. Therapy is suggested for more firmly establishing stop/resonant contrasts, teaching the concept of frication, and encouraging further development of primitive linguistic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J West
- Department of Muscle Research, Institute of Biological and Medical Sciences, Retina Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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13
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West JJ, Nagy B, Gergely J. Free adenosine diphosphate as an intermediary in the phosphorylation by creatine phosphate of adenosine diphosphate bound to actin. J Biol Chem 1967; 242:1140-5. [PMID: 4290314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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