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Wallings RL, Mark JR, Staley HA, Gillett DA, Neighbarger N, Kordasiewicz H, Hirst WD, Tansey MG. ASO-mediated knockdown or kinase inhibition of G2019S-Lrrk2 modulates lysosomal tubule-associated antigen presentation in macrophages. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2023; 34:102064. [PMID: 38028198 PMCID: PMC10661462 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation around the LRRK2 gene affects risk for both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 levels have become an appealing target for potential PD therapeutics with LRRK2 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) now moving toward clinical trials. However, LRRK2 has been suggested to play a fundamental role in peripheral immunity, and it is currently unknown if targeting increased LRRK2 levels in peripheral immune cells will be beneficial or deleterious. Here it was observed that G2019S macrophages exhibited increased stimulation-dependent lysosomal tubule formation (LTF) and MHC-II trafficking from the perinuclear lysosome to the plasma membrane in an mTOR-dependent manner with concomitant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Both ASO-mediated knockdown of mutant Lrrk2 and LRRK2 kinase inhibition ameliorated this phenotype and decreased these immune responses in control cells. Given the critical role of antigen presentation, lysosomal function, and cytokine release in macrophages, it is likely LRRK2-targeting therapies with systemic activity may have therapeutic value with regard to mutant LRRK2, but deleterious effects on the peripheral immune system, such as altered pathogen control in these cells, should be considered when reducing levels of non-mutant LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Julian R. Mark
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Hannah A. Staley
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Drew A. Gillett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Noelle Neighbarger
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Holly Kordasiewicz
- Neurology, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Warren D. Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology and Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Wallings RL, Mark JR, Staley HA, Gillett DA, Neighbarger N, Kordasiewicz H, Hirst WD, Tansey MG. Totally tubular: ASO-mediated knock-down of G2019S -Lrrk2 modulates lysosomal tubule-associated antigen presentation in macrophages. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.14.549028. [PMID: 37503274 PMCID: PMC10370014 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation around the LRRK2 gene affects risk of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 levels have become an appealing target for potential PD-therapeutics with LRRK2 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) now in clinical trials. However, LRRK2 has been suggested to play a fundamental role in peripheral immunity, and it is currently unknown if targeting increased LRRK2 levels in peripheral immune cells will be beneficial or deleterious. Furthermore, the precise role of LRRK2 in immune cells is currently unknown, although it has been suggested that LRRK2-mediated lysosomal function may be crucial to immune responses. Here, it was observed that G2019S macrophages exhibited increased stimulation-dependent lysosomal tubule formation (LTF) and MHC-II trafficking from the perinuclear lysosome to the plasma membrane in an mTOR dependent manner with concomitant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Both ASO-mediated knock down of mutant Lrrk 2 and LRRK2 kinase inhibition ameliorated this phenotype and decreased these immune responses in control cells. Given the critical role of antigen presentation, lysosomal function, and cytokine release in macrophages, it is likely LRRK2-targetting therapies may have therapeutic value with regards to mutant LRRK2 but deleterious effects on the peripheral immune system, such as altered pathogen control and infection resolution.
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Fouad AD, Teng S, Mark JR, Liu A, Alvarez-Illera P, Ji H, Du A, Bhirgoo PD, Cornblath E, Guan SA, Fang-Yen C. Distributed rhythm generators underlie Caenorhabditis elegans forward locomotion. eLife 2018; 7:e29913. [PMID: 29360037 PMCID: PMC5780042 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated rhythmic movements are ubiquitous in animal behavior. In many organisms, chains of neural oscillators underlie the generation of these rhythms. In C. elegans, locomotor wave generation has been poorly understood; in particular, it is unclear where in the circuit rhythms are generated, and whether there exists more than one such generator. We used optogenetic and ablation experiments to probe the nature of rhythm generation in the locomotor circuit. We found that multiple sections of forward locomotor circuitry are capable of independently generating rhythms. By perturbing different components of the motor circuit, we localize the source of secondary rhythms to cholinergic motor neurons in the midbody. Using rhythmic optogenetic perturbation, we demonstrate bidirectional entrainment of oscillations between different body regions. These results show that, as in many other vertebrates and invertebrates, the C. elegans motor circuit contains multiple oscillators that coordinate activity to generate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Fouad
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Shelly Teng
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Julian R Mark
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Alice Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Pilar Alvarez-Illera
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Hongfei Ji
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Angelica Du
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Priya D Bhirgoo
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Eli Cornblath
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Sihui Asuka Guan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research InstituteMount Sinai HospitalTorontoCanada
| | - Christopher Fang-Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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Fouad AD, Pu SH, Teng S, Mark JR, Fu M, Zhang K, Huang J, Raizen DM, Fang-Yen C. Quantitative Assessment of Fat Levels in Caenorhabditis elegans Using Dark Field Microscopy. G3 (Bethesda) 2017; 7:1811-1818. [PMID: 28404661 PMCID: PMC5473760 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used as a model for studying conserved pathways for fat storage, aging, and metabolism. The most broadly used methods for imaging fat in C. elegans require fixing and staining the animal. Here, we show that dark field images acquired through an ordinary light microscope can be used to estimate fat levels in worms. We define a metric based on the amount of light scattered per area, and show that this light scattering metric is strongly correlated with worm fat levels as measured by Oil Red O (ORO) staining across a wide variety of genetic backgrounds and feeding conditions. Dark field imaging requires no exogenous agents or chemical fixation, making it compatible with live worm imaging. Using our method, we track fat storage with high temporal resolution in developing larvae, and show that fat storage in the intestine increases in at least one burst during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Fouad
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Shelley H Pu
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Shelly Teng
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Julian R Mark
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Moyu Fu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jonathan Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Christopher Fang-Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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