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Parkin WM, Balan A, Liang L, Das PM, Lamparski M, Naylor CH, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Johnson ATC, Meunier V, Drndić M. Raman Shifts in Electron-Irradiated Monolayer MoS2. ACS Nano 2016; 10:4134-42. [PMID: 26998814 PMCID: PMC5893938 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We report how the presence of electron-beam-induced sulfur vacancies affects first-order Raman modes and correlate the effects with the evolution of the in situ transmission-electron microscopy two-terminal conductivity of monolayer MoS2 under electron irradiation. We observe a red-shift in the E' Raman peak and a less pronounced blue-shift in the A'1 peak with increasing electron dose. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and selected-area electron diffraction, we show that irradiation causes partial removal of sulfur and correlate the dependence of the Raman peak shifts with S vacancy density (a few %). This allows us to quantitatively correlate the frequency shifts with vacancy concentration, as rationalized by first-principles density functional theory calculations. In situ device current measurements show an exponential decrease in channel current upon irradiation. Our analysis demonstrates that the observed frequency shifts are intrinsic properties of the defective systems and that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a quantitative diagnostic tool to characterize MoS2-based transport channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Parkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Adrian Balan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Paul Masih Das
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael Lamparski
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Carl H. Naylor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Julio A. Rodríguez-Manzo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - A. T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Corresponding Authors. (V. Meunier): , (M. Drndić):
| | - Marija Drndić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Corresponding Authors. (V. Meunier): , (M. Drndić):
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2
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Ben Romdhane F, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Andrieux-Ledier A, Fossard F, Hallal A, Magaud L, Coraux J, Loiseau A, Banhart F. The formation of the smallest fullerene-like carbon cages on metal surfaces. Nanoscale 2016; 8:2561-2567. [PMID: 26785923 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nucleation and growth of carbon on catalytically active metal surfaces is one of the most important techniques to produce nanomaterials such as graphene or nanotubes. Here it is shown by in situ electron microscopy that fullerene-like spherical clusters with diameters down to 0.4 nm and thus much smaller than C60 grow in a polymerized state on Co, Fe, or Ru surfaces. The cages appear on the surface of metallic islands in contact with graphene under heating to at least 650 °C and successively cooling to less than 500 °C. The formation of the small cages is explained by the segregation of carbon on a supersaturated metal, driven by kinetics. First principles energy calculations show that the clusters polymerize and can be attached to defects in graphene. Under compression, the polymerized cages appear in a crystalline structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ben Romdhane
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - J A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Andrieux-Ledier
- LEM, ONERA-CNRS, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, Châtillon, France
| | - F Fossard
- LEM, ONERA-CNRS, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, Châtillon, France
| | - A Hallal
- Institut Néel, Université de Grenoble, CNRS, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - L Magaud
- Institut Néel, Université de Grenoble, CNRS, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J Coraux
- Institut Néel, Université de Grenoble, CNRS, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - A Loiseau
- LEM, ONERA-CNRS, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, Châtillon, France
| | - F Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
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3
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Puster M, Balan A, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Danda G, Ahn JH, Parkin W, Drndić M. Cross-Talk Between Ionic and Nanoribbon Current Signals in Graphene Nanoribbon-Nanopore Sensors for Single-Molecule Detection. Small 2015; 11:6309-16. [PMID: 26500023 PMCID: PMC5863906 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores are now being used not only as an ionic current sensor but also as a means to localize molecules near alternative sensors with higher sensitivity and/or selectivity. One example is a solid-state nanopore embedded in a graphene nanoribbon (GNR) transistor. Such a device possesses the high conductivity needed for higher bandwidth measurements and, because of its single-atomic-layer thickness, can improve the spatial resolution of the measurement. Here measurements of ionic current through the nanopore are shown during double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) translocation, along with the simultaneous response of the neighboring GNR due to changes in the surrounding electric potential. Cross-talk originating from capacitive coupling between the two measurement channels is observed, resulting in a transient response in the GNR during DNA translocation; however, a modulation in device conductivity is not observed via an electric-field-effect response during DNA translocation. A field-effect response would scale with GNR source-drain voltage (Vds), whereas the capacitive coupling does not scale with Vds . In order to take advantage of the high bandwidth potential of such sensors, the field-effect response must be enhanced. Potential field calculations are presented to outline a phase diagram for detection within the device parameter space, charting a roadmap for future optimization of such devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Puster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Adrian Balan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Julio A. Rodríguez-Manzo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gopinath Danda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jae-Hyuk Ahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - William Parkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Marija Drndić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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4
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Abstract
Solid-state nanopores are single-molecule sensors that detect changes in ionic conductance (ΔG) when individual molecules pass through them. Producing high signal-to-noise ratio for the measurement of molecular structure in applications such as DNA sequencing requires low noise and large ΔG. The latter is achieved by reducing the nanopore diameter and membrane thickness. While the minimum diameter is limited by the molecule size, the membrane thickness is constrained by material properties. We use molecular dynamics simulations to determine the theoretical thickness limit of amorphous Si membranes to be ∼1 nm, and we designed an electron-irradiation-based thinning method to reach that limit and drill nanopores in the thinned regions. Double-stranded DNA translocations through these nanopores (down to 1.4 nm in thickness and 2.5 nm in diameter) provide the intrinsic ionic conductance detection limit in Si-based nanopores. In this regime, where the access resistance is comparable to the nanopore resistance, we observe the appearance of two conductance levels during molecule translocation. Considering the overall performance of Si-based nanopores, our work highlights their potential as a leading material for sequencing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matthew Puster
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Adrien Nicolaï
- §Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Vincent Meunier
- §Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Marija Drndić
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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5
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Qi ZJ, Hong SJ, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Kybert NJ, Gudibande R, Drndić M, Park YW, Johnson ATC. Electronic transport in heterostructures of chemical vapor deposited graphene and hexagonal boron nitride. Small 2015; 11:1402-1408. [PMID: 25367876 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CVD graphene devices on stacked CVD hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are demonstrated using a novel low-contamination transfer method, and their electrical performance is systematically compared to devices on SiO(2). An order of magnitude improvement in mobility, sheet resistivity, current density, and sustained power is reported when the oxide substrate is covered with five-layer CVD hBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing John Qi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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6
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Qi Z, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Botello-Méndez A, Hong SJ, Stach EA, Park YW, Charlier JC, Drndić M, Johnson ATC. Correlating atomic structure and transport in suspended graphene nanoribbons. Nano Lett 2014; 14:4238-44. [PMID: 24954396 PMCID: PMC4134140 DOI: 10.1021/nl501872x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising candidates for next generation integrated circuit (IC) components; this fact motivates exploration of the relationship between crystallographic structure and transport of graphene patterned at IC-relevant length scales (<10 nm). We report on the controlled fabrication of pristine, freestanding GNRs with widths as small as 0.7 nm, paired with simultaneous lattice-resolution imaging and electrical transport characterization, all conducted within an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope. Few-layer GNRs very frequently formed bonded-bilayers and were remarkably robust, sustaining currents in excess of 1.5 μA per carbon bond across a 5 atom-wide ribbon. We found that the intrinsic conductance of a sub-10 nm bonded bilayer GNR scaled with width as GBL(w) ≈ 3/4(e(2)/h)w, where w is the width in nanometers, while a monolayer GNR was roughly five times less conductive. Nanosculpted, crystalline monolayer GNRs exhibited armchair-terminated edges after current annealing, presenting a pathway for the controlled fabrication of semiconducting GNRs with known edge geometry. Finally, we report on simulations of quantum transport in GNRs that are in qualitative agreement with the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing
John Qi
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Julio A. Rodríguez-Manzo
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrés
R. Botello-Méndez
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université
Catholique de Louvain, Chemin des étoiles 8, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sung Ju Hong
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National
University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747, Korea
| | - Eric A. Stach
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yung Woo Park
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National
University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747, Korea
- E-mail: (Y.W.P.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Charlier
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université
Catholique de Louvain, Chemin des étoiles 8, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marija Drndić
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- E-mail: (M.D.)
| | - A. T. Charlie Johnson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- E-mail: (A.T.C.J.)
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7
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Puster M, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Balan A, Drndić M. Toward sensitive graphene nanoribbon-nanopore devices by preventing electron beam-induced damage. ACS Nano 2013; 7:11283-11289. [PMID: 24224888 DOI: 10.1021/nn405112m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanopore devices are promising candidates for next-generation DNA sequencing. Here we fabricated graphene nanoribbon-nanopore (GNR-NP) sensors for DNA detection. Nanopores with diameters in the range 2-10 nm were formed at the edge or in the center of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), with widths between 20 and 250 nm and lengths of 600 nm, on 40 nm thick silicon nitride (SiN(x)) membranes. GNR conductance was monitored in situ during electron irradiation-induced nanopore formation inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM) operating at 200 kV. We show that GNR resistance increases linearly with electron dose and that GNR conductance and mobility decrease by a factor of 10 or more when GNRs are imaged at relatively high magnification with a broad beam prior to making a nanopore. By operating the TEM in scanning TEM (STEM) mode, in which the position of the converged electron beam can be controlled with high spatial precision via automated feedback, we were able to prevent electron beam-induced damage and make nanopores in highly conducting GNR sensors. This method minimizes the exposure of the GNRs to the beam before and during nanopore formation. The resulting GNRs with unchanged resistances after nanopore formation can sustain microampere currents at low voltages (∼50 mV) in buffered electrolyte solution and exhibit high sensitivity, with a large relative change of resistance upon changes of gate voltage, similar to pristine GNRs without nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Puster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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8
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Han GH, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Lee CW, Kybert NJ, Lerner MB, Qi ZJ, Dattoli EN, Rappe AM, Drndic M, Charlie Johnson AT. Continuous growth of hexagonal graphene and boron nitride in-plane heterostructures by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. ACS Nano 2013; 7:10129-38. [PMID: 24182310 PMCID: PMC5736965 DOI: 10.1021/nn404331f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-boron nitride monolayer heterostructures contain adjacent electrically active and insulating regions in a continuous, single-atom thick layer. To date structures were grown at low pressure, resulting in irregular shapes and edge direction, so studies of the graphene-boron nitride interface were restricted to the microscopy of nanodomains. Here we report templated growth of single crystalline hexagonal boron nitride directly from the oriented edge of hexagonal graphene flakes by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition, and physical property measurements that inform the design of in-plane hybrid electronics. Ribbons of boron nitride monolayer were grown from the edge of a graphene template and inherited its crystallographic orientation. The relative sharpness of the interface was tuned through control of growth conditions. Frequent tearing at the graphene-boron nitride interface was observed, so density functional theory was used to determine that the nitrogen-terminated interface was prone to instability during cool down. The electronic functionality of monolayer heterostructures was demonstrated through fabrication of field effect transistors with boron nitride as an in-plane gate dielectric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hee Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea
| | - Julio A. Rodríguez-Manzo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Chan-Woo Lee
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Kybert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mitchell B. Lerner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Zhengqing John Qi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Eric N. Dattoli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, United States
| | - Marija Drndic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - A. T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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9
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Ben Romdhane F, Björkman T, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Cretu O, Krasheninnikov AV, Banhart F. In situ growth of cellular two-dimensional silicon oxide on metal substrates. ACS Nano 2013; 7:5175-5180. [PMID: 23692544 DOI: 10.1021/nn400905k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline hexagonally ordered silicon oxide layers with a thickness of less than a nanometer are grown on transition metal surfaces in an in situ electron microscopy experiment. The nucleation and growth of silica bilayers and monolayers, which represent the thinnest possible ordered structures of silicon oxide, are monitored in real time. The emerging layers show structural defects reminiscent of those in graphene and can also be vitreous. First-principles calculations provide atomistic insight into the energetics of the growth process. The interplay between the gain in silica-metal interaction energy due to their epitaxial match and energy loss associated with the mechanical strain of the silica network is addressed. The results of calculations indicate that both ordered and vitreous mono/bilayer structures are possible, so that the actual morphology of the layer is defined by the kinetics of the growth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaous Ben Romdhane
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Venta K, Shemer G, Puster M, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Balan A, Rosenstein JK, Shepard K, Drndić M. Differentiation of short, single-stranded DNA homopolymers in solid-state nanopores. ACS Nano 2013; 7:4629-36. [PMID: 23621759 PMCID: PMC3724363 DOI: 10.1021/nn4014388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, new techniques that monitor ionic current modulations as single molecules pass through a nanoscale pore have enabled numerous single-molecule studies. While biological nanopores have recently shown the ability to resolve single nucleotides within individual DNA molecules, similar developments with solid-state nanopores have lagged, due to challenges both in fabricating stable nanopores of similar dimensions as biological nanopores and in achieving sufficiently low-noise and high-bandwidth recordings. Here we show that small silicon nitride nanopores (0.8- to 2-nm diameter in 5- to 8-nm-thick membranes) can resolve differences between ionic current signals produced by short (30 base) ssDNA homopolymers (poly(dA), poly(dC), poly(dT)), when combined with measurement electronics that allow a signal-to-noise ratio of better than 10 to be achieved at 1-MHz bandwidth. While identifying intramolecular DNA sequences with silicon nitride nanopores will require further improvements in nanopore sensitivity and noise levels, homopolymer differentiation represents an important milestone in the development of solid-state nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Venta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Gabriel Shemer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Matthew Puster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Julio A. Rodríguez-Manzo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Adrian Balan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Jacob K. Rosenstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912
| | - Ken Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027
| | - Marija Drndić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
- Correspondence to Marija Drndić
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11
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Venta K, Shemer G, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Drndić M. Towards Nucleotide Differentiation with Solid-State Nanopores. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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12
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Doan BT, Seguin J, Breton M, Beherec RL, Bessodes M, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Banhart F, Beloeil JC, Scherman D, Richard C. Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes containing traces of iron as new negative MRI contrast agents forin vivoimaging. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2012; 7:153-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bich-Thuy Doan
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
- CBM, CNRS; UPR 4301 F-45071 Orléans cedex France
| | - Johanne Seguin
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Marie Breton
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Ronan Le Beherec
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Michel Bessodes
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Julio A. Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | | | - Daniel Scherman
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Cyrille Richard
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
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13
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Krasheninnikov AV, Banhart F. Engineering the Atomic Structure of Carbon Nanotubes by a Focused Electron Beam: New Morphologies at the Sub-Nanometer Scale. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2596-600. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Pham-Huu C, Banhart F. Graphene growth by a metal-catalyzed solid-state transformation of amorphous carbon. ACS Nano 2011; 5:1529-34. [PMID: 21250652 DOI: 10.1021/nn103456z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single and few-layer graphene is grown by a solid-state transformation of amorphous carbon on a catalytically active metal. The process is carried out and monitored in situ in an electron microscope. It is observed that an amorphous carbon film is taken up by Fe, Co, or Ni crystals at temperatures above 600 °C. The nucleation and growth of graphene layers on the metal surfaces happen after the amorphous carbon film has been dissolved. It is shown that the transformation of the energetically less favorable amorphous carbon to the more favorable phase of graphene occurs by diffusion of carbon atoms through the catalytically active metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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Cretu O, Krasheninnikov AV, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Sun L, Nieminen RM, Banhart F. Migration and localization of metal atoms on strained graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:196102. [PMID: 21231186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.196102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructed point defects in graphene are created by electron irradiation and annealing. By applying electron microscopy and density functional theory, it is shown that the strain field around these defects reaches far into the unperturbed hexagonal network and that metal atoms have a high affinity to the nonperfect and strained regions of graphene. Metal atoms are attracted by reconstructed defects and bonded with energies of about 2 eV. The increased reactivity of the distorted π-electron system in strained graphene allows us to attach metal atoms and to tailor the properties of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Cretu
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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16
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Abstract
Lattice defects in carbon nanotubes and graphene are created by focusing an electron beam in a scanning transmission electron microscope onto a 0.1 nm spot on the objects. Metal atoms migrating on the graphenic surfaces are observed to be trapped by these defects. Depending on the size of the defect, single metal atoms or clusters of several atoms can be localized in or on nanotubes or graphene layers. Subsequent escape of the metal atoms from the trapping centers gives information about the bonding between the metal atom and the defect. The process of trapping and detrapping is studied in a temperature range of 20-670 degrees C. The technique allows one to place metal atoms with almost atomic precision in graphenic structures and to create a predefined pattern of foreign atoms in graphene or carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Materiaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Universite de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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17
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Tolvanen A, Krasheninnikov AV, Nordlund K, Demortière A, Banhart F. Defect-induced junctions between single- or double-wall carbon nanotubes and metal crystals. Nanoscale 2010; 2:901-905. [PMID: 20648284 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces between the ends of single- or double-wall carbon nanotubes and metal crystals (Fe, Co, Pd, and Pt) are established by electron irradiation with nanometre precision at metal-nanotube contact areas. Calculations of the bonding energies at the metal-nanotube interfaces confirm that the formation of these covalent junctions is energetically favourable in the presence of a certain concentration of structural defects in the nanotubes. The process may be endothermic or exothermic in comparison with the unconnected configuration, but in either case atomic defects in carbon nanotubes are a necessary condition for joining them with metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, France
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18
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Janowska I, Pham-Huu C, Tolvanen A, Krasheninnikov AV, Nordlund K, Banhart F. Growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes from sharp metal tips. Small 2009; 5:2710-2715. [PMID: 19743432 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The nucleation and growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes is observed in situ in a transmission electron microscope. Carbon atoms are implanted into catalytically active metal particles by electron-beam sputtering. The metal particles are then shaped with a focused electron beam. Once the particles have a region of high surface curvature, spontaneous nucleation and growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes occurs on the metal particles. It is shown that the local solubility of carbon in the metal determines the nucleation of nanotubes. This is confirmed by atomistic computer simulations treating the solubility of carbon in a metal particle as a function of the size of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Banhart F, Terrones M, Terrones H, Grobert N, Ajayan PM, Sumpter BG, Meunier V, Wang M, Bando Y, Golberg D. Heterojunctions between metals and carbon nanotubes as ultimate nanocontacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4591-5. [PMID: 19273856 PMCID: PMC2660775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900960106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the controlled formation and characterization of heterojunctions between carbon nanotubes and different metal nanocrystals (Fe, Co, Ni, and FeCo). The heterojunctions are formed from metal-filled multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) via intense electron beam irradiation at temperatures in the range of 450-700 degrees C and observed in situ in a transmission electron microscope. Under irradiation, the segregation of metal and carbon atoms occurs, leading to the formation of heterojunctions between metal and graphite. Metallic conductivity of the metal-nanotube junctions was found by using in situ transport measurements in an electron microscope. Density functional calculations show that these structures are mechanically strong, the bonding at the interface is covalent, and the electronic states at and around the Fermi level are delocalized across the entire system. These properties are essential for the application of such heterojunctions as contacts in electronic devices and vital for the fabrication of robust nanotube-metal composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A. Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Laboratory for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research and Advanced Materials Department, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Humberto Terrones
- Laboratory for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research and Advanced Materials Department, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Nicole Grobert
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Pulickel M. Ajayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6367; and
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6367; and
| | - Mingsheng Wang
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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Muñoz-Sandoval E, Agarwal V, Escorcia-García J, Ramírez-González D, Martínez-Mondragón MM, Cruz-Silva E, Meneses-Rodríguez D, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Terrones H, Terrones M. Architectures from aligned nanotubes using controlled micropatterning of silicon substrates and electrochemical methods. Small 2007; 3:1157-63. [PMID: 17534992 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Muñoz-Sandoval
- Advanced Materials Department, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78216, México
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21
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Terrones M, Terrones H, Kroto HW, Sun L, Banhart F. In situ nucleation of carbon nanotubes by the injection of carbon atoms into metal particles. Nat Nanotechnol 2007; 2:307-311. [PMID: 18654289 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of desired chiralities and diameters is one of the most important challenges in nanotube science and achieving such selectivity may require a detailed understanding of their growth mechanism. We report the formation of CNTs in an entirely condensed phase process that allows us, for the first time, to monitor the nucleation of a nanotube on the spherical surface of a metal particle. When multiwalled CNTs containing metal particle cores are irradiated with an electron beam, carbon from graphitic shells surrounding the metal particles is ingested into the body of the particle and subsequently emerges as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) or multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) inside the host nanotubes. These observations, at atomic resolution in an electron microscope, show that there is direct bonding between the tubes and the metal surface from which the tubes sprout and can be readily explained by bulk diffusion of carbon through the body of catalytic particles, with no evidence of surface diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Advanced Materials Department, IPICyT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, México
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Advanced Materials Department, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí 78216, México
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23
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Sun L, Banhart F, Krasheninnikov AV, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Terrones M, Ajayan PM. Carbon Nanotubes as High-Pressure Cylinders and Nanoextruders. Science 2006; 312:1199-202. [PMID: 16728637 DOI: 10.1126/science.1124594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Closed-shell carbon nanostructures, such as carbon onions, have been shown to act as self-contracting high-pressure cells under electron irradiation. We report that controlled irradiation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes can cause large pressure buildup within the nanotube cores that can plastically deform, extrude, and break solid materials that are encapsulated inside the core. We further showed by atomistic simulations that the internal pressure inside nanotubes can reach values higher than 40 gigapascals. Nanotubes can thus be used as robust nanoscale jigs for extruding and deforming hard nanomaterials and for modifying their properties, as well as templates for the study of individual nanometer-sized crystals under high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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24
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Zamudio A, Elías AL, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, López-Urías F, Rodríguez-Gattorno G, Lupo F, Rühle M, Smith DJ, Terrones H, Díaz D, Terrones M. Efficient anchoring of silver nanoparticles on N-doped carbon nanotubes. Small 2006; 2:346-50. [PMID: 17193047 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200500348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Zamudio
- Advanced Materials Department, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4 Sección, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico
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25
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Elías AL, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, McCartney MR, Golberg D, Zamudio A, Baltazar SE, López-Urías F, Muñoz-Sandoval E, Gu L, Tang CC, Smith DJ, Bando Y, Terrones H, Terrones M. Production and characterization of single-crystal FeCo nanowires inside carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 2005; 5:467-472. [PMID: 15755096 DOI: 10.1021/nl0479583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of novel monocrystalline FeCo nanowires encapsulated inside multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). These FeCo nanowires exhibit homogeneous Fe and Co concentrations and do not contain an external oxide layer due to the presence of insulating nanotube layers. The method involves the aerosol thermolysis of toluene-ferrocene-cobaltocene solutions in inert atmospheres. The materials have been carefully characterized using state-of-the-art high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), electron diffraction, HREELS-STM elemental mapping, X-ray powder diffraction, and SQUID magnetometry. We noted that the formation of FeCo alloys occurs at relatively low pyrolytic temperatures (e.g., 650-750 degrees C). These single-crystal nanowires, which have not been reported hitherto, always exhibit the FeCo (110) plane parallel to the carbon nanotube axis. The FeCo nanomaterials have shown large coercive fields at room temperature (e.g., 900 Oe). We envisage that these aligned ferromagnetic nanowires could be used in the fabrication of high-density magnetic storage devices and magnetic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Elías
- Advanced Materials Department, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4 sección, San Luis Potosí, 78216, México
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26
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Terrones H, Terrones M, López-Urías F, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Mackay AL. Shape and complexity at the atomic scale: the case of layered nanomaterials. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2004; 362:2039-2063. [PMID: 15370471 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In nature there are numerous layered compounds, some of which could be curved so as to form fascinating nanoshapes with novel properties. Graphite is at present the main example of a very flexible layered structure, which is able to form cylinders (nanotubes) and cages (fullerenes), but there are others. While fullerenes possess positive curvature due to pentagonal rings of carbon, there are other structures which could include heptagonal or higher membered rings. In fact, fullerenes and nanotubes could display negative curvature, thus forming nanomaterials possessing unexpected electronic and mechanical properties. The effect of curvature in other nano-architectures, such as in boron nitride and metal dichalcogenides, is also discussed in this account. Electron irradiation is a tool able to increase the structural complexity of layered materials. In this context, we describe the coalescence of carbon nanotubes and C(60) molecules. The latter results now open up an alternative approach to producing and manipulating novel nanomaterials in the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Terrones
- Advanced Materials Department, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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