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Bustamante N, Campillo NE, García E, Gallego C, Pera B, Diakun GP, Sáiz JL, García P, Díaz JF, Menéndez M. Cpl-7, a lysozyme encoded by a pneumococcal bacteriophage with a novel cell wall-binding motif. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33184-33196. [PMID: 20720016 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.154559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage endolysins include a group of new antibacterials reluctant to development of resistance. We present here the first structural study of the Cpl-7 endolysin, encoded by pneumococcal bacteriophage Cp-7. It contains an N-terminal catalytic module (CM) belonging to the GH25 family of glycosyl hydrolases and a C-terminal region encompassing three identical repeats of 42 amino acids (CW_7 repeats). These repeats are unrelated to choline-targeting motifs present in other cell wall hydrolases produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae and its bacteriophages, and are responsible for the protein attachment to the cell wall. By combining different biophysical techniques and molecular modeling, a three-dimensional model of the overall protein structure is proposed, consistent with circular dichroism and sequence-based secondary structure prediction, small angle x-ray scattering data, and Cpl-7 hydrodynamic behavior. Cpl-7 is an ∼115-Å long molecule with two well differentiated regions, corresponding to the CM and the cell wall binding region (CWBR), arranged in a lateral disposition. The CM displays the (βα)(5)β(3) barrel topology characteristic of the GH25 family, and the impact of sequence differences with the CM of the Cpl-1 lysozyme in substrate binding is discussed. The CWBR is organized in three tandemly assembled three-helical bundles whose dispositions remind us of a super-helical structure. Its approximate dimensions are 60 × 20 × 20 Å and presents a concave face that might constitute the functional region involved in bacterial surface recognition. The distribution of CW_7 repeats in the sequences deposited in the Entrez Database have been examined, and the results drastically expanded the antimicrobial potential of the Cpl-7 endolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Bustamante
- From the Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria E Campillo
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto García
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gallego
- From the Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Benet Pera
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Sáiz
- From the Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro García
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Fernando Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- From the Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Kaltner H, Solís D, André S, Lensch M, Manning JC, Mürnseer M, Sáiz JL, Gabius HJ. Unique Chicken Tandem-Repeat-Type Galectin: Implications of Alternative Splicing and a Distinct Expression Profile Compared to Those of the Three Proto-Type Proteins. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4403-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900083q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kaltner
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Martin Lensch
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Joachim C. Manning
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Michael Mürnseer
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - José Luis Sáiz
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 München, Germany
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López-Lucendo MF, Solís D, Sáiz JL, Kaltner H, Russwurm R, André S, Gabius HJ, Romero A. Homodimeric Chicken Galectin CG-1B (C-14): Crystal Structure and Detection of Unique Redox-Dependent Shape Changes Involving Inter- and Intrasubunit Disulfide Bridges by Gel Filtration, Ultracentrifugation, Site-Directed Mutagenesis, and Peptide Mass Fingerprinting. J Mol Biol 2009; 386:366-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Monterroso B, Sáiz JL, García P, García JL, Menéndez M. Insights into the structure-function relationships of pneumococcal cell wall lysozymes, LytC and Cpl-1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28618-28. [PMID: 18667432 PMCID: PMC2661411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802808200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The LytC lysozyme belongs to the autolytic system of Streptococcus pneumoniae and carries out a slow autolysis with optimum activity at 30 degrees C. Like all pneumococcal murein hydrolases, LytC is a modular enzyme. Its mature form comprises a catalytic module belonging to the GH25 family of glycosyl-hydrolases and a cell wall binding module (CBM), made of 11 sequence repeats, that is essential for activity and specifically targets choline residues present in pneumococcal lipoteichoic and teichoic acids. Here we show that the catalytic module is natively folded, and its thermal denaturation takes place at 45.4 degrees C. However, the CBM is intrinsically unstable, and the ultimate folding and stabilization of the active, monomeric form of LytC relies on choline binding. The complex formation proceeds in a rather slow way, and all sites (8.0 +/- 0.5 sites/monomer) behave as equivalent (Kd = 2.7 +/- 0.3 mm). The CBM stabilization is, nevertheless, marginal, and irreversible denaturation becomes measurable at 37 degrees C even at high choline concentration, compromising LytC activity. In contrast, the Cpl-1 lysozyme, a homologous endolysin encoded by pneumococcal Cp-1 bacteriophage, is natively folded in the absence of choline and has maximum activity at 37 degrees C. Choline binding is fast and promotes Cpl-1 dimerization. Coupling between choline binding and folding of the CBM of LytC indicates a high conformational plasticity that could correlate with the unusual alternation of short and long choline-binding repeats present in this enzyme. Moreover, it can contribute to regulate LytC activity by means of a tight, complementary binding to the pneumococcal envelope, a limited motility, and a moderate resistance to thermal denaturation that could also account for its activity versus temperature profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Monterroso
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Kaltner H, Solís D, Kopitz J, Lensch M, Lohr M, Manning JC, Mürnseer M, Schnölzer M, André S, Sáiz JL, Gabius HJ. Prototype chicken galectins revisited: characterization of a third protein with distinctive hydrodynamic behaviour and expression pattern in organs of adult animals. Biochem J 2007; 409:591-9. [PMID: 17887955 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prototype galectins are versatile modulators of cell adhesion and growth via their reactivity to certain carbohydrate and protein ligands. These functions and the galectins' marked developmental regulation explain their attractiveness as models to dissect divergent evolution after gene duplication. Only two members have so far been assumed to constitute this group in chicken, namely the embryonic muscle/liver form {C-16 or CLL-I [16 kDa; chicken lactose lectin, later named CG-16 (chicken galectin-16)]} and the embryonic skin/intestine form (CLL-II or C-14; later named CG-14). In the present study, we report on the cloning and expression of a third prototype CG. It has deceptively similar electrophoretic mobility compared with recombinant C-14, the protein first isolated from embryonic skin, and turned out to be identical with the intestinal protein. Hydrodynamic properties unusual for a homodimeric galectin and characteristic traits in the proximal promoter region set it apart from the two already known CGs. Their structural vicinity to galectin-1 prompts their classification as CG-1A (CG-16)/CG-1B (CG-14), whereas sequence similarity to mammalian galectin-2 gives reason to refer to the intestinal protein as CG-2. The expression profiling by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies discerned non-overlapping expression patterns for the three CGs in several organs of adult animals. Overall, the results reveal a network of three prototype galectins in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kaltner
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 München, Germany
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Campanero-Rhodes MA, Menéndez M, Sáiz JL, Sanz L, Calvete JJ, Solís D. Analysis of the stability of the spermadhesin PSP-I/PSP-II heterodimer. Effects of Zn2+ and acidic pH. FEBS J 2005; 272:5663-70. [PMID: 16262703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spermadhesins are a family of 12-16 kDa proteins with a single CUB domain. PSP-I and PSP-II, the most abundant boar spermadhesins, are present in seminal plasma as a noncovalent heterodimer. Dimerization markedly affects the binding ability of the subunits. Notably, heparin and mannose 6-phosphate binding abilities of PSP-II are abolished, indicating that the corresponding binding sites may be located at (or near) the dimer interface. Pursuing the hypothesis that cryptic binding sites in PSP-I/PSP-II may be exposed in specific physiological environments, we examined the influence of Zn2+ and acidic pH on the heterodimer stability. According to near-UV CD spectra, the core native fold is preserved in the presence of physiological concentrations of Zn2+, a cation unusually abundant in boar seminal plasma. However, the thermostability of the heterodimer decreases significantly, as observed by CD and differential scanning calorimetry. The effect is Zn2+-specific and is reversed by EDTA. Destabilization is also observed at acidic pH. Gel filtration analysis using radioiodinated PSP-I/PSP-II reveals that dissociation of the heterodimer at low (nanomolar) protein concentrations is promoted by both Zn2+ and acidic pH. Although the integrity of the heterodimer in seminal plasma seems to be guaranteed by its high concentration, dissociation may be facilitated in the female genital tract because of dilution of the protein in the intraluminal fluids of the cervix and the uterus, and the acidic fluid of the uterotubal junction. Such a mechanism may be relevant in the regulation of uterine immune reactions.
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