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Ogoti BM, Riitho V, Wildemann J, Mutono N, Tesch J, Rodon J, Harichandran K, Emanuel J, Möncke-Buchner E, Kiambi S, Oyugi J, Mureithi M, Corman VM, Drosten C, Thumbi SM, Müller MA. Biphasic MERS-CoV Incidence in Nomadic Dromedaries with Putative Transmission to Humans, Kenya, 2022-2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:581-585. [PMID: 38407189 PMCID: PMC10902546 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.231488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is endemic in dromedaries in Africa, but camel-to-human transmission is limited. Sustained 12-month sampling of dromedaries in a Kenya abattoir hub showed biphasic MERS-CoV incidence; peak detections occurred in October 2022 and February 2023. Dromedary-exposed abattoir workers (7/48) had serologic signs of previous MERS-CoV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nyamai Mutono
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Julia Tesch
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Jordi Rodon
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Kaneemozhe Harichandran
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Jackson Emanuel
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Elisabeth Möncke-Buchner
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Stella Kiambi
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Julius Oyugi
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Marianne Mureithi
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Victor M. Corman
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
| | - Christian Drosten
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (B.M. Ogoti, V. Riitho, N. Mutono, J. Oyugi, M. Mureithi, S.M. Thumbi)
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (V. Riitho)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (J. Wildemann, J. Tesch, J. Rodon, K. Harichandran, J. Emanuel, E. Möncke-Buchner, V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA (N. Mutono, S.M. Thumbi)
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Kiambi)
- Labor Berlin–Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin (V.M. Corman)
- German Center for Infection Research, Berlin (V.M. Corman, C. Drosten, M.A. Müller)
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S.M. Thumbi)
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Jones TC, Biele G, Mühlemann B, Veith T, Schneider J, Beheim-Schwarzbach J, Bleicker T, Tesch J, Schmidt ML, Sander LE, Kurth F, Menzel P, Schwarzer R, Zuchowski M, Hofmann J, Krumbholz A, Stein A, Edelmann A, Corman VM, Drosten C. Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course. Science 2021; 373:science.abi5273. [PMID: 34035154 PMCID: PMC9267347 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role that individuals with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have in transmission of the virus is not well understood. Jones et al. investigated viral load in patients, comparing those showing few, if any, symptoms with hospitalized cases. Approximately 400,000 individuals, mostly from Berlin, were tested from February 2020 to March 2021 and about 6% tested positive. Of the 25,381 positive subjects, about 8% showed very high viral loads. People became infectious within 2 days of infection, and in hospitalized individuals, about 4 days elapsed from the start of virus shedding to the time of peak viral load, which occurred 1 to 3 days before the onset of symptoms. Overall, viral load was highly variable, but was about 10-fold higher in persons infected with the B.1.1.7 variant. Children had slightly lower viral loads than adults, although this difference may not be clinically significant. Science, abi5273, this issue p. eabi5273 INTRODUCTION Although post facto studies have revealed the importance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission from presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and mildly symptomatic (PAMS) cases, the virological basis of their infectiousness remains largely unquantified. The reasons for the rapid spread of variant lineages of concern, such as B.1.1.7, have yet to be fully determined. RATIONALE Viral load (viral RNA concentration) in patient samples and the rate of isolation success of virus from clinical specimens in cell culture are the clinical parameters most directly relevant to infectiousness and hence to transmission. To increase our understanding of the infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2, especially in PAMS cases and those infected with the B.1.1.7 variant, we analyzed viral load data from 25,381 German cases, including 9519 hospitalized patients, 6110 PAMS cases from walk-in test centers, 1533 B.1.1.7 variant infections, and the viral load time series of 4434 (mainly hospitalized) patients. Viral load results were then combined with estimated cell culture isolation probabilities, producing a clinical proxy estimate of infectiousness. RESULTS PAMS subjects had, at the first positive test, viral loads and estimated infectiousness only slightly less than hospitalized patients. Similarly, children were found to have mean viral loads only slightly lower (0.5 log10 units or less) than those of adults and ~78% of the adult peak cell culture isolation probability. Eight percent of first-positive viral loads were 109 copies per swab or higher, across a wide age range (mean 37.6 years, standard deviation 13.4 years), representing a likely highly infectious minority, one-third of whom were PAMS. Relative to non-B.1.1.7 cases, patients with the B.1.1.7 variant had viral loads that were higher by a factor of 10 and estimated cell culture infectivity that was higher by a factor of 2.6. Similar ranges of viral loads from B.1.1.7 and B.1.177 samples were shown to be capable of causing infection in Caco-2 cell culture. A time-course analysis estimates that a peak viral load of 108.1 copies per swab is reached 4.3 days after onset of shedding and shows that, across the course of infection, hospitalized patients have slightly higher viral loads than nonhospitalized cases, who in turn have viral loads slightly higher than PAMS cases. Higher viral loads are observed in first-positive tests of PAMS subjects, likely as a result of systematic earlier testing. Mean culture isolation probability declines to 0.5 at 5 days after peak viral load and to 0.3 at 10 days after peak viral load. We estimate a rate of viral load decline of 0.17 log10 units per day, which, combined with reported estimates of incubation time and time to loss of successful cell culture isolation, suggests that viral load peaks 1 to 3 days before onset of symptoms (in symptomatic cases). CONCLUSION PAMS subjects who test positive at walk-in test centers can be expected to be approximately as infectious as hospitalized patients. The level of expected infectious viral shedding of PAMS people is of high importance because they are circulating in the community at the time of detection of infection. Although viral load and cell culture infectivity cannot be translated directly to transmission probability, it is likely that the rapid spread of the B.1.1.7 variant is partly attributable to higher viral load in these cases. Easily measured virological parameters can be used, for example, to estimate transmission risk from different groups (by age, gender, clinical status, etc.), to quantify variance, to show differences in virus variants, to highlight and quantify overdispersion, and to inform quarantine, containment, and elimination strategies. Two elementary parameters for quantifying viral infection and shedding are viral load and whether samples yield a replicating virus isolate in cell culture. We examined 25,381 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Germany, including 6110 from test centers attended by presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and mildly symptomatic (PAMS) subjects, 9519 who were hospitalized, and 1533 B.1.1.7 lineage infections. The viral load of the youngest subjects was lower than that of the older subjects by 0.5 (or fewer) log10 units, and they displayed an estimated ~78% of the peak cell culture replication probability; in part this was due to smaller swab sizes and unlikely to be clinically relevant. Viral loads above 109 copies per swab were found in 8% of subjects, one-third of whom were PAMS, with a mean age of 37.6 years. We estimate 4.3 days from onset of shedding to peak viral load (108.1 RNA copies per swab) and peak cell culture isolation probability (0.75). B.1.1.7 subjects had mean log10 viral load 1.05 higher than that of non-B.1.1.7 subjects, and the estimated cell culture replication probability of B.1.1.7 subjects was higher by a factor of 2.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - Guido Biele
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473 Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Talitha Veith
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Bleicker
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Tesch
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Luisa Schmidt
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, and Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Menzel
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Schwarzer
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Zuchowski
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.,Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Angela Stein
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Edelmann
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Widera M, Mühlemann B, Corman VM, Toptan T, Beheim-Schwarzbach J, Kohmer N, Schneider J, Berger A, Veith T, Pallas C, Bleicker T, Goetsch U, Tesch J, Gottschalk R, Jones TC, Ciesek S, Drosten C. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Frankfurt am Main from October to December 2020 Reveals High Viral Diversity Including Spike Mutation N501Y in B.1.1.70 and B.1.1.7. Microorganisms 2021; 9:748. [PMID: 33918332 PMCID: PMC8065810 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International travel is a major driver of the introduction and spread of SARS-CoV-2. AIM To investigate SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity in the region of a major transport hub in Germany, we characterized the viral sequence diversity of the SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in Frankfurt am Main, the city with the largest airport in Germany, from the end of October to the end of December 2020. METHODS In total, we recovered 136 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nasopharyngeal swab samples. We isolated 104 isolates that were grown in cell culture and RNA from the recovered viruses and subjected them to full-genome sequence analysis. In addition, 32 nasopharyngeal swab samples were directly sequenced. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We found 28 different lineages of SARS-CoV-2 circulating during the study period, including the variant of concern B.1.1.7 (Δ69/70, N501Y). Six of the lineages had not previously been observed in Germany. We detected the spike protein (S) deletion Δ69/Δ70 in 15% of all sequences, a four base pair (bp) deletion (in 2.9% of sequences) and a single bp deletion (in 0.7% of sequences) in ORF3a, leading to ORF3a truncations. In four sequences (2.9%), an amino acid deletion at position 210 in S was identified. In a single sample (0.7%), both a 9 bp deletion in ORF1ab and a 7 bp deletion in ORF7a were identified. One sequence in lineage B.1.1.70 had an N501Y substitution while lacking the Δ69/70 in S. The high diversity of sequences observed over two months in Frankfurt am Main highlights the persisting need for continuous SARS-CoV-2 surveillance using full-genome sequencing, particularly in cities with international airport connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Barbara Mühlemann
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Victor M. Corman
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Tuna Toptan
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Niko Kohmer
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Julia Schneider
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Annemarie Berger
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Talitha Veith
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Christiane Pallas
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Tobias Bleicker
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Udo Goetsch
- Public Health Department of the City of Frankfurt am Main, 60313 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (U.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Julia Tesch
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Rene Gottschalk
- Public Health Department of the City of Frankfurt am Main, 60313 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (U.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Terry C. Jones
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, 60596 Braunschweig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, 60596 Braunschweig, Germany
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Tesch J, Paschke F, Fonin M, Wietstruk M, Böttcher S, Koch RJ, Bostwick A, Jozwiak C, Rotenberg E, Makarova A, Paulus B, Voloshina E, Dedkov Y. The graphene/n-Ge(110) interface: structure, doping, and electronic properties. Nanoscale 2018; 10:6088-6098. [PMID: 29546912 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00053k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of graphene in semiconducting technology requires precise knowledge about the graphene-semiconductor interface. In our work the structure and electronic properties of the graphene/n-Ge(110) interface are investigated on the local (nm) and macro (from μm to mm) scales via a combination of different microscopic and spectroscopic surface science techniques accompanied by density functional theory calculations. The electronic structure of freestanding graphene remains almost completely intact in this system, with only a moderate n-doping indicating weak interaction between graphene and the Ge substrate. With regard to the optimisation of graphene growth it is found that the substrate temperature is a crucial factor, which determines the graphene layer alignment on the Ge(110) substrate during its growth from the atomic carbon source. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the preparation route for graphene on the doped semiconducting material (n-Ge) leads to the effective segregation of dopants at the interface between graphene and Ge(110). Furthermore, it is shown that these dopant atoms might form regular structures at the graphene/Ge interface and induce the doping of graphene. Our findings help to understand the interface properties of the graphene-semiconductor interfaces and the effect of dopants on the electronic structure of graphene in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tesch
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Fabian Paschke
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mikhail Fonin
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marko Wietstruk
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Böttcher
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland J Koch
- Advanced Light Source, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aaron Bostwick
- Advanced Light Source, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chris Jozwiak
- Advanced Light Source, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eli Rotenberg
- Advanced Light Source, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna Makarova
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Voloshina
- Department of Physics and International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, 200444 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuriy Dedkov
- Department of Physics and International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, 200444 Shanghai, China. and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Simon S, Voloshina E, Tesch J, Förschner F, Enenkel V, Herbig C, Knispel T, Tries A, Kröger J, Dedkov Y, Fonin M. Layer-by-Layer Decoupling of Twisted Graphene Sheets Epitaxially Grown on a Metal Substrate. Small 2018; 14:e1703701. [PMID: 29450969 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of graphene can be efficiently altered upon interaction with the underlying substrate resulting in a dramatic change of charge carrier behavior. Here, the evolution of the local electronic properties of epitaxial graphene on a metal upon the controlled formation of multilayers, which are produced by intercalation of atomic carbon in graphene/Ir(111), is investigated. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and Landau-level spectroscopy, it is shown that for a monolayer and bilayers with small-angle rotations, Landau levels are fully suppressed, indicating that the metal-graphene interaction is largely confined to the first graphene layer. Bilayers with large twist angles as well as twisted trilayers demonstrate a sequence of pronounced Landau levels characteristic for a free-standing graphene monolayer pointing toward an effective decoupling of the top layer from the metal substrate. These findings give evidence for the controlled preparation of epitaxial graphene multilayers with a different degree of decoupling, which represent an ideal platform for future electronic and spintronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Simon
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elena Voloshina
- Physics Department, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Julia Tesch
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Felix Förschner
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vivien Enenkel
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Charlotte Herbig
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937, Köln, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Timo Knispel
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937, Köln, Germany
| | - Alexander Tries
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jörg Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Yuriy Dedkov
- Physics Department, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Mikhail Fonin
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Porcari JP, Butts NK, Tesch J, Boge J, Doronio D, Chaso L. 580 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO EXERCISING OH A TREADMILL WHICH UTILIZES SIMULTANEOUS ARM MOTION. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199405001-00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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La Mere VJ, Butts NK, Tesch J, Talcott D. 364 VALIDATION OF EQUATIONS TO PREDICT LACTATE THRESHOLD, FIXED BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATIONS VO2 PEAK, AND PEAK VELOCITY. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199405001-00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Koenig J, Porcari J, Tesch J, Unbehaun J. A FORMULA DEVELOPED FOR THE PREDICTION OF RESIDUAL VOLUME WHILE IMMERSED. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199205001-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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