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Freitas BT, Ahiadorme DA, Bagul RS, Durie IA, Ghosh S, Hill J, Kramer NE, Murray J, O’Boyle BM, Onobun E, Pirrone MG, Shepard JD, Enos S, Subedi YP, Upadhyaya K, Tripp RA, Cummings BS, Crich D, Pegan SD. Exploring Noncovalent Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronaviruses. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:596-611. [PMID: 35199517 PMCID: PMC8887654 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have transmitted from animal hosts to humans causing zoonotic outbreaks of severe disease. Both viruses originate from a group of betacoronaviruses known as subgroup 2b. The emergence of two dangerous human pathogens from this group along with previous studies illustrating the potential of other subgroup 2b members to transmit to humans has underscored the need for antiviral development against them. Coronaviruses modify the host innate immune response in part through the reversal of ubiquitination and ISGylation with their papain-like protease (PLpro). To identify unique or overarching subgroup 2b structural features or enzymatic biases, the PLpro from a subgroup 2b bat coronavirus, BtSCoV-Rf1.2004, was biochemically and structurally evaluated. This evaluation revealed that PLpros from subgroup 2b coronaviruses have narrow substrate specificity for K48 polyubiquitin and ISG15 originating from certain species. The PLpro of BtSCoV-Rf1.2004 was used as a tool alongside PLpro of CoV-1 and CoV-2 to design 30 novel noncovalent drug-like pan subgroup 2b PLpro inhibitors that included determining the effects of using previously unexplored core linkers within these compounds. Two crystal structures of BtSCoV-Rf1.2004 PLpro bound to these inhibitors aided in compound design as well as shared structural features among subgroup 2b proteases. Screening of these three subgroup 2b PLpros against this novel set of inhibitors along with cytotoxicity studies provide new directions for pan-coronavirus subgroup 2b antiviral development of PLpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Daniil A. Ahiadorme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Rahul S. Bagul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ian A. Durie
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Samir Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jarvis Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Naomi E. Kramer
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Brady M. O’Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Emmanuel Onobun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michael G. Pirrone
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin D. Shepard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Suzanne Enos
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yagya P. Subedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kapil Upadhyaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Brian S. Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
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Shepard JD, Freitas BT, Rodriguez SE, Scholte FEM, Baker K, Hutchison MR, Longo JE, Miller HC, O'Boyle BM, Tandon A, Zhao P, Grimsey NJ, Wells L, Bergeron É, Pegan SD. The Structure and Immune Regulatory Implications of the Ubiquitin-Like Tandem Domain Within an Avian 2'-5' Oligoadenylate Synthetase-Like Protein. Front Immunol 2022; 12:794664. [PMID: 35058932 PMCID: PMC8764230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of host and viral proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins plays a key role in a host’s ability to mount an effective immune response. Avian species lack a ubiquitin-like protein found in mammals and other non-avian reptiles; interferon stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15). ISG15 serves as a messenger molecule and can be conjugated to both host and viral proteins leading them to be stabilized, degraded, or sequestered. Structurally, ISG15 is comprised of a tandem ubiquitin-like domain (Ubl), which serves as the motif for post-translational modification. The 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthetase-like proteins (OASL) also encode two Ubl domains in series near its C-terminus which binds OASL to retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I). This protein-protein interaction increases the sensitivity of RIG-I and results in an enhanced production of type 1 interferons and a robust immune response. Unlike human and other mammalian OASL homologues, avian OASLs terminate their tandem Ubl domains with the same LRLRGG motif found in ubiquitin and ISG15, a motif required for their conjugation to proteins. Chickens, however, lack RIG-I, raising the question of structural and functional characteristics of chicken OASL (chOASL). By investigating chOASL, the evolutionary history of viruses with deubiquitinases can be explored and drivers of species specificity for these viruses may be uncovered. Here we show that the chOASL tandem Ubl domains shares structural characteristics with mammalian ISG15, and that chOASL can oligomerize and conjugate to itself. In addition, the ISG15-like features of avian OASLs and how they impact interactions with viral deubiquitinases and deISGylases are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Shepard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brendan T Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sergio E Rodriguez
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kailee Baker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Madelyn R Hutchison
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jaron E Longo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Holden C Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brady M O'Boyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Aarushi Tandon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Neil J Grimsey
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Abstract
In patients with irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety is often associated with visceral pain. Based on this information we hypothesized that rats genetically predisposed to anxiety have an increased visceral sensitivity. To test this hypothesis, visceromotor reflex recordings in response to colorectal distention were used to estimate the level of visceral stimulation in high; moderate-, and low-anxiety rats. We compared the effect of innocuous colorectal distension in rats with and without sensitized colons. In nonsensitized rats visceromotor responses were increased by colorectal distention with the greatest response in the high-anxiety Wistar-Kyoto strain. Sensitization of the colon significantly increased visceromotor responses to colorectal distention in all rat strains. In summary, our data suggested that a manifestation of a genetically determined anxiety level appeared to be abnormal neural responsiveness of the gastrointestinal tract leading to visceral hypersensitivity in high-anxiety animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Gunter
- Oklahoma Foundation for Digestive Research, Basic Science Laboratories, V.A. Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Shepard JD, al'Absi M, Whitsett TL, Passey RB, Lovallo WR. Additive pressor effects of caffeine and stress in male medical students at risk for hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13:475-81. [PMID: 10826397 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-7061(99)00217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of caffeine on blood pressure (BP) and cortisol secretion were examined during elevated work stress in medical students at high versus low risk for hypertension. Among 31 male medical students who were regular consumers of caffeine, 20 were considered at low risk for hypertension (negative parental history and all screening BP < 125/78 mm Hg) and 11 at high risk based on epidemiologic criteria (positive parental history and average screening BPs between 125/78 and 139/89 mm Hg). Cortisol levels and ambulatory BP were measured with and without caffeine during two lectures (low work stress) and two exams (high work stress) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Caffeine consumption and exam stress increased cortisol secretion in both groups (P < .05). BP increased with caffeine or exam stress in both groups, low versus high risk, respectively (Caffeine: + 5/4 vs + 3/3 mm Hg; Stress: + 4/1 vs + 7/3 mm Hg; P < .05). The combination of stress and caffeine caused additive increases in BP (Low Risk + 9/5 mm Hg, High Risk + 10/6 mm Hg) such that 46% of high-risk participants had average systolic BP > or = 140 mm Hg. This combined effect of stress and caffeine on BP suggests that it may be beneficial for individuals at high risk for hypertension to refrain from the use of caffeinated beverages, particularly at times when work demands and attendant stressors are high. For the same reasons, recent intake of caffeine should be controlled in patients undergoing BP measurement for the diagnosis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Shepard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
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Shepard JD, Barron KW, Myers DA. Corticosterone delivery to the amygdala increases corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA in the central amygdaloid nucleus and anxiety-like behavior. Brain Res 2000; 861:288-95. [PMID: 10760490 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of stereotaxic delivery of corticosterone to the amygdala on anxiety-like behavior and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA level in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Micropellets (30 microg) of crystalline corticosterone or cholesterol (control) were implanted bilaterally at the dorsal margin of the CeA in Wistar rats. Seven days post-implantation, anxiety-like behavior was accessed using an elevated plus-maze. CRF mRNA level in the CeA was determined by in situ hybridization 4 h after being tested on the elevated plus-maze. Corticosterone implants increased indices of anxiety on the elevated plus-maze and produced a concomitant increase in both basal level of CRF mRNA per neuron and the number of neurons with CRF hybridization signal in the CeA. The plus-maze increased CRF mRNA levels in the CeA of cholesterol implanted rats to the elevated basal levels observed in corticosterone treated animals. Exposure to the plus-maze did not increase CRF mRNA level in the CeA of corticosterone implanted rats beyond elevated basal levels. Taken together, these findings support the involvement of the amygdala in anxiety-like behaviors in response to chronically elevated corticosterone and suggests that elevated glucocorticoids may increase anxiety by inducing CRF expression in the CeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Shepard
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 653, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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Maish WA, Hampton EM, Whitsett TL, Shepard JD, Lovallo WR. Influence of grapefruit juice on caffeine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacotherapy 1996; 16:1046-52. [PMID: 8947977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of grapefruit juice (GFJ) on caffeine's metabolism and the hemodynamic effects of this potential food interaction were studied in 10 normotensive volunteers. In this crossover study, caffeine (3.3 mg/kg) and water or caffeine and GFJ were given to participants. Nine serum caffeine concentrations were determined within 24 hours of each phase. In another phase of this study, caffeine was given with multiple GFJ doses to 6 of the 10 participants. Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitors were used for 12 hours to assess treatment hemodynamic effects. The mean area under the serum caffeine concentration-time curve (AUC0-infinity) values +/- SD for the caffeine with water group, caffeine with GFJ group, and caffeine with multiple GFJ group were 47.0 +/- 10.8, 48.7 +/- 15.2, and 49.6 +/- 7.0 micrograms/ml.hr, respectively (NS). There was no significant difference on the ambulatory systolic BP, diastolic BP, percentage of the time with a diastolic BP greater than 90 mm Hg, or heart rate area under the effect curves. We conclude that grapefruit juice had no effect on caffeine pharmacokinetics or hemodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Maish
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri at Kansas City 64108, USA
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