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Greenwood RM, O’Shaughnessy BR, Manning RM, Vargas Moniz MJ, Sacchetto B, Ornelas J, Almas I, Duarte T, Disperati F, Gaboardi M, Lenzi M, Santinello M, Vieno A, Marques RP, Carmona M, Nave A, Bernad R, Rivero B, Julián M, Bokszczanin A, Zmaczynska-Witek B, Katarzyna S, Rogowska A, Schel S, Peters Y, vanLoenen T, Raben L, Wolf JR, Beijer U, Blid M, Kallmen H, Bispo T, Cruz T, Pereira C, Auquier P, Petit JM, Loubière S, Tinland A. Psychometric properties of the measure of achieved capabilities in homeless services. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:93. [PMID: 36635744 PMCID: PMC9835273 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purposeful participation in personally meaningful life tasks, enjoyment of positive reciprocal relationships, and opportunities to realize one's potential are growth-related aspects of a meaningful life that should be considered important dimensions of recovery from homelessness. The extent to which homeless services support individuals to achieve the capabilities they need to become who they want to be and do what they want to do is, in turn, an important indicator of their effectiveness. In this study, we developed a measure of achieved capabilities (MACHS) for use in homeless services settings, and assessed its construct and concurrent validity. METHODS We analysed data collected from homeless services users at two time points in eight European countries to assess the factor structure and psychometric properties of the new measure. Participants were adults engaged with either Housing First (n = 245) or treatment as usual (n = 320). RESULTS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded a four-factor structure of the capabilities measure: community integration, optimism, safety, and self-determination. We obtained evidence for construct validity through observed correlations between achieved capabilities and recovery, working alliance and satisfaction with services. Moreover, we obtained evidence of the measure's concurrent validity from its positive association between HF and personal recovery, which was fully mediated by achieved capabilities. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate that the MACHS is a valid and reliable measure that may be used to assess the extent to which homeless services support their clients to develop capabilities needed for growth-related recovery. Implications for practice and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Michelle Greenwood
- grid.10049.3c0000 0004 1936 9692Psychology Department, University of Limerick IRELAND, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Branagh R. O’Shaughnessy
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705School of Social Work and Social Policy, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M. Manning
- grid.451052.70000 0004 0581 2008Birmingham Community Healthcare, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria J. Vargas Moniz
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Applied Psychology Research Center, ISPA University Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatrice Sacchetto
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Applied Psychology Research Center, ISPA University Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jose Ornelas
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Applied Psychology Research Center, ISPA University Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Lenzi M, Santinello M, Gaboardi M, Disperati F, Vieno A, Calcagnì A, Greenwood RM, Rogowska AM, Wolf JR, Loubière S, Beijer U, Bernad R, Vargas-Moniz MJ, Ornelas J, Spinnewijn F, Shinn M. Factors Associated with Providers' Work Engagement and Burnout in Homeless Services: A Cross-national Study. Am J Community Psychol 2021; 67:220-236. [PMID: 33137234 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of homeless service users' characteristics and the contextual challenges faced by services can make the experience of working with people in homelessness stressful and can put providers' well-being at risk. In the current study, we investigated the association between service characteristics (i.e., the availability of training and supervision and the capability-fostering approach) and social service providers' work engagement and burnout. The study involved 497 social service providers working in homeless services in eight different European countries (62% women; mean age = 40.73, SD = 10.45) and was part of the Horizon 2020 European study "Homelessness as Unfairness (HOME_EU)." Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), findings showed that the availability of training and supervision were positively associated with providers' work engagement and negatively associated with burnout. However, results varied based on the perceived usefulness of the training and supervision provided within the service and the specific outcome considered. The most consistent finding was the association between the degree to which a service promotes users' capabilities and all the aspects of providers' well-being analyzed. Results are discussed in relation to their implications for how configuration of homeless services can promote social service providers' well-being and high-quality care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lenzi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Santinello
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Gaboardi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Disperati
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Calcagnì
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Judith R Wolf
- Impuls-Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Loubière
- School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of life Center, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Department of Research and Innovation, Support Unit for Clinical Research and Economic Evaluation, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Ulla Beijer
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria J Vargas-Moniz
- APPsyCI-Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Ornelas
- APPsyCI-Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Freek Spinnewijn
- FEANTSA, European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Marybeth Shinn
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Greenwood RM, Manning RM, O'Shaughnessy BR, Vargas-Moniz MJ, Loubière S, Spinnewijn F, Lenzi M, Wolf JR, Bokszczanin A, Bernad R, Källmén H, Ornelas J. Homeless Adults' Recovery Experiences in Housing First and Traditional Services Programs in Seven European Countries. Am J Community Psychol 2020; 65:353-368. [PMID: 31793001 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Across Europe, as governments turn to housing-led strategies in attempts to reverse rising rates of homelessness, increasing numbers of Housing First (HF) programs are being implemented. As HF programs become more widespread, it is important to understand how service users experience them compared to the more prevalent traditional treatment-first approach to addressing long-term homelessness. Although there is a large body of research on service users' experiences of Housing First compared to treatment-first in North American contexts, comparatively less is known about how these two categories of homeless services are experienced in the European context. In a correlational and cross-sectional study, part of a larger examination of homelessness in Europe, participants (n = 520) engaged with either HF (n = 245) or traditional services (TS; n = 275) programs in seven countries completed measures of their experiences of services (consumer choice, housing quality, and service satisfaction) and recovery (time in independent housing, psychiatric symptoms, and community integration). Across the seven countries, participants engaged with HF programs reported experiencing more consumer choice, better perceived housing quality, and more satisfaction with services than participants engaged in TS programs. Participants in HF programs also reported a greater proportion of time in independent accommodation, fewer psychiatric symptoms, and more community integration. Varying patterns of association between experiences of services and recovery outcomes were observed. Findings indicate HF consistently predicts greater recovery than TS across diverse sociopolitical and economic contexts. Implications of findings for configurations of homeless services and homeless services policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel M Manning
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Maria J Vargas-Moniz
- APPsyCI - Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandrine Loubière
- Department of Research and Innovation, Support Unit for Clinical Research and Economic Evaluation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Freek Spinnewijn
- FEANTSA, European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Michela Lenzi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Judith R Wolf
- Impuls - Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Håkan Källmén
- STAD, Stockholm Center for Psychiatry Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Ornelas
- APPsyCI - Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
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Greenwood RM, Manning RM, O'Shaughnessy BR, Cross O, Vargas-Moniz MJ, Auquier P, Santinello M, Wolf JR, Bokszczanin A, Bernad R, Källmén H, Spinnewijn F, Ornelas J. Comparison of Housing First and Traditional Homeless Service Users in Eight European Countries: Protocol for a Mixed Methods, Multi-Site Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e14584. [PMID: 32022696 PMCID: PMC7055843 DOI: 10.2196/14584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeless services expend considerable resources to provide for service users' most basic needs, such as food and shelter, but their track record for ending homelessness is disappointing. An alternative model, Housing First, reversed the order of services so that homeless individuals are offered immediate access to independent housing, with wraparound supports but no treatment or abstinence requirements. Although the evidence base for Housing First's effectiveness in ending homelessness is robust, less is known about its effectiveness in promoting recovery. OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to compare rehabilitation- and recovery-related outcomes of homeless services users who are engaged in either Housing First or traditional staircase services in eight European countries: France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. METHODS A mixed methods, multi-site investigation of Housing First and traditional services will compare quantitative outcomes at two time points. Key rehabilitation outcomes include stable housing and psychiatric symptoms. Key growth outcomes include community integration and acquired capabilities. Semistructured interviews will be used to examine service users' experiences of environmental constraints and affordances on acquired capabilities to identify features of homeless services that enhance service users' capabilities sets. Multi-level modelling will be used to test for group differences-Housing First versus traditional services-on key outcome variables. Thematic analysis will be used to understand the ways in which service users make sense of internal and external affordances and constraints on capabilities. RESULTS The study is registered with the European Commission (registration number: H2020-SC6-REVINEQUAL-2016/ GA726997). Two press releases, a research report to the funding body, two peer-reviewed articles, and an e-book chapter are planned for dissemination of the final results. The project was funded from September 2016 through September 2019. Expected results will be disseminated in 2019 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS We will use the findings from this research to formulate recommendations for European social policy on the configuration of homeless services and the scaling up and scaling out of Housing First programs. From our findings, we will draw conclusions about the setting features that promote individuals' exits from homelessness, rehabilitation, and recovery. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/14584.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel M Manning
- Psychology Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Oisin Cross
- Psychology Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Maria J Vargas-Moniz
- Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pascal Auquier
- Centre d'Études et de Recherche sur les Services de Santé et la Qualité de Vie, La Timone Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Massimo Santinello
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Judith R Wolf
- Impuls - Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Radboud Institute for Health Science, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Roberto Bernad
- Red de Apoyo a la Integración Sociolaboral Fundacion, Madrid, Spain
| | - Håkan Källmén
- Stockholm Prevents Alcohol and Drug Problems, Stockholm Center for Psychiatry Research and Education, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frederik Spinnewijn
- European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless, Brussels, Belgium
| | - José Ornelas
- Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
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- see Authors' Contributions,
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Gaboardi M, Lenzi M, Disperati F, Santinello M, Vieno A, Tinland A, Vargas-Moniz MJ, Spinnewijn F, O'Shaughnessy BR, Wolf JR, Bokszczanin A, Bernad R, Beijer U, Ornelas J, Shinn M, Consortium Study Group HE. Goals and Principles of Providers Working with People Experiencing Homelessness: A Comparison Between Housing First and Traditional Staircase Services in Eight European Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16091590. [PMID: 31067661 PMCID: PMC6539657 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The implementation and adaptation of the Housing First (HF) model represented profound changes the structure and delivery, goals, and principles of homeless services. These features of homeless services directly influence providers, their work performance and the clients’ outcomes. The present research, conducted in eight European countries, investigated how social providers working in HF or TS (Traditional Staircase) describe and conceptualize the goals and the principles of their services. Data were collected through 29 focus group discussions involving 121 providers. The results showed that HF and TS had similar and different goals for their clients in the following areas: support, social integration, satisfaction of needs, housing, and well-being. HF providers emphasized clients’ autonomy and ability to determine their personal goals, with housing being considered a start on the path of recovery, while TS were more focused on individual clients’ basic needs with respect to food, health and finding temporary accommodations. HF providers privileged the person-centered approach and housing as a right, while TS providers were more focused on helping everyone. Implications of the results are discussed as suggestions both for practice and for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gaboardi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Michela Lenzi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesca Disperati
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Massimo Santinello
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Aurélie Tinland
- Department of Research and Innovation, Support Unit for clinical research and economic evaluation, Assistance Publique⁻Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Maria J Vargas-Moniz
- APPsyCI-Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa 1149-041, Portugal.
| | - Freek Spinnewijn
- FEANTSA, European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless, Bruxelles 1210, Belgique.
| | | | - Judith R Wolf
- Impuls-Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Bokszczanin
- Institute of Psychology, Opole University, Opole 45-052, Poland.
| | | | - Ulla Beijer
- STAD, Stockholm Center for Psychiatry Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 113 64, Sweden.
| | - José Ornelas
- APPsyCI-Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisboa 1149-041, Portugal.
| | - Marybeth Shinn
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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Petit JM, Loubiere S, Vargas-Moniz MJ, Tinland A, Spinnewijn F, Greenwood RM, Santinello M, Wolf JR, Bokszczanin A, Bernad R, Kallmen H, Ornelas J, Auquier P. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about homelessness and willingness-to-pay for housing-first across 8 European countries: a survey protocol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 76:71. [PMID: 30505443 PMCID: PMC6260705 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-018-0317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Most European countries report rising numbers of people experiencing homelessness. For those with mental disorders, interventions are centered on achieving mental health and drug rehabilitation alongside housing readiness, often to the detriment of access to housing. Notwithstanding, more European countries are investing in a new model, Housing First (HF), which postulates immediate access to permanent housing with no initial requirements for treatment. While results of the European HF programs are published on individual-level data, little is known about the opinions of the general population about homelessness and the societal value of the HF model, which can represent barriers to the model's dissemination. Therefore, we present the protocol of a study designed for the following objectives: 1) to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about homelessness within the general population of 8 European countries, 2) to assess the valuation of the HF model by European citizens, and 3) to estimate the lifetime prevalence of homelessness in the targeted countries. Methods A telephone survey was conducted from March to December 2017 among adults selected from opt-in panels from France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Poland, and Sweden. A total sample of 5600 interviews was expected, with 700 per country. The interviews included three sections: first, the KAP about homelessness; second, the valuation of the HF model by measuring a respondent's willingness-to-pay (WTP) through the contingent valuation method; and third, an assessment of the lifetime prevalence of homelessness among the general population. Descriptive analyses and comparisons between countries will be conducted. KAP indicators will be created and their psychometric properties assessed. Determinants of WTP will be assessed through regression models. Discussion This survey will highlight Europeans' views of homelessness, especially their level of tolerance towards homelessness, potential misconceptions and the most important barriers for the implementation of the HF model. Additionally, the results on the valuation of the HF model by citizens could be instrumental for key stakeholders in understanding the level of support from the general population. Ethics approval has been obtained from the Aix-Marseille University Ethics Committee (n° 2016-01-02-01) for this study, which is part of HOME_EU: Reversing Homelessness in Europe H2O20-SC6-REVINEQUAL-2016/GA726997.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Petit
- 1Aix-Marseille Univ, School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279 CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - S Loubiere
- 2Department of Research and Innovation, Support Unit for clinical research and economic evaluation, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - M J Vargas-Moniz
- 3Applied Psychology Research Center: Capabilities and Inclusion (APPsyCI), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco, 34, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Tinland
- 2Department of Research and Innovation, Support Unit for clinical research and economic evaluation, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - F Spinnewijn
- FEANTSA, European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless, 194, Chaussée de Louvain, 1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R M Greenwood
- 5Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
| | - M Santinello
- 6Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8 - 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - J R Wolf
- 7Impuls - Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 27, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Bokszczanin
- 8Institute of Psychology, Opole University, Pl. Staszica 1, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | - R Bernad
- Rais Fundación, C/ Ardemans 42, 28028 Madrid, Spain
| | - H Kallmen
- 10STAD, Stockholm Center for Psychiatry Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Ornelas
- 3Applied Psychology Research Center: Capabilities and Inclusion (APPsyCI), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco, 34, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Auquier
- 1Aix-Marseille Univ, School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279 CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
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Abstract
Because of the multifaceted, chronic, and relapsing nature of substance use disorders, case management has been adapted to work with persons who have these disorders. Deliberate implementation has been identified as a powerful determinant of successful case management. This article focuses on six key questions about implementation of case management services on the basis of a comparison of experiences from the United States, the Netherlands, and Belgium. It was found that case management has been applied in various populations with substance use disorders, and distinct models have been associated with positive effects, such as increased treatment participation and retention, greater use of services, and beneficial drug-related outcomes. Program fidelity, robust implementation, extensive training and supervision, administrative support, a team approach, integration in a comprehensive network of services, and minimal continuity have all been linked to successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Vanderplasschen
- Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Reinking DP, Wolf JR, Kroon H. [High prevalence of mental disorders and addiction problems among the homeless in Utrecht]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2001; 145:1161-6. [PMID: 11433665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of psychological disorders and addiction problems amongst homeless people in Utrecht, the Netherlands. DESIGN Descriptive cross-sectional study. METHOD In 1998, the Trimbos Institute in Utrecht held 150 interviews with adult homeless people by means of a random sample taken from six centres for the homeless. The following screening instruments were used to determine the prevalence of a depressive episode, schizophrenia and other non-affective psychotic disorders, an antisocial personality disorder and an alcohol or drugs dependency/abuse problem: the depression screener from Schrijvers et al., the schizophrenia section from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) a modified questionnaire from Schrijvers, related to the DSM-III-R, about aggressive behaviour and the Addiction severity index, European variant, version III. By means of comparative research, optimum threshold values for the presence of the aforementioned disorders were determined with respect to extensive diagnostic interviews that were taken to be the gold standard. RESULTS In the homeless population studied (n = 150 (response: 68%); 138 men and 12 women) 32% had a more narrowly defined form of depression, 15% a schizophrenic disorder (DSM-III-R-codes 295.00-295.70) and 52% an antisocial personality disorder. In the case of depression and schizophrenia it concerned a 6-month prevalence and in the case of antisocial personality disorders it concerned the lifetime prevalence. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence or abuse was 59% in the population studied (n = 131) and the monthly prevalence was 22%. The lifetime prevalence of drug dependence or misuse was established to be 76% and the monthly prevalence 54%. The prevalences were high in comparison with international figures. A so-called double diagnosis was identified for 27% of the homeless population. CONCLUSION Homeless people in Utrecht suffer from a poor mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Reinking
- Trimbos-instituut, Da Costakade 45, 3500 AS Utrecht
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Karls RK, Wolf JR, Donohue TJ. Activation of the cycA P2 promoter for the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c2 gene by the photosynthesis response regulator. Mol Microbiol 1999; 34:822-35. [PMID: 10564521 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Rhodobacter sphaeroides photosynthesis response regulator, PrrA, positively regulates cycA P2 expression. Deletion analysis has identified sequences within 73 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site that are required for the activation of cycA P2 by PrrA. A mutant form of the Rhodobacter capsulatus PrrA homologue, whose activity is independent of phosphorylation (RegA*), protects an approximately 26 bp region of cycA P2 that is centred at approximately -50 from DNase digestion, and activates transcription of a mutant -14T promoter with increased activity when using either R. sphaeroides RNA polymerase or Escherichia coli Esigma70. A 4 bp target site mutation that eliminated DNA binding and transcription activation by RegA* in vitro also abolished PrrA activation of cycA P2 transcription in vivo, indicating that this region contains a PrrA binding site. By analysing the behaviour of the -14T mutant cycA P2 promoter in vivo, we also found that PrrA uses the same target site to activate expression in both the presence and the absence of O2. However, the extent of transcription activation by PrrA at cycA P2 in vivo is greater under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Karls
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 312 E. B. Fred Hall, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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10
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Abstract
Proteins required for yeast secretory pathway function have been identified by genetic selection and characterization of the temperature-sensitive secretory (sec) mutants. The use of genetic and biochemical approaches has expanded the catalog of components of the secretory pathway, yet many proteins, especially membrane and lumenal proteins, remain to be identified. Sec7p, one of the original SEC gene products to be described, is required at multiple stages of the yeast secretory pathway in the coating of transport vesicles. A chemical cross-linking approach was used to identify proteins associated with Sec7p protein complexes from yeast cell lysates. A 90 kDa integral membrane protein (p90) was isolated whose interactions with Sec7p were reproduced in the absence of chemical cross-linking. Further biochemical analysis indicated that p90 may act as the anchor protein for Sec7p membrane recruitment in transport vesicle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Wolf
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE/METHODS We examined a 25-year-old man who was positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with Kawasaki's syndrome. He responded dramatically to intravenous immunoglobulin. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Although Kawasaki's syndrome is exceedingly rare in adults, it should be considered in any patient with fever, conjunctivitis, and other characteristic findings. The efficacy of treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin underscores the importance of prompt diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Franzusoff A, Volpe AM, Josse D, Pichuantes S, Wolf JR. Biochemical and genetic definition of the cellular protease required for HIV-1 gp160 processing. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:3154-9. [PMID: 7852398 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.7.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface glycoproteins of enveloped viruses bind to target cell receptors and trigger membrane fusion for infection. The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp120 (CD4 binding protein) and gp41 (transmembrane fusion protein) are initially synthesized as a gp160 precursor. The intracellular cleavage of gp160 by a host cell protease during transit through the secretory pathway is essential for viral activities such as infectivity, membrane fusion, and T-cell syncytium formation. We report that gp160 biogenesis, protein processing, and cell-surface expression have been successfully reproduced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetic and biochemical approaches are used for defining that the unique cellular protease, Kex2p, is directly responsible for HIV-gp160 processing in yeast, in vivo and in vitro. The yeast system described in this report represents a powerful strategy for identifying, characterizing and inhibiting the host T-cell protease essential for HIV infectivity and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franzusoff
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver 80262
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Abstract
MM14 myoblasts, in contrast to their differentiation defective variant (DD-1) cells, do not synthesize detectable levels of prostaglandins or of the initial enzyme in the pathway of prostaglandin synthesis, prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) but do exhibit readily detectable level of PGHS mRNA (Steiner, S., et al., 1991, Exp. Cell Res. 192, 643). These findings suggest a possible relationship between the myogenic phenotype and the synthesis of prostaglandins. This relationship was examined in the current study by analysis of the effect of transfection of DD-1 cells with a MyoD expression vector (termed MyoDD-1 cells) on expression of MyoD and synthesis of prostaglandins. Proliferating MyoDD-1 cells express readily detectable levels of MyoD protein and mRNA and exhibit markedly diminished levels of PGHS protein and prostaglandins. In contrast, serum-deprived MyoDD-1 cells express little MyoD mRNA or protein and exhibit a readily detectable level of PGHS protein despite having only a slightly higher PGHS mRNA abundance compared to growing MyoDD-1 cells. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that MyoD expression contributes to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Wolf
- T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-02256
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Abstract
A differentiation-defective variant (DD-1) of the MM14 myoblasts acquired the ability to synthesize DNA in response to treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) (R. W. Lim and S. D. Hauschka, 1984, Dev. Biol. 105, 48) and no longer expressed myogenic determinant genes (i.e., MyoD and myogenin) (P.R. Mueller, and B. Wold, 1989, Science 246, 780). To determine the effect of expression of MyoD on EGF responsiveness, DD-1 cells were cotransfected with a MyoD expression vector and with pRSVneo. A clone, MyoDD-1 cells, which was G418 resistant, formed multinuclear syncitia, and also expressed MyoD and myogenin, was further characterized. EGF responsiveness, as assessed by DNA synthesis, was decreased 5- to 10-fold in the MyoDD-1 cells from that in G418-resistant control DD-1 cells, despite similar EGF receptor numbers and binding affinities of the receptors. Responsiveness of MyoDD-1 cells to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) was also diminished although to a lesser extent. To determine the effects of decreased myogenic determinant gene expression on mitogen responsiveness, MM14 myoblasts were grown in medium supplemented with 5 microM 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR-MM14). BUdR-MM14 cells had decreased expression of MyoD and myogenin, did not fuse, and had an altered morphology, from round to flat. The BUdR effect on fusion and cell shape was reversed by growth in control medium. BUdR-MM14 cells were responsive to EGF and had enhanced responsiveness to FGF. The combined studies support the view that expression of MyoD and/or myogenin contributes to negative regulation of mitogen responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Wolf
- T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-02256
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