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Takacs G, Kreiger C, Luo D, Flores-Toro J, Deleyrolle L, Rahman M, Mitchell D, Harrison J. IMMU-05. CCR2+ MYELOID-DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELLS FROM MURINE GLIOMAS ARE SOURCED FROM THE BONE MARROW, SUPPRESS T CELL ACTIVATION, AND MIGRATE TO CCL2. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab196.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Mounting evidence suggests infiltrating immune-suppressive cells contribute to immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance and poor survival in Glioblastoma (GBM) patients. We have previously shown glioma-associated monocytic-myeloid derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) express chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1. Genetic and pharmacologic targeting of CCR2 promoted sequestration of M-MDSCs in the bone marrow and, in combination with PD-1 blockade, slowed progression of KR158 and 005GSC murine gliomas. This combination treatment also enhanced infiltration of IFNg-producing T cells that were less exhausted. Although CCR2+/CX3CR1+ cells display surface markers indicative of bone marrow-derived M-MDSCs, additional studies are needed to formally establish the source of these cells and to determine if they exhibit an immune-suppressive phenotype as well as migrate to the CCR2 ligands, CCL2 and/or CCL7.
OBJECTIVE
Evaluate the source, migration, and immune suppressive function of CCR2+/CX3CR1+ myeloid cells from glioma bearing mice.
METHODS
To identify the source of CCR2+/CX3CR1+ myeloid cells, chimeric wild type mice harboring bone marrow cells from transgenic CCR2WT/RFP/CX3CR1WT/GFP mice were generated. CCR2+/CX3CR1+ cells were enriched from bone marrow obtained from either wild-type or CCR2WT/RFP/CX3CR1WT/GFP naïve and glioma-bearing mice in order to evaluate their immune suppressive phenotype and ability to migrate to CCL2 and CCL7.
RESULTS
CCR2+/CX3CR1+ cells are present in glioma isolates from chimeric mice, indicative of a bone marrow-derived cell population, and are detectable within the tumor microenvironment as early as 3 days post orthotopic implantation of KR158 cells; these cells accumulate as tumors increase in size (r=0.7605, p=0.007). CCR2+/CX3CR1+ M-MDSCs isolated from the bone marrow of tumor bearing mice suppress CD8+ T cell production of IFNg and migrate to CCL2 more efficiently than CCL7.
CONCLUSION
CCR2+/CX3CR1+ cells from glioma bearing mice are derived from the bone marrow and represent an immune suppressive population that migrates to CCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Defang Luo
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Flores-Toro J, Chun SK, Shin JK, Campbell J, Lichtenberger M, Chapman W, Zendejas I, Behrns K, Leeuwenburgh C, Kim JS. Critical Roles of Calpastatin in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Aged Livers. Cells 2021; 10:1863. [PMID: 34440632 PMCID: PMC8394464 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury unavoidably occurs during hepatic resection and transplantation. Aged livers poorly tolerate I/R during surgical treatment. Although livers have a powerful endogenous inhibitor of calpains, calpastatin (CAST), I/R activates calpains, leading to impaired autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hepatocyte death. It is unknown how I/R in aged livers affects CAST. Human and mouse liver biopsies at different ages were collected during in vivo I/R. Hepatocytes were isolated from 3-month- (young) and 26-month-old (aged) mice, and challenged with short in vitro simulated I/R. Cell death, protein expression, autophagy, and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) between the two age groups were compared. Adenoviral vector was used to overexpress CAST. Significant cell death was observed only in reperfused aged hepatocytes. Before the commencement of ischemia, CAST expression in aged human and mouse livers and mouse hepatocytes was markedly greater than that in young counterparts. However, reperfusion substantially decreased CAST in aged human and mouse livers. In hepatocytes, reperfusion rapidly depleted aged cells of CAST, cleaved autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), and induced defective autophagy and MPT onset, all of which were blocked by CAST overexpression. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology was shifted toward an elongated shape with CAST overexpression. In conclusion, CAST in aged livers is intrinsically short-lived and lost after short I/R. CAST depletion contributes to age-dependent liver injury after I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Flores-Toro
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
| | - Sung-Kook Chun
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
| | - Jun-Kyu Shin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Joan Campbell
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Melissa Lichtenberger
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
| | - William Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Ivan Zendejas
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
| | - Kevin Behrns
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Rahman M, Sawyer WG, Lindhorst S, Deleyrolle LP, Harrison JK, Karachi A, Dastmalchi F, Flores-Toro J, Mitchell DA, Lim M, Gilbert MR, Reardon DA. Adult immuno-oncology: using past failures to inform the future. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:1249-1261. [PMID: 32391559 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In oncology, "immunotherapy" is a broad term encompassing multiple means of utilizing the patient's immune system to combat malignancy. Prominent among these are immune checkpoint inhibitors, cellular therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma (GBM) has had mixed results in early trials. In this context, the past, present, and future of immune oncology for the treatment of GBM was discussed by clinical, research, and thought leaders as well as patient advocates at the first annual Remission Summit in 2019. The goal was to use current knowledge (published and unpublished) to identify possible causes of treatment failures and the best strategies to advance immunotherapy as a treatment modality for patients with GBM. The discussion focuses on past failures, current limitations, failure analyses, and proposed best practices moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - W Gregory Sawyer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott Lindhorst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Loic P Deleyrolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jeffrey K Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Aida Karachi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Farhad Dastmalchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joseph Flores-Toro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael Lim
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David A Reardon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Tian G, Yang C, Andrews M, Karachi A, Dajac M, Doshi D, Mendez-Gomez H, Moore G, Flores-Toro J, Rahman M, Huang J, Sayour E, Harrison J, Mitchell D, Deleyrolle L. TAMI-19. METABOLIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TUMOR CELLS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN GBM: A POTENTIAL ACHILLES HEEL OF GBM FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. Neuro Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Glioblastoma (GBM) contains cell populations with distinct metabolic requirements, with fast-cycling cells harnessing aerobic glycolysis, and treatment-resistant slow-cycling cells (SCCs) preferentially engaging lipid metabolism. How the different tumor cells interact with immune cells and how this metabolic heterogeneity shapes the immune landscape in GBM has yet to be understood.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives are to unravel the various molecular signals and metabolic link that underlie the interaction of SCCs with the GBM microenvironment, in particular with the suppressive immune compartment, and to effectively target these interactions for better therapeutics.
METHODS
Multiple murine glioma cell lines were used to establish metabolic heterogeneity and communications, while various genetic and pharmacological approaches were applied to assess the effect of disrupting the metabolic interplay between SCCs and the immune system.
RESULTS
We determined that SCCs exhibit distinct metabolic dependencies, involving preferential lipid metabolism supported by enhanced fatty acid uptake. We also found that tumor progression is regulated by the interaction of SCCs with the immune system and established that SCCs recruit immune suppressive M2-like macrophages to the tumor microenvironment, which in turn work against tumor immune rejection by inhibiting T cell anti-tumor activity. The immune microenvironment shaped by SCCs is marked by specific metabolic features enhancing lipid exchange capacities that are exploited by SCCs to support their survival and functions. Importantly, disrupting lipid metabolic exchange sensitized tumors to chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION
Our results reveal that metabolic interactions between SCCs and tumor-associated macrophages within the GBM microenvironment play a critical role in the development of drug and immune resistant tumors. This study delineates these metabolic communications and assesses the potential therapeutic effect of disrupting these interactions to treat GBM. The insights generated from this project uncover fundamental principles of the emerging connections between the tumor microenvironment, cell metabolism, anti-tumor immunity, and associated therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changlin Yang
- University of Florida, Department of Neurosurgery, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Aida Karachi
- University of Florida, Department of Neurosurgery, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Duane Mitchell
- University of Florida, Department of Neurosurgery, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Sayour E, Yang C, Tian G, Grippin A, Dajac M, Nazareth B, Andrews M, Karachi A, Mendez-Gomez H, Stover B, Moore G, Flores-Toro J, Divita B, Kresak J, Rahman M, Flores C, Huang J, Harrison J, Mitchell D, Deleyrolle L. TMIC-29. METABOLIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TREATMENT-RESISTANT SLOW-CYCLING CELLS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Intratumoral heterogeneity is increasingly recognized as a determinant of therapy resistance and disease recurrence; this is exemplified by glioblastoma (GBM), one of the most lethal malignancies. We recently revealed that GBM contain cell subpopulations with distinct metabolic requirements, with fast-cycling cells (FCCs) harnessing aerobic glycolysis, and treatment-resistant slow-cycling cells (SCCs) preferentially engaging lipid metabolism. How the different tumor cell populations interact with immune cells and how this metabolic heterogeneity shapes the immune landscape in GBM has yet to be understood. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to understand the mechanisms of communication in the tumor microenvironment, specifically to characterize the metabolic interactions between SCCs (a therapeutically resistant population of cancer cells that drive disease progression and recurrence) and the immune compartment.
METHODS
The murine glioma cell line KR158 (derived from a Nf1;Trp53 mutant mouse) was used to establish the slow-cycling cell paradigm and metabolic heterogeneity in an immune-competent model of glioma.
RESULTS
Similar to what we observed in patient-derived specimens, mouse KR158-derived SCCs demonstrate tumorigenicity, treatment resistance and up-regulation of stemness programs and lipid metabolic pathways. We determined that tumor progression is regulated by the interaction of SCCs with the immune system and established that these cells are driving a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment via the recruitment of immune suppressive myeloid cells. Importantly, the immune microenvironment shaped by SCCs is marked by specific metabolic features showing enhanced lipid exchange capacities that we propose are exploited by SCCs to support their survival and functions.
CONCLUSION
Our study indicates that SCCs play a pivotal role in shifting the GBM milieu toward an immune regulatory phenotype but importantly reveals an unprecedented metabolic cooperation, which represents a novel therapeutic target to antagonize GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changlin Yang
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aida Karachi
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jesse Kresak
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maryam Rahman
- Lilian Wells Department of Neurological Surgery, the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Duane Mitchell
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Flores-Toro J, Luo D, Campbell J, Charo I, Singh R, Schall T, Datta M, Jain R, Mitchell D, Harrison J. IMMU-05. DISRUPTION OF THE CCR2 CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR PATHWAY OVERCOMES THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE TO PD-1 BLOCKADE IN MALIGNANT GLIOMA. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Large scale clinical trials have failed to determine efficacy of adjuvant PD-1 blockade in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). However, recent phase 2 clinical trial results demonstrating the potential of neo-adjuvant anti-PD-1 treatment have renewed enthusiasm for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in GBM. Additional benefit of ICIs in GBM will likely derive from development of novel therapies directed against immunosuppressive resistance mechanisms. Chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expressing tumor infiltrative immune suppressive myeloid cells represent a targetable axis within ICI resistant gliomas. We have established that CCR2 disruption unmasks an effect of anti-PD-1 therapy in ICI resistant murine glioma models. However, the mechanism(s) by which combined inhibition of PD-1 and CCR2 achieves efficacy is unknown.
OBJECTIVE
Determine the impact of combination anti-PD-1 and CCR2 antagonism on immune cells within anti-PD-1 resistant gliomas.
METHODS
Immune cell characteristics were determined in CCR2 antagonist (CCX872)/anti-PD-1 treated KR158 or 005 GSC glioma-bearing wild type or CCR2+/rfp/CX3CR1+/gfp reporter mice.
RESULTS
CCX872 increased median survival (32 vs. 50 days, P=.002) in KR158 tumor-bearing animals and in combination with anti-PD-1 significantly increased durable survival (P=.0005). In 005 GSC glioma-bearing mice, combination therapy also enhanced median survival (30 vs. 49 days, P=.005). CCX872 decreased CD45+/CD11bhi/Ly6Chi MDSCs (40%, P=.038) within gliomas, and increased these cells within bone marrow in both models (74%, P=.020). Three distinct intra-tumoral populations of CCR2+ and CX3CR1+ cells were identified in both glioma models including CCR2+/CX3CR1-/CD45hi/CD11blo, CCR2+/CX3CR1+/CD45hi/CD11bhi/Ly6Chi, and CX3CR1+/CD45lo/CD11bhi/F4/80+/MHCII+, with both CCR2+ populations being reduced by CCX872 treatment. Examination of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes revealed both increased presence and decreased exhaustion (PD-1+/Tim3+) of CD4+ (P=.029) and CD8+ (P=.011) T-cells following CCX872/anti-PD-1 treatment.
CONCLUSION
CCX872/anti-PD-1 combination therapy is effective in clinically relevant murine glioma models, providing a basis to progress this novel combinatorial treatment to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Flores-Toro
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Defang Luo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Meenal Datta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duane Mitchell
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Flores-Toro J, Luo D, Gopinath A, Campbell J, Charo I, Singh R, Schall T, Harrison J. IMMU-51. THE COMBINATION OF CCR2 ANTAGONIST AND PD-1 BLOCKADE PROLONGS SURVIVAL IN IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR RESISTANT GLIOMAS. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy148.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Defang Luo
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Chun SK, Lee S, Flores-Toro J, U RY, Yang MJ, Go KL, Biel TG, Miney CE, Pierre Louis S, Law BK, Law ME, Thomas EM, Behrns KE, Leeuwenburgh C, Kim JS. Loss of sirtuin 1 and mitofusin 2 contributes to enhanced ischemia/reperfusion injury in aged livers. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12761. [PMID: 29774638 PMCID: PMC6052398 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a causative factor contributing to morbidity and mortality during liver resection and transplantation. Livers from elderly patients have a poorer recovery from these surgeries, indicating reduced reparative capacity with aging. Mechanisms underlying this age‐mediated hypersensitivity to I/R injury remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated how sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and mitofusin 2 (MFN2) are affected by I/R in aged livers. Young (3 months) and old (23–26 months) male C57/BL6 mice were subjected to hepatic I/R in vivo. Primary hepatocytes isolated from each age group were also exposed to simulated in vitro I/R. Biochemical, genetic, and imaging analyses were performed to assess cell death, autophagy flux, mitophagy, and mitochondrial function. Compared to young mice, old livers showed accelerated liver injury following mild I/R. Reperfusion of old hepatocytes also showed necrosis, accompanied with defective autophagy, onset of the mitochondrial permeability transition, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Biochemical analysis indicated a near‐complete loss of both SIRT1 and MFN2 after I/R in old hepatocytes, which did not occur in young cells. Overexpression of either SIRT1 or MFN2 alone in old hepatocytes failed to mitigate I/R injury, while co‐overexpression of both proteins promoted autophagy and prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death after reperfusion. Genetic approaches with deletion and point mutants revealed that SIRT1 deacetylated K655 and K662 residues in the C‐terminus of MFN2, leading to autophagy activation. The SIRT1‐MFN2 axis is pivotal during I/R recovery and may be a novel therapeutic target to reduce I/R injury in aged livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
- Department of Surgery; Saint Louis University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Joseph Flores-Toro
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Rebecca Y. U
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Ming-Jim Yang
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Kristina L. Go
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Thomas G. Biel
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Catherine E. Miney
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Schiley Pierre Louis
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Brian K. Law
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Mary E. Law
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Thomas
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Kevin E. Behrns
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
- Department of Surgery; Saint Louis University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
- Department of Surgery; Saint Louis University; St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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