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Barbosa P, Faria JMS, Cavaco T, Figueiredo AC, Mota M, Vicente CSL. Nematicidal Activity of Phytochemicals against the Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:726. [PMID: 38475572 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are highly damaging pests responsible for heavy losses in worldwide productivity in a significant number of important plant crops. Common pest management strategies rely on the use of synthetic chemical nematicides, which have led to serious concerns regarding their impacts on human health and the environment. Plant natural products, or phytochemicals, can provide a good source of agents for sustainable control of PPNs, due to their intrinsic characteristics such as higher biodegradability, generally low toxicity for mammals, and lower bioaccumulation in the environment. In this work, the nematicidal activity of 39 phytochemicals was determined against the root-lesion nematode (RLN) Pratylenchus penetrans using standard direct and indirect contact methodologies. Overall, the RLN was tolerant to the tested phytochemicals at the highest concentration, 2 mg/mL, seldom reaching full mortality. However, high activities were obtained for benzaldehyde, carvacrol, 3-octanol, and thymol, in comparison to other phytochemicals or the synthetic nematicide oxamyl. These phytochemicals were seen to damage nematode internal tissues but not its cuticle shape. Also, the environmental and (eco)toxicological parameters reported for these compounds suggest lower toxicity and higher safety of use than oxamyl. These compounds appear to be good candidates for the development of biopesticides for a more sustainable pest management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barbosa
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Jorge M S Faria
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tomás Cavaco
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Biotecnologia Vegetal, DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mota
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S L Vicente
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
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Inácio ML, Faria JMS, Haukeland S. Editorial: Novel approaches for sustainable crop yield and management of plant-parasitic nematodes. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1274757. [PMID: 37711305 PMCID: PMC10498114 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1274757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Inácio
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. S. Faria
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Oeiras, Portugal
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - Solveig Haukeland
- Plant Health Theme, ICIPE, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, NIBIO, Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Faria JMS, Cavaco T, Gonçalves D, Barbosa P, Teixeira DM, Moiteiro C, Inácio ML. First Report on the Synergistic Interaction between Essential Oils against the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2438. [PMID: 37446999 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Control of the pinewood nematode (PWN), the causal agent of pine wilt disease, can be achieved through the trunk injection of nematicides; however, many pesticides have been linked to environmental and human health concerns. Essential oils (EOs) are suitable alternatives due to their biodegradability and low toxicity to mammals. These complex mixtures of plant volatiles often display multiple biological activities and synergistic interactions between their compounds. The present work profiled the toxicity of eight EOs against the PWN in comparison to their 1:1 mixtures, to screen for successful synergistic interactions. Additionally, the main compounds of the most synergistic mixtures were characterized for their predicted environmental fate and toxicity to mammals in comparison to emamectin benzoate, a commercial nematicide used against PWN. The mixtures of Cymbopogon citratus with Mentha piperita and of Foeniculum vulgare with Satureja montana EOs showed the highest activities, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of 0.09 and 0.05 µL/mL, respectively. For these, complete PWN mortality was reached after only ca. 15 min or 2 h of direct contact, respectively. Their major compounds had a higher predicted affinity to air and water environmental compartments and are reported to have very low toxicity to mammals, with low acute oral and dermal toxicities. In comparison, emamectin benzoate showed lower nematicidal activity, a higher affinity to the soil and sediments environmental compartments and higher reported oral and dermal toxicity to mammals. Overall, uncovering synergistic activities in combinations of EOs from plants of different families may prove to be a source of biopesticides with optimized toxicity against PWNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M S Faria
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, I.P., Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Tomás Cavaco
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, I.P., Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-107 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo Gonçalves
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, I.P., Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Dora Martins Teixeira
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
- Science and Technology School, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Cristina Moiteiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria L Inácio
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, I.P., Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Faria JMS, Barrulas P, Pinto AP, Brito I, Teixeira DM. Mycorrhizal Colonization of Wheat by Intact Extraradical Mycelium of Mn-Tolerant Native Plants Induces Different Biochemical Mechanisms of Protection. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12112091. [PMID: 37299071 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil with excess Mn induces toxicity and impairs crop growth. However, with the development in the soil of an intact extraradical mycelia (ERM) from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiotic to native Mn-tolerant plants, wheat growth is promoted due to a stronger AMF colonization and subsequent increased protection against Mn toxicity. To determine the biochemical mechanisms of protection induced by this native ERM under Mn toxicity, wheat grown in soil from previously developed Lolium rigidum (LOL) or Ornithopus compressus (ORN), both strongly mycotrophic plants, was compared to wheat grown in soil from previously developed Silene gallica (SIL), a non-mycotrophic plant. Wheat grown after LOL or ORN had 60% higher dry weight, ca. two-fold lower Mn levels and almost double P contents. Mn in the shoots was preferentially translocated to the apoplast along with Mg and P. The activity of catalase increased; however, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed lower activities. Wheat grown after ORN differed from that grown after LOL by displaying slightly higher Mn levels, higher root Mg and Ca levels and higher GPX and Mn-SOD activities. The AMF consortia established from these native plants can promote distinct biochemical mechanisms for protecting wheat against Mn toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M S Faria
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barrulas
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
- School of Science and Technology, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho n°59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pinto
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- School of Science and Technology, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho n°59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Isabel Brito
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- School of Science and Technology, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho n°59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Dora Martins Teixeira
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
- School of Science and Technology, Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho n°59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
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Vicente CSL, Soares M, Faria JMS, Espada M, Mota M, Nóbrega F, Ramos AP, Inácio ML. Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:908308. [PMID: 35812912 PMCID: PMC9257700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.908308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Considered one of the most devastating plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (commonly known as pinewood nematode, PWN) is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease in the Eurasian coniferous forests. This migratory parasitic nematode is carried by an insect vector (Monochamus spp.) into the host tree (Pinus species), where it can feed on parenchymal cells and reproduce massively, resulting in the tree wilting. In declining trees, PWN populations are strongly dependent on fungal communities colonizing the host (predominantly ophiostomatoid fungi known to cause sapwood blue-staining, the blue-stain fungi), which not only influence their development and life cycle but also the number of individuals carried by the insect vector into a new host. Our main aim is to understand if PWN-associated mycobiota plays a key role in the development of PWD, in interaction with the PWN and the insect vector, and to what extent it can be targeted to disrupt the disease cycle. For this purpose, we characterized the fungal communities of Pinus pinaster trees infected and non-infected with PWN in three collection sites in Continental Portugal with different PWD temporal incidences. Our results showed that non-infected P. pinaster mycoflora is more diverse (in terms of abundance and fungal richness) than PWN-infected pine trees in the most recent PWD foci, as opposed to the fungal communities of long-term PWD history sites. Then, due to their ecological importance for PWN survival, representatives of the main ophiostomatoid fungi isolated (Ophiostoma, Leptographium, and Graphilbum) were characterized for their adaptative response to temperature, competition in-between taxa, and as food source for PWN. Under the conditions studied, Leptographium isolates showed promising results for PWN control. They could outcompete the other species, especially O. ips, and significantly reduce the development of PWN populations when compared to Botrytis cinerea (routinely used for PWN lab culturing), suggesting this to be a natural antagonist not only for the other blue-stain species but also for the PWN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora - Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Soares
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. S. Faria
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Espada
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora - Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mota
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology, Universidade de Évora - Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Filomena Nóbrega
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Ramos
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria L. Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
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Faria JMS, Pinto AP, Teixeira D, Brito I, Carvalho M. Diversity of Native Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Extraradical Mycelium Influences Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Wheat Grown Under Mn Toxicity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2022; 108:451-456. [PMID: 33891141 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural practices based on the development of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve crop growth and stress tolerance in acidic soils with manganese toxicity. The beneficial effects are stronger when crops are colonized early in development by an intact extraradical mycelium (ERM), but are dependent on AMF assemblage. In wheat colonized by AMF associated to Lolium rigidum L. (LOL) or Ornithopus compressus (ORN), growth and stress tolerance are differently influenced. In the present study, this functional diversity was studied by evaluating the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Mn-SOD. ORN treatment promoted higher wheat shoot and root dry weights, a higher root protein content, decreased root APX, GR and SOD activities but a higher proportion of MnSOD activity. ORN associated microbiota differently manage antioxidant enzyme activity of succeeding wheat to improve growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M S Faria
- INIAV, I.P., Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária E Veterinária, Quinta Do Marquês, 2780-159, Oeiras, Portugal.
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Ana Paula Pinto
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
- Science and Technology School of Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal
| | - Dora Teixeira
- Science and Technology School of Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Isabel Brito
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
- Science and Technology School of Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal
| | - Mário Carvalho
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
- Science and Technology School of Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal
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Faria JMS, Barbosa P, Vieira P, Vicente CSL, Figueiredo AC, Mota M. Phytochemicals as Biopesticides against the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: A Review on Essential Oils and Their Volatiles. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10122614. [PMID: 34961085 PMCID: PMC8706428 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of a rapidly changing environment together with the growth in global trade activities has promoted new plant pest pandemic events in forest ecosystems. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes strong worldwide economic and ecological impacts. Direct control is performed through trunk injection of powerful nematicides, however many of these (hemi)synthetic compounds have raised ecological and human health concerns for affecting non-target species and accumulating in food products. As sustainable alternatives, essential oils (EOs) have shown very promising results. In this work, available literature on the direct activity of EOs against PWN is reviewed, as a contribution to advance the search for safer and greener biopesticides to be used in sustainable PWD pest management strategies. For the first time, important parameters concerning the bioassays performed, the PWNs bioassayed, and the EOs used are summarized and comparatively analyzed. Ultimately, an overview of the chemical composition of the most active EOs allowed to uncover preliminary guidelines for anti-PWN EO efficiency. The analysis of important information on the volatile phytochemicals composing nematicidal EOs provides a solid basis to engineer sustainable biopesticides capable of controlling the PWN under an integrated pest management framework and contributes to improved forest health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. S. Faria
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Paulo Vieira
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- INIAV, I.P., National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab-MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (P.B.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
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Vicente CSL, Soares M, Faria JMS, Ramos AP, Inácio ML. Insights into the Role of Fungi in Pine Wilt Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090780. [PMID: 34575818 PMCID: PMC8469835 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a complex disease that severely affects the biodiversity and economy of Eurasian coniferous forests. Three factors are described as the main elements of the disease: the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the insect-vector Monochamus spp., and the host tree, mainly Pinus spp. Nonetheless, other microbial interactors have also been considered. The study of mycoflora in PWD dates back the late seventies. Culturomic studies have revealed diverse fungal communities associated with all PWD key players, composed frequently of saprophytic fungi (i.e., Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma) but also of necrotrophic pathogens associated with bark beetles, such as ophiostomatoid or blue-stain fungi. In particular, the ophiostomatoid fungi often recovered from wilted pine trees or insect pupal chambers/tunnels, are considered crucial for nematode multiplication and distribution in the host tree. Naturally occurring mycoflora, reported as possible biocontrol agents of the nematode, are also discussed in this review. This review discloses the contrasting effects of fungal communities in PWD and highlights promising fungal species as sources of PWD biocontrol in the framework of sustainable pest management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
| | - Miguel Soares
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.P.R.)
| | - Jorge M. S. Faria
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Ramos
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.P.R.)
- Linking Environment Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria L. Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
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Faria JMS, Teixeira DM, Pinto AP, Brito I, Barrulas P, Alho L, Carvalho M. Toxic levels of manganese in an acidic Cambisol alters antioxidant enzymes activity, element uptake and subcellular distribution in Triticum aestivum. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 193:110355. [PMID: 32120164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Montado system, in Portuguese Alentejo region, some Eutric Cambisols are known to promote manganese (Mn) toxicity in wheat. Variation on bioavailable Mn concentration depends on soil acidity, which can be increased by natural events (e.g. waterlogging) or human activity (e.g. excess use of chemical fertilizers). The effect of increasing soil Mn on crop element uptake, element distribution and oxidative stress was evaluated on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Plants were grown for 3 weeks in an acidic Cambisol spiked with increasing Mn concentrations (0, 45.2 and 90.4 mg MnCl2/Kg soil). Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and Mn were quantified in the soil solution, root and shoot tissues and respective subcellular fractions. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in extracts of wheat shoots and roots. Overall, increase in soil bioavailable Mn inhibited the uptake of other elements, increased the Ca proportion in the root apoplast, promoted the translocation of Mn and P to shoot tissues and increased their proportion in the shoot vacuoles. Wheat roots showed greater antioxidant enzymes activities than shoots. These activities decreased at the highest soil Mn concentration in both plant parts. Wheat roots appear to be more sensitive to oxidative stress derived from excess soil Mn and promote Mn translocation and storage in shoot vacuoles, probably in Mn and P complexes, as a detoxification strategy. Improvement in wheat production, in acidic soils, may rely on the enhancement of its Mn detoxification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M S Faria
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Dora Martins Teixeira
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal; Science and Technology School of Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Ana Paula Pinto
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Science and Technology School of Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Brito
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Science and Technology School of Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Barrulas
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Luís Alho
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Science and Technology School of Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Mário Carvalho
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Évora University, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Science and Technology School of Évora University, Rua Romão Ramalho nº59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
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Faria JMS, Rodrigues AM, Sena I, Moiteiro C, Bennett RN, Mota M, Figueiredo AC. Bioactivity of Ruta graveolens and Satureja montana Essential Oils on Solanum tuberosum Hairy Roots and Solanum tuberosum Hairy Roots with Meloidogyne chitwoodi Co-cultures. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:7452-7458. [PMID: 27653470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As a nematotoxics screening biotechnological system, Solanum tuberosum hairy roots (StHR) and S. tuberosum hairy roots with Meloidogyne chitwoodi co-cultures (StHR/CRKN) were evaluated, with and without the addition of the essential oils (EOs) of Satureja montana and Ruta graveolens. EOs nematotoxic and phytotoxic effects were followed weekly by evaluating nematode population density in the co-cultures as well as growth and volatile profiles of both in vitro cultures types. Growth, measured by the dissimilation method and by fresh and dry weight determination, was inhibited after EO addition. Nematode population increased in control cultures, while in EO-added cultures numbers were kept stable. In addition to each of the EOs main components, and in vitro cultures constitutive volatiles, new volatiles were detected by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in both culture types. StHR with CRKN co-cultures showed to be suitable for preliminary assessment of nematotoxic EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M S Faria
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, CBV , C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Rodrigues
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, CBV , C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Sena
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, CBV , C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Moiteiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Richard N Bennett
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro , Quinta dos Prados, Apartado 1013, 5000-911 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab, ICAAM-Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora , Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, EPCV , Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, CBV , C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Faria JMS, Sena I, Vieira da Silva I, Ribeiro B, Barbosa P, Ascensão L, Bennett RN, Mota M, Figueiredo AC. In vitro co-cultures of Pinus pinaster with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: a biotechnological approach to study pine wilt disease. Planta 2015; 241:1325-36. [PMID: 25677754 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Co-cultures of Pinus pinaster with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were established as a biotechnological tool to evaluate the effect of nematotoxics addition in a host/parasite culture system. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), was detected for the first time in Europe in 1999 spreading throughout the pine forests in Portugal and recently in Spain. Plant in vitro cultures may be a useful experimental system to investigate the plant/nematode relationships in loco, thus avoiding the difficulties of field assays. In this study, Pinus pinaster in vitro cultures were established and compared to in vivo 1 year-old plantlets by analyzing shoot structure and volatiles production. In vitro co-cultures were established with the PWN and the effect of the phytoparasite on in vitro shoot structure, water content and volatiles production was evaluated. In vitro shoots showed similar structure and volatiles production to in vivo maritime pine plantlets. The first macroscopic symptoms of PWD were observed about 4 weeks after in vitro co-culture establishment. Nematode population in the culture medium increased and PWNs were detected in gaps of the callus tissue and in cavities developed from the degradation of cambial cells. In terms of volatiles main components, plantlets, P. pinaster cultures, and P. pinaster with B. xylophilus co-cultures were all β- and α-pinene rich. Co-cultures may be an easy-to-handle biotechnological approach to study this pathology, envisioning the understanding of and finding ways to restrain this highly devastating nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M S Faria
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, DBV, CESAM, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal,
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Faria JMS, Barbosa P, Bennett RN, Mota M, Figueiredo AC. Bioactivity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: Nematotoxics from essential oils, essential oils fractions and decoction waters. Phytochemistry 2013; 94:220-8. [PMID: 23829930 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The Portuguese pine forest has become dangerously threatened by pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Synthetic chemicals are the most common pesticides used against phytoparasitic nematodes but its use has negative ecological impacts. Phytochemicals may prove to be environmentally friendly alternatives. Essential oils (EOs) and decoction waters, isolated from 84 plant samples, were tested against B. xylophilus, in direct contact assays. Some successful EOs were fractionated and the fractions containing hydrocarbons or oxygen-containing molecules tested separately. Twenty EOs showed corrected mortalities ⩾96% at 2 μL/mL. These were further tested at lower concentrations. Ruta graveolens, Satureja montana and Thymbra capitata EOs showed lethal concentrations (LC100)<0.4μL/mL. Oxygen-containing molecules fractions showing corrected mortality ⩾96% did not always show LC100 values similar to the corresponding EOs, suggesting additive and/or synergistic relationships among fractions. Nine decoction waters (remaining hydrodistillation waters) revealed 100% mortality at a minimum concentration of 12.5μL/mL. R. graveolens, S. montana and T. capitata EOs are potential environmentally friendly alternatives for B. xylophilus control given their high nematotoxic properties. Nematotoxic activity of an EO should be taken in its entirety, as its different components may contribute, in distinct ways, to the overall EO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M S Faria
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Barbosa P, Faria JMS, Mendes MD, Dias LS, Tinoco MT, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Figueiredo AC, Mota M. Bioassays against pinewood nematode: assessment of a suitable dilution agent and screening for bioactive essential oils. Molecules 2012; 17:12312-29. [PMID: 23085666 PMCID: PMC6268321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171012312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetone was investigated and found to be an appropriate alternative to Triton X-100 as a solvent of essential oils in bioassays aimed to investigate their effects on pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) mortality. Therefore it was used as dilution agent to screen the effectiveness of fifty two essential oils against this pest. Thirteen essential oils were highly effective, resulting in more than 90% pinewood nematode mortality at 2 mg/mL, with six of them resulting in 100% mortality. LC₁₀₀ values ranged between 0.50 mg/mL and 0.83 mg/mL for the essential oils of Origanum vulgare and Satureja montana, respectively. Essential oils were submitted to gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and their chemical composition established. Data from essential oils with 100% mortality at 2 mg/mL and other essential oils previously found to have LC₁₀₀ ≤ 2 mg/mL was combined, their chemical profiles investigated by correspondences analysis plus automatic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barbosa
- NemaLab-ICAAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. S. Faria
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta D. Mendes
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Silva Dias
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Tinoco
- ICAAM, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - José G. Barroso
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis G. Pedro
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, DBV, IBB, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab-ICAAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
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Nunes IS, Faria JMS, Figueiredo AC, Pedro LG, Trindade H, Barroso JG. Menthol and geraniol biotransformation and glycosylation capacity of Levisticum officinale hairy roots. Planta Med 2009; 75:387-91. [PMID: 19156598 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1112217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation capacity of Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch hairy root cultures was studied by evaluating the effect of the addition of 25 mg/L menthol or geraniol on morphology, growth, and volatiles production. L. officinale hairy root cultures were maintained for 7 weeks in SH medium, in darkness at 24 degrees C and 80 r.p.m., and the substrates were added 15 days after inoculation. Growth was evaluated by measuring fresh and dry weight and by using the dissimilation method. Volatiles composition was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Hairy roots morphology and growth were not influenced by substrate addition. No new volatiles were detected after menthol addition and, as was also the case with the control cultures, volatiles of these hairy roots were dominated by (Z)-falcarinol (1-45%), N-octanal (3-8%), palmitic acid (3-10%), and (Z)-ligustilide (2-9%). The addition of geraniol induced the production of six new volatiles: nerol/citronellol/neral (traces-15%), alpha-terpineol (0.2-3%), linalool (0.1-1.2%), and geranyl acetate (traces-2%). The relative amounts of the substrates and some of their biotransformation products decreased during the course of the experiment. Following the addition of beta-glycosidase to the remaining distillation water, analysis of the extracted volatiles showed that lovage hairy roots were able to convert both substrates and their biotransformation products into glycosidic forms. GC:gas chromatography GC-MS:gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SH:Schenk and Hildebrandt (1972) culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês S Nunes
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Lisbon, Portugal
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