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Navarro-Lobato I, Masmudi-Martín M, López-Aranda MF, López-Téllez JF, Delgado G, Granados-Durán P, Gaona-Romero C, Carretero-Rey M, Posadas S, Quiros-Ortega ME, Khan ZU. Promotion of structural plasticity in area V2 of visual cortex prevents against object recognition memory deficits in aging and Alzheimer's disease rodents. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1835-1841. [PMID: 38103251 PMCID: PMC10960297 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202408000-00038/figure1/v/2023-12-16T180322Z/r/image-tiff Memory deficit, which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases, has been a challenging issue for treatment. Up till now, all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfactory effects. Therefore, in the search for a solution, we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414 protein in visual area V2, a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe, which is crucial for object recognition memory (ORM), can induce enhancement of ORM. In this study, we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414 in visual area V2, which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, produced long-lasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arborization and spine density, as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer's disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits. These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, our findings of RGS14414 gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Navarro-Lobato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Mariam Masmudi-Martín
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Manuel F. López-Aranda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan F. López-Téllez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Gloria Delgado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Granados-Durán
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Celia Gaona-Romero
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero-Rey
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Sinforiano Posadas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - María E. Quiros-Ortega
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Zafar U. Khan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Masmudi-Martín M, Navarro-Lobato I, López-Aranda MF, Browning PGF, Simón AM, López-Téllez JF, Jiménez-Recuerda I, Martín-Montañez E, Pérez-Mediavilla A, Frechilla D, Baxter MG, Khan ZU. Reversal of Object Recognition Memory Deficit in Perirhinal Cortex-Lesioned Rats and Primates and in Rodent Models of Aging and Alzheimer's Diseases. Neuroscience 2020; 448:287-298. [PMID: 32905841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the perirhinal cortex (PRh) is essential for object recognition memory (ORM) function, and damage to this brain area in animals and humans induces irreversible ORM deficits. Here, we show that activation of area V2, a brain area interconnected with brain circuits of ventral stream and medial temporal lobe that sustain ORM, by expression of regulator of G-protein signaling 14 of 414 amino acids (RGS14414) restored ORM in memory-deficient PRh-lesioned rats and nonhuman primates. Furthermore, this treatment was sufficient for full recovery of ORM in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer's disease, conditions thought to affect multiple brain areas. Thus, RGS14414-mediated activation of area V2 has therapeutic relevance in the recovery of recognition memory, a type of memory that is primarily affected in patients or individuals with symptoms of memory dysfunction. These findings suggest that area V2 modulates the processing of memory-related information through activation of interconnected brain circuits formed by the participation of distinct brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Masmudi-Martín
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, CIMES, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Irene Navarro-Lobato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, CIMES, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Manuel F López-Aranda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, CIMES, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Philip G F Browning
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Ana-María Simón
- Division of Neurosciences, CIMA, University of Navarra, Av. Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan F López-Téllez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, CIMES, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Jiménez-Recuerda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, CIMES, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Elisa Martín-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, Malaga, Spain; IBIMA, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Diana Frechilla
- Division of Neurosciences, CIMA, University of Navarra, Av. Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mark G Baxter
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Zafar U Khan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, CIMES, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain; IBIMA, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; CIBERNED, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Masmudi-Martín M, Navarro-Lobato I, López-Aranda MF, Delgado G, Martín-Montañez E, Quiros-Ortega ME, Carretero-Rey M, Narváez L, Garcia-Garrido MF, Posadas S, López-Téllez JF, Blanco E, Jiménez-Recuerda I, Granados-Durán P, Paez-Rueda J, López JC, Khan ZU. RGS14 414 treatment induces memory enhancement and rescues episodic memory deficits. FASEB J 2019; 33:11804-11820. [PMID: 31365833 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900429rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Memory deficits affect a large proportion of the human population and are associated with aging and many neurologic, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases. Treatment of this mental disorder has been disappointing because all potential candidates studied thus far have failed to produce consistent effects across various types of memory and have shown limited to no effects on memory deficits. Here, we show that the promotion of neuronal arborization through the expression of the regulator of G-protein signaling 14 of 414 amino acids (RGS14414) not only induced robust enhancement of multiple types of memory but was also sufficient for the recovery of recognition, spatial, and temporal memory, which are kinds of episodic memory that are primarily affected in patients or individuals with memory dysfunction. We observed that a surge in neuronal arborization was mediated by up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling and that the deletion of BDNF abrogated both neuronal arborization activation and memory enhancement. The activation of BDNF-dependent neuronal arborization generated almost 2-fold increases in synapse numbers in dendrites of pyramidal neurons and in neurites of nonpyramidal neurons. This increase in synaptic connections might have evoked reorganization within neuronal circuits and eventually supported an increase in the activity of such circuits. Thus, in addition to showing the potential of RGS14414 for rescuing memory deficits, our results suggest that a boost in circuit activity could facilitate memory enhancement and the reversal of memory deficits.-Masmudi-Martín, M., Navarro-Lobato, I., López-Aranda, M. F., Delgado, G., Martín-Montañez, E., Quiros-Ortega, M. E., Carretero-Rey, M., Narváez, L., Garcia-Garrido, M. F., Posadas, S., López-Téllez, J. F., Blanco, E., Jiménez-Recuerda, I., Granados-Durán, P., Paez-Rueda, J., López, J. C., Khan, Z. U. RGS14414 treatment induces memory enhancement and rescues episodic memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Masmudi-Martín
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Irene Navarro-Lobato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Manuel F López-Aranda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Gloria Delgado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Elisa Martín-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Teatinos, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Maria E Quiros-Ortega
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero-Rey
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Lucía Narváez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Maria F Garcia-Garrido
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Sinforiano Posadas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan F López-Téllez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Jiménez-Recuerda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Granados-Durán
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Paez-Rueda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan C López
- Animal Behavior and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Zafar U Khan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Medico Sanitaria (CIMES), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Martín-Montañez E, López-Téllez JF, Acevedo MJ, Pavía J, Khan ZU. Efficiency of gene transfection reagents in NG108-15, SH-SY5Y and CHO-K1 cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 32:291-7. [PMID: 20664818 DOI: 10.1358/mf.2010.32.5.1498327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several gene delivery reagents were analyzed for their transfection efficiency. Genes studied belonged to the class of mammalian proteins termed regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS), ranged in size up to 2.2 Kb long and were transfected into the NG108-15, SH-SY5Y and CHO-K1 cell lines. Prior to transfection, genes were cloned into a nonviral vector pcDNA 6.2/EmGFP, so as to express a green fluorescent protein tag at the 3' end. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell fluorescent activity and thereby transfection efficiency. Gene delivery reagents Lipofectamine 2000 and ExGen 500 produced more effective transfection in NG108-15 cells whereas Lipofectamine 2000, ExGen 500 and TurboFectin 8.0 were more effective in CHO-K1 cells. In both these cell lines, transfection efficiency reached 60-80%. In SH-SY5Y cells, TurboFectin 8.0 produced the best transfection result; however efficiency level was only 5%. Gene size had no effect on transfection efficiency. Unlike Lipofectamine 2000, cells transfected using ExGen 500 showed morphological deformation. Our results suggest that Lipofectamine 2000 is the most suitable transfection medium for gene delivery to NG108-15 and CHO-K1 cells.
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López-Aranda MF, López-Téllez JF, Navarro-Lobato I, Masmudi-Martín M, Khan ZU. P1‐119: Treatment with RGS‐14 protein not only prevents but also recovers object memory loss found in ageing rats. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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López-Aranda MF, López-Téllez JF, Navarro-Lobato I, Masmudi-Martín M, Gutiérrez A, Khan ZU. Role of layer 6 of V2 visual cortex in object-recognition memory. Science 2009; 325:87-9. [PMID: 19574389 DOI: 10.1126/science.1170869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responses in the V2 secondary visual cortex to simple as well as complex visual stimuli have been well studied. However, the role of area V2 in visual memory remains unexplored. We found that layer 6 neurons of V2 are crucial for the processing of object-recognition memory (ORM). Using the protein regulator of G protein signaling-14 (RGS-14) as a tool, we found that the expression of this protein into layer 6 neurons of rat-brain area V2 promoted the conversion of a normal short-term ORM that normally lasts for 45 minutes into long-term memory detectable even after many months. Furthermore, elimination of the same-layer neurons by means of injection of a selective cytotoxin resulted in the complete loss of normal as well as protein-mediated enhanced ORM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F López-Aranda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
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López-Aranda MF, Navarro-Lobato I, López-Téllez JF, Blanco E, Masmudi-Martín M, Khan ZU. Activation of caspase-3 pathway by expression of sGαi2 protein in BHK cells. Neurosci Lett 2008; 439:37-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Olalla L, Gutiérrez A, Jiménez AJ, López-Téllez JF, Khan ZU, Pérez J, Alonso FJ, de la Rosa V, Campos-Sandoval JA, Segura JA, Aledo JC, Márquez J. Expression of the scaffolding PDZ protein glutaminase-interacting protein in mammalian brain. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:281-92. [PMID: 17847083 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A human brain cDNA clone coding for a novel PDZ-domain protein of 124 amino acids was previously isolated in our laboratory. The protein was termed glutaminase-interacting protein (GIP), because it interacts with the C-terminal region of the human L-type glutaminase (LGA). The pattern of expression and functions of GIP in brain are completely unknown, so its significance remains undefined. Here we describe the expression of GIP mRNA and protein in mammalian brain. Northern blot analysis revealed that GIP mRNA was ubiquitous in most regions of human brain but was particularly abundant in spinal cord. The presence of the protein in rat and monkey brain was studied at the regional, cellular, and subcellular level by immunocytochemistry. The protein was found to be present in both neurons and astrocytes, with a cytosolic and mitochondrial subcellular localization. Double immunofluorescence labeling with anti-GIP and anti-LGA antibodies using confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of both proteins in astrocyte cell processes and their perivascular end feet. Electron microscopy of rat brain neurons revealed GIP immunoreactivity concentrated also in the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane. The multiple locations for GIP in mammalian brain are in agreement with known protein interaction partners reported for this PDZ protein. The findings presented here support a role of GIP as an important scaffold in both astrocytes and neurons and point toward astrocytic processes and perivascular end feet as plausible anatomical substrates for interaction with glutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Olalla
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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López-Aranda MF, López-Téllez JF, Blanco E, Masmudi-Martín M, Navarro-Lobato I, Khan ZU. A dynamic expression pattern of sGalpha(i2) protein during early period of postnatal rat brain development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 26:611-24. [PMID: 18472243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of sGalphai2 protein in central nervous system is not well understood. Therefore to explore the possible role of this protein in postnatal brain development, we have analyzed the protein expression pattern of brain obtained from rats of postnatal day 0 (P0) to P90 by dot-blots and immunocytochemistry techniques. In dot-blots, both nuclear and membrane fractions showed a gradual decrease from P0 to P60. Highest protein level was observed at the age of P0. There was also a trend of decline in the sGalphai2 protein from P0 to P90 in brain sections stained by immunocytochemistry method. At P0, the protein labeling was highest in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and mitral cell layer. In cerebral cortex, a drop in the immunolabeling of sGalphai2 protein was observed at P3, which was significantly increased at the age of P5. However, in striatum and olfactory tubercle, it was maintained through P0-P10 and P0-P5, respectively. Thalamus was one of the areas where labeling was not as strong as cortex, hippocampus or striatum. In contrary to other areas, immunostaining of sGalphai2 in corpus-callosum and lacunosum-molecular was not seen at P0 and appeared in advanced postnatal ages. A detectable level of sGalphai2 protein was observed at P5 in carpus-callosum and at P20 in lacunosum-molecular. A high level of sGalphai2 protein in the period when cellular layer organization and synaptic innervations, synaptic connections and maturation take place, suggests for a potential role of this protein in the early postnatal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F López-Aranda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, CIMES, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, Malaga 29071, Spain.
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