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Peters S, Loi S, André F, Chandarlapaty S, Felip E, Finn SP, Jänne PA, Kerr KM, Munzone E, Passaro A, Pérol M, Smit EF, Swanton C, Viale G, Stahel RA. Antibody-drug conjugates in lung and breast cancer: Current evidence and future directions - a position statement from the ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation. Ann Oncol 2024:S0923-7534(24)00108-X. [PMID: 38648979 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Following the approval of the first antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in the early 2000s, development has increased dramatically, with 14 ADCs now approved and >100 in clinical development. In lung cancer, trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) is approved in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-mutated, unresectable or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, with ADCs targeting HER3 (patritumab deruxtecan), trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (datopotamab deruxtecan and sacituzumab govitecan [SG]) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (telisotuzumab vedotin) in late-stage clinical development. In breast cancer, several agents are already approved and widely used, including trastuzumab emtansine, T-DXd and SG, and multiple late-stage trials are ongoing. Thus, in the coming years, we are likely to see significant changes to treatment algorithms. As the number of available ADCs increases, biomarkers (of response and resistance) to better select patients are urgently needed. Biopsy sample collection at the time of treatment selection and incorporation of translational research into clinical trial designs are therefore critical. Biopsy samples taken peri- and post-ADC treatment combined with functional genomics screens could provide insights into response/resistance mechanisms as well as the impact of ADCs on tumour biology and the tumour microenvironment, which could improve understanding of the mechanisms underlying these complex molecules. Many ADCs are undergoing evaluation as combination therapy, but a high bar should be set to progress clinical evaluation of any ADC-based combination, particularly considering the high cost and potential toxicity implications. Efforts to optimise ADC dosing/duration, sequencing and the potential for ADC rechallenge are also important, especially considering sustainability aspects. The ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation are driving strong collaborations in this field and promoting the generation/sharing of databases, repositories and registries to enable greater access data. This will allow the most important research questions to be identified and prioritised, which will ultimately accelerate progress and help to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Loi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - F André
- Breast Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - S Chandarlapaty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - E Felip
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S P Finn
- Department of Histopathology and Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, St James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P A Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - K M Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - E Munzone
- Division of Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan
| | - A Passaro
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - M Pérol
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - E F Smit
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C Swanton
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - G Viale
- Department of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - R A Stahel
- Coordinating Center, ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation, Bern, Switzerland.
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Gosney JR, Paz-Ares L, Jänne P, Kerr KM, Leighl NB, Lozano MD, Malapelle U, Mok T, Sheffield BS, Tufman A, Wistuba II, Peters S. Pathologist-initiated reflex testing for biomarkers in non-small-cell lung cancer: expert consensus on the rationale and considerations for implementation. ESMO Open 2023; 8:101587. [PMID: 37356358 PMCID: PMC10485396 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarker tests in lung cancer have been traditionally ordered by the treating oncologist upon confirmation of an appropriate pathological diagnosis. The delay this introduces prolongs yet further what is already a complex, multi-stage, pre-treatment pathway and delays the start of first-line systemic treatment, which is crucially informed by the results of such analysis. Reflex testing, in which the responsibility for testing for an agreed range of biomarkers lies with the pathologist, has been shown to standardise and expedite the process. Twelve experts discussed the rationale and considerations for implementing reflex testing as standard clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gosney
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - L Paz-Ares
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Unit, Ciberonc and Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Jänne
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - K M Kerr
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - N B Leighl
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - M D Lozano
- Pathology, Universidad de Navarra-Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - U Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - T Mok
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - B S Sheffield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, William Osler Health System, Brampton, Canada
| | - A Tufman
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Munich; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - I I Wistuba
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology; Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - S Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Hendriks LE, Kerr KM, Menis J, Mok TS, Nestle U, Passaro A, Peters S, Planchard D, Smit EF, Solomon BJ, Veronesi G, Reck M. Non-oncogene-addicted metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2023; 34:358-376. [PMID: 36669645 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L E Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K M Kerr
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen University Medical School, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Menis
- Medical Oncology Department, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - T S Mok
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - U Nestle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg; Department of Radiation Oncology, Kliniken Maria Hilf, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - A Passaro
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - S Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Planchard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thoracic Group, Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - E F Smit
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam; Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B J Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Veronesi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery-Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M Reck
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Lung Clinic, Grosshansdorf, Germany
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Hendriks LE, Kerr KM, Menis J, Mok TS, Nestle U, Passaro A, Peters S, Planchard D, Smit EF, Solomon BJ, Veronesi G, Reck M. Oncogene-addicted metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2023; 34:339-357. [PMID: 36872130 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L E Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K M Kerr
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen University Medical School, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Menis
- Medical Oncology Department, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - T S Mok
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - U Nestle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Kliniken Maria Hilf, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - A Passaro
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - S Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Planchard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thoracic Group, Gustave-Roussy Villejuif, France
| | - E F Smit
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B J Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Veronesi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery-Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M Reck
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Lung Clinic, Grosshansdorf, Germany
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Bonomi PD, Gandara D, Hirsch FR, Kerr KM, Obasaju C, Paz-Ares L, Bellomo C, Bradley JD, Bunn PA, Culligan M, Jett JR, Kim ES, Langer CJ, Natale RB, Novello S, Pérol M, Ramalingam SS, Reck M, Reynolds CH, Smit EF, Socinski MA, Spigel DR, Vansteenkiste JF, Wakelee H, Thatcher N. Predictive biomarkers for response to EGFR-directed monoclonal antibodies for advanced squamous cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2019; 29:1701-1709. [PMID: 29905778 PMCID: PMC6128180 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upregulated expression and aberrant activation of the epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) are found in lung cancer, making EGFR a relevant target for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Treatment with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is associated with modest improvement in overall survival in patients with squamous cell lung cancer (SqCLC) who have a significant unmet need for effective treatment options. While there is evidence that using EGFR gene copy number, EGFR mutation, and EGFR protein expression as biomarkers can help select patients who respond to treatment, it is important to consider biomarkers for response in patients treated with combination therapies that include EGFR mAbs. Design Randomized trials of EGFR-directed mAbs cetuximab and necitumumab in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or antiangiogenic therapy in patients with advanced NSCLC, including SqCLC, were searched in the literature. Results of associations of potential biomarkers and outcomes were summarized. Results Data from phase III clinical trials indicate that patients with NSCLC, including SqCLC, whose tumors express high levels of EGFR protein (H-score of ≥200) and/or gene copy numbers of EGFR (e.g. ≥40% cells with ≥4 EGFR copies as detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization; gene amplification in ≥10% of analyzed cells) derive greater therapeutic benefits from EGFR-directed mAbs. Biomarker data are limited for EGFR mAbs used in combination with immunotherapy and are absent when used in combination with antiangiogenic agents. Conclusions Therapy with EGFR-directed mAbs in combination with chemotherapy is associated with greater clinical benefits in patients with NSCLC, including SqCLC, whose tumors express high levels of EGFR protein and/or have increased EGFR gene copy number. These data support validating the role of these as biomarkers to identify those patients who derive the greatest clinical benefit from EGFR mAb therapy. However, data on biomarkers for EGFR-directed mAbs combined with immunotherapy or antiangiogenic agents remain limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Bonomi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
| | - D Gandara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, USA
| | - F R Hirsch
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, USA
| | - K M Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen University Medical School and Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - C Obasaju
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, USA
| | - L Paz-Ares
- Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, CiberOnc & CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Bellomo
- Intermountain Cancer Center, Cedar City Hospital, Cedar City, USA
| | - J D Bradley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - P A Bunn
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, USA
| | - M Culligan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - J R Jett
- Emeritus, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - E S Kim
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, USA
| | - C J Langer
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - R B Natale
- Cedars-Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, West Hollywood, USA
| | - S Novello
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Pérol
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - S S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - M Reck
- Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | | | - E F Smit
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - D R Spigel
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, USA
| | - J F Vansteenkiste
- Respiratory Oncology Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Wakelee
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - N Thatcher
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Haanen JBAG, Carbonnel F, Robert C, Kerr KM, Peters S, Larkin J, Jordan K. Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2018; 29:iv264-iv266. [PMID: 29917046 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Rittmeyer A, Gadgeel S, Kowanetz M, Zou W, Hirsch FR, Kerr KM, Gandara D, Barlesi F, Park K, McCleland M, Koeppen H, Ballinger M, Sandler A, Hegde PS. Clinical Efficacy of atezolizumab (atezo) in PD-L1 subgroups defined by SP142 and 22C3 IHC assays in 2L+ NSCLC: Results from the randomized OAK study. Pneumologie 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1619252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Gadgeel
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - W Zou
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco
| | - FR Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - KM Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary/Aberdeen University Medical School
| | - D Gandara
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA,
| | - F Barlesi
- Aix Marseille University; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille
| | - K Park
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - PS Hegde
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco
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Haanen JBAG, Carbonnel F, Robert C, Kerr KM, Peters S, Larkin J, Jordan K. Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:iv119-iv142. [PMID: 28881921 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1375] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J B A G Haanen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Carbonnel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kremlin Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - C Robert
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - K M Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen University Medical School & Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - S Peters
- Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Larkin
- Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - K Jordan
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Postmus PE, Kerr KM, Oudkerk M, Senan S, Waller DA, Vansteenkiste J, Escriu C, Peters S. Early and locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:iv1-iv21. [PMID: 28881918 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1115] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P E Postmus
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool
| | - K M Kerr
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M Oudkerk
- Center for Medical Imaging, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - S Senan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D A Waller
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - C Escriu
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool
| | - S Peters
- Oncology Department, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Schwartz JR, Henry JP, Kerr KM, Mizoguchi H, Li L. The role of oxidative damage in poor scalp health: ramifications to causality and associated hair growth. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 37 Suppl 2:9-15. [PMID: 26574300 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative stress element of unhealthy scalp leads to compromised pre-emergent hair formation and poorly formed hair as it grows. Only cosmetic solutions can minimize the impact of unhealthy hair and to achieve healthy looking and feeling hair, the scalp health must be normalized first. The objectives of this research were to both investigate whether oxidative stress was a relevant aetiological element in scalp dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis and whether scalp condition affects the quality of hair that grows from it. Further, this research was designed to determine whether an effective anti-dandruff shampoo would repair and protect the scalp and pre-emergent hair from oxidative stress. This study demonstrated that oxidative stress is an aetiological element relevant to the dandruff condition and that a potentiated ZPT shampoo effectively improves scalp condition, including a reduction in oxidative stress. The compromised hair condition associated with dandruff is concomitantly improved when the scalp condition is improved. It appears that there is a direct link between hair quality and scalp health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Schwartz
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - J P Henry
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - K M Kerr
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H Mizoguchi
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - L Li
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Field JK, Duffy SW, Baldwin DR, Whynes DK, Devaraj A, Brain KE, Eisen T, Gosney J, Green BA, Holemans JA, Kavanagh T, Kerr KM, Ledson M, Lifford KJ, McRonald FE, Nair A, Page RD, Parmar MKB, Rassl DM, Rintoul RC, Screaton NJ, Wald NJ, Weller D, Williamson PR, Yadegarfar G, Hansell DM. UK Lung Cancer RCT Pilot Screening Trial: baseline findings from the screening arm provide evidence for the potential implementation of lung cancer screening. Thorax 2015; 71:161-70. [PMID: 26645413 PMCID: PMC4752629 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer screening using low-dose CT (LDCT) was shown to reduce lung cancer mortality by 20% in the National Lung Screening Trial. Methods The pilot UK Lung Cancer Screening (UKLS) is a randomised controlled trial of LDCT screening for lung cancer versus usual care. A population-based questionnaire was used to identify high-risk individuals. CT screen-detected nodules were managed by a pre-specified protocol. Cost effectiveness was modelled with reference to the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial mortality reduction. Results 247 354 individuals aged 50–75 years were approached; 30.7% expressed an interest, 8729 (11.5%) were eligible and 4055 were randomised, 2028 into the CT arm (1994 underwent a CT). Forty-two participants (2.1%) had confirmed lung cancer, 34 (1.7%) at baseline and 8 (0.4%) at the 12-month scan. 28/42 (66.7%) had stage I disease, 36/42 (85.7%) had stage I or II disease. 35/42 (83.3%) had surgical resection. 536 subjects had nodules greater than 50 mm3 or 5 mm diameter and 41/536 were found to have lung cancer. One further cancer was detected by follow-up of nodules between 15 and 50 mm3 at 12 months. The baseline estimate for the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of once-only CT screening, under the UKLS protocol, was £8466 per quality adjusted life year gained (CI £5542 to £12 569). Conclusions The UKLS pilot trial demonstrated that it is possible to detect lung cancer at an early stage and deliver potentially curative treatment in over 80% of cases. Health economic analysis suggests that the intervention would be cost effective—this needs to be confirmed using data on observed lung cancer mortality reduction. Trial registration ISRCTN 78513845.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S W Duffy
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - D R Baldwin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - D K Whynes
- School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - A Devaraj
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - K E Brain
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - T Eisen
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Gosney
- Department of Pathology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - B A Green
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J A Holemans
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool UK
| | - T Kavanagh
- Lung Cancer Patient Advocate, Liverpool, UK
| | - K M Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M Ledson
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool UK
| | - K J Lifford
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - F E McRonald
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Nair
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R D Page
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool UK
| | - M K B Parmar
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK
| | - D M Rassl
- Department of Histopathology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R C Rintoul
- Department of Histopathology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - N J Screaton
- Department of Histopathology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - N J Wald
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - D Weller
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P R Williamson
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Yadegarfar
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D M Hansell
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Baas P, Fennell D, Kerr KM, Van Schil PE, Haas RL, Peters S. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2015; 26 Suppl 5:v31-9. [PMID: 26223247 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Baas
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam The Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Fennell
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Leicester, Leicester
| | - K M Kerr
- Department of Pathology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - P E Van Schil
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R L Haas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Marshall AD, Bayes HK, Bardgett J, Wedderburn S, Kerr KM, Currie GP. Survival from malignant mesothelioma: where are we now? J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2015; 45:123-6. [DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2015.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kerr KM, Bubendorf L, Edelman MJ, Marchetti A, Mok T, Novello S, O'Byrne K, Stahel R, Peters S, Felip E. Second ESMO consensus conference on lung cancer: pathology and molecular biomarkers for non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1681-1690. [PMID: 24718890 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To complement the existing treatment guidelines for all tumour types, ESMO organises consensus conferences to focus on specific issues in each type of tumour. The Second ESMO Consensus Conference on Lung Cancer was held on 11-12 May 2013 in Lugano. A total of 35 experts met to address several questions on management of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in each of four areas: pathology and molecular biomarkers, early stage disease, locally advanced disease and advanced (metastatic) disease. For each question, recommendations were made including reference to the grade of recommendation and level of evidence. This consensus paper focuses on recommendations for pathology and molecular biomarkers in relation to the diagnosis of lung cancer, primarily non-small-cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and Aberdeen University Medical School, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - L Bubendorf
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M J Edelman
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, USA
| | - A Marchetti
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center of Excellence on Ageing, University-Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - T Mok
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - S Novello
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria San Luigi Orbassano, Italy
| | - K O'Byrne
- Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R Stahel
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich
| | - S Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Felip
- Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, De Ruysscher D, Kerr KM, Peters S. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2014; 25 Suppl 3:iii27-39. [PMID: 25115305 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Reck
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, LungenClinic, Grosshansdorf Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - S Popat
- Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - N Reinmuth
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, LungenClinic, Grosshansdorf Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - D De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven/ KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K M Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and Aberdeen University Medical School, Aberdeen, UK
| | - S Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Patton S, Normanno N, Blackhall F, Murray S, Kerr KM, Dietel M, Filipits M, Benlloch S, Popat S, Stahel R, Thunnissen E. Assessing standardization of molecular testing for non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a worldwide external quality assessment (EQA) scheme for EGFR mutation testing. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:413-20. [PMID: 24983368 PMCID: PMC4102953 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The external quality assurance (EQA) process aims at establishing laboratory performance levels. Leading European groups in the fields of EQA, Pathology, and Medical and Thoracic Oncology collaborated in a pilot EQA scheme for somatic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutational analysis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS EQA samples generated from cell lines mimicking clinical samples were provided to participating laboratories, each with a mock clinical case. Participating laboratories performed the analysis using their usual method(s). Anonymous results were assessed and made available to all participants. Two subsequent EQA rounds followed the pilot scheme. RESULTS One hundred and seventeen labs from 30 countries registered and 91 returned results. Sanger sequencing and a commercial kit were the main methodologies used. The standard of genotyping was suboptimal, with a significant number of genotyping errors made. Only 72 out of 91 (72%) participants passed the EQA. False-negative and -positive results were the main sources of error. The quality of reports submitted was acceptable; most were clear, concise and easy to read. However, some participants reported the genotyping result in the absence of any interpretation and many obscured the interpretation required for clinical care. CONCLUSIONS Even in clinical laboratories, the technical performance of genotyping in EGFR mutation testing for NSCLC can be improved, evident from a high level of diagnostic errors. Robust EQA can contribute to global optimisation of EGFR testing for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patton
- EMQN, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - N Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale'—IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - S Murray
- Biomarker Solutions Ltd, London EC1V 2NX, UK
| | - K M Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK
| | - M Dietel
- Charité, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - M Filipits
- Medical University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Benlloch
- Pangaea Biotech, USP Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - S Popat
- Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - R Stahel
- University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Thunnissen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
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Haja Mydin H, Currie GP, Denison AR, Nicolson M, Kerr KM, Srivastava P. A rare cause of pleural disease. QJM 2013; 106:571-2. [PMID: 23487832 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hct069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Haja Mydin
- Chest Clinic C, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK.
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Miller D, Mahendra P, Bruce V, Kerr KM, McKean M, Chetty M, Currie GP. Endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary: the initial experience. QJM 2012; 105:607-8. [PMID: 22396604 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcs049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has emerged over the past decade as one of the most exciting and innovative developments in the field of respiratory medicine. This procedure allows sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes and masses in both malignant and benign disease and overcomes some of the disadvantages associated with mediastinoscopy and blind transbronchial needle aspiration. We describe the clinical use, indications for and limitations of EBUS-TBNA along with several illustrated clinical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Currie
- Chest Clinic C, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK.
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Paul I, Savage K, Lamers E, Gately K, O'Byrne KJ, Blayney JK, Kerr KM, Sheaff M, Richard DJ, Hamilton PW, James J, Quinn JE, Fennell DA. The effect of PARP inhibition on BAX/BAK independent synthetic lethality of BRCA1-deficient non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Soulieres D, Wolf J, Shepherd FA, Cappuzzo F, Bunn PA, Herbst RS, Hirsch FR, Kerr KM, Mitsudomi T, Tsao MS, Yang C, Richardson FC, Klughammer B, Wacker B, Sternberg D, Davies AM. Meta-analysis of the predictive and prognostic value of erlotinib-related biomarkers in phase III, placebo-controlled trials in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Recommendations of the BioLOGUE advisors. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.7533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Pirker R, Herth F, Kerr KM, Filipits M, Grunenwald D, Popper HH, Rosell R, Smit E, Cappuzzo F, Stahel RA. Clinical recommendations for EGFR mutation testing in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Results from a European workshop. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e18038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Kerr KM, Fennell DA, Shah RN, Kumar M, Skailes G, Potter VA, Moore S, Maxwell P, Das M, Nicolson M. Thymidylate synthetase (TS) immunohistochemistry (IHC): Feasibility in a routine clinical setting for patients receiving treatment with pemetrexed for advanced nonsquamous NSCLC. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.tps293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Blayney JK, Grills CM, Jithesh PV, Wistuba II, Jacobson M, O'Byrne KJ, Kerr KM, Scagliotti G, Holt RJ, Fennell DA. Evaluation of machine learning versus Cox regression in identification of factors predicting recurrence following resection of non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Nicolson M, Clark C, Bell C, Osborne A, Tracey J, Petty RD, Kerr KM. Optimizing measurement of EGFR mutation status in NSCLC. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e18120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kerr A, Rafferty D, Kerr KM, Durward B. Timing phases of the sit-to-walk movement: validity of a clinical test. Gait Posture 2007; 26:11-6. [PMID: 16908153 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The sit-to-walk (STW) movement is a functional task that challenges balance and co-ordination. There is a paucity of literature investigating the phases of this movement and its significance in a clinical rehabilitation context. Measuring phases of this movement may provide clinically applicable data for screening subjects for mobility problems and evaluating interventions. Fifty-six subjects from three groups; young (<65 years old), elderly (>65 years old) and elderly at risk of falling (EARF), performed the STW movement freely from a chair. Switches placed on the backrest, chair seat and two on the floor identified the times of movement events: onset, seat-off, swing-off and stance-off. These events defined three phases: flexion, extension and stance. Timing of events and phase duration data derived from this switch system were correlated with those taken from a three-dimensional motion analysis system. All switch events closely matched the motion analysis events with ICC (model 2.1) scores ranging from 0.93 to 1.00. Duration of all STW phases were statistically longer in the EARF group compared to both unimpaired groups (p<0.05). Data from the four switch configuration demonstrated excellent concurrent validity when associated with data from a three-dimensional motion analysis system in identifying the phases of STW. Measurement of the phases of the STW task has potential in screening those at risk of falling and informing care strategies to prevent falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Kerr
- School of Health and Social Care, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Cowcaddens, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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Thunnissen FB, Kerr KM, Brambilla E, Comin CE, Franklin WA, Guldhammerskov B, Westra WH, Flieder DB. EU-USA pathology panel for uniform diagnosis in randomised controlled trials for HRCT screening in lung cancer. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:1186-9. [PMID: 16899486 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00043506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Randomised controlled trials for lung cancer screening using high-resolution computed tomography are now underway. In order to allow effective future comparison of the different trials, as well as strengthening conclusions based upon the analysis of larger data sets, uniformity and consistency of pathology diagnosis are essential. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of the learning process in this difficult area of diagnostic pathology. Eight pathologists received two CD-ROMs, each with digital images of 30 cases. After diagnosing the first series, selected background reading was provided. Kappa (kappa) scores were calculated for each pathologist and category, and were compared to the consensus score. The readings of the first series showed a moderate agreement kappa score: mean+/-sd for category numbers 8 (all eight categories) and 2 were 0.53+/-0.05 and 0.65+/-0.04, respectively. The kappa 2 score distinguished between categories denoting benign and malignant lesions. The second series resulted in a good agreement kappa score: 0.65+/-0.06 for category number 8 and 0.81+/-0.02 for category number 2. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that screen-detected cases pose particular problems for pathologists and that a trained pathology panel serving randomised controlled trials is likely to lead to more consistent and accurate tissue diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Thunnissen
- Department of Pathology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung condition of uncertain aetiology that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who experience breathlessness, cough and reduced exercise tolerance. IPF is characterized histologically by the presence of usual interstitial pneumonia, and often has typical radiological appearances. Long-term successful management options are limited and frequently unsuccessful; as the disease progresses, palliation of symptoms becomes the mainstay of treatment. In a minority of patients, lung transplantation provides the only hope of long-term survival. The median survival of patients with IPF is approximately 3 years, which in turn emphasizes the need for further investigation into its pathogenesis and potential disease-modifying pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Dempsey
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN.
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van Compernolle R, McAvoy DC, Sherren A, Wind T, Cano ML, Belanger SE, Dorn PB, Kerr KM. Predicting the sorption of fatty alcohols and alcohol ethoxylates to effluent and receiving water solids. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2006; 64:61-74. [PMID: 16338005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol ethoxylates (AEs) are an important group of nonionic surfactants. Commercial AEs consist of a mixture of several homologues of varying carbon chain length (Cx) and degree of ethoxylation (EOy). The major disposal route of AE is down the drain to municipal wastewater treatment plants that discharge into receiving surface waters. Sorption of AE homologues onto activated sludge and river water solids is an important factor in assessing exposure of AE in the environment. This study presents the experimental determination of sorption coefficients for a wide array of AE homologues including five alcohols under environmentally relevant conditions and combines these data with literature data to generate a predictive model for the sorption of AEs in the environment. These results demonstrate that sorption can be effectively modeled using a log Kd vs. Cx and EOy predictive equation having the form log Kd = 0.331C - 0.00897EO - 1.126(R2 = 0.64).
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Gudi
- Dept of Dermatology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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Nicholson AG, Addis BJ, Bharucha H, Clelland CA, Corrin B, Gibbs AR, Hasleton PS, Kerr KM, Ibrahim NBN, Stewart S, Wallace WAH, Wells AU. Inter-observer variation between pathologists in diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Thorax 2004; 59:500-5. [PMID: 15170033 PMCID: PMC1747021 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2003.011734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been few inter-observer studies of diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), but the recent ATS/ERS consensus classification provides a basis for such a study. METHODS A method for categorising numerically the percentage likelihood of these differential diagnoses was developed, and the diagnostic confidence of pathologists using this classification and the reproducibility of their diagnoses were assessed. RESULTS The overall kappa coefficient of agreement for the first choice diagnosis was 0.38 (n = 133 biopsies), increasing to 0.43 for patients (n = 83) with multiple biopsies. Weighted kappa coefficients of agreement, quantifying the level of probability of individual diagnoses, were moderate to good (mean 0.58, range 0.40-0.75). However, in 18% of biopsy specimens the diagnosis was given with low confidence. Over 50% of inter-observer variation related to the diagnosis of non-specific interstitial pneumonia and, in particular, its distinction from usual interstitial pneumonia. CONCLUSION These results show that the ATS/ERS classification can be applied reproducibly by pathologists who evaluate DPLD routinely, and support the practice of taking multiple biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Nicholson
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
AIMS To discover whether variations in thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) staining in different subtypes and patterns of pulmonary adenocarcinoma are related to the putative origin of the tumour. In addition, to confirm the specificity of TTF-1 for pulmonary (as opposed to other sites) adenocarcinoma, to examine the possible prognostic relevance of TTF-1 positivity in lung cancer, and to review this laboratory's experience of TTF-1 in diagnostic practice. MATERIALS/METHODS In total, 128 primary lung adenocarcinomas, 106 primary non-pulmonary adenocarcinomas, and 37 pulmonary non-adenocarcinoma tumours were studied. In addition, 100 cases where TTF-1 was used in routine surgical pathology practice were investigated. Immunoperoxidase staining was performed on formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded sections using anti-TTF-1 antibody. Staining was evaluated semiquantitatively using the frequency and intensity of nuclear positivity. RESULTS None of the 106 non-pulmonary adenocarcinomas expressed TTF-1 and only three of the 37 non-adenocarcinoma lung cancers, all neuroendocrine carcinomas, were positive. Of the pulmonary adenocarcinomas, 75% were strongly positive for TTF-1. Mucinous (two of six) and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (four of 10) were less likely to stain. Of the peripheral adenocarcinomas, 33 of 37 were positive, whereas only seven of 14 of those of bronchial origin stained strongly. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia strongly expressed TTF-1. No "false positives" were encountered in the 100 routine diagnostic cases. CONCLUSION Positive TTF-1 staining is useful in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary adenocarcinomas. TTF-1 may be a lineage marker for tumours arising from the peripheral airway or alveolar epithelium and has no prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stenhouse
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define phases of the sit-to-walk movement and test their consistency in a normal population. DESIGN An observational study of thirteen healthy volunteers. BACKGROUND Moving from sitting to walking is a daily activity that may present difficulty for some populations in terms of control and stability. METHODS The movement was partitioned into phases according to changes in ground reaction forces and peak velocity of the total body centre of mass. Consistency of each phase duration was assessed. RESULTS Four phases of sit-to-walk were defined; flexion momentum, extension, unloading and stance. ICC scores for phase duration ranged from 0.54 (extension) to 0.81 (stance). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to define distinct phases of the sit-to-walk movement. There was moderate to good consistency for phase duration. RELEVANCE By defining and testing phases of the sit-to-walk movement this study enhances understanding of this everyday movement and provide a model for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Kerr
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Social Care, Glasgow Caledonian University, City Campus, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 OBA, Scotland, UK.
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Bresser P, Fedullo PF, Auger WR, Channick RN, Robbins IM, Kerr KM, Jamieson SW, Rubin LJ. Continuous intravenous epoprostenol for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2004; 23:595-600. [PMID: 15083760 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.04.00020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological findings in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) have suggested that a secondary small vessel arteriopathy may contribute to the haemodynamic impairment observed in these patients. It was hypothesised that this element of the elevated vascular resistance may be responsive to continuous intravenous epoprostenol therapy. Retrospectively, the clinical and haemodynamic responses to continuous intravenous epoprostenol were evaluated in nine CTEPH patients who subsequently underwent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE). Cardiopulmonary haemodynamics were determined prior to the initiation of epoprostenol, while on epoprostenol, prior to PTE, and after PTE. Six patients, treated for 2-26 months prior to PTE, experienced either clinical stability or improvement that was associated with a mean reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of 28% (median 33%, range 0-46%). Three patients, treated for 3-9 months, experienced clinical deterioration during epoprostenol administration, with a significant increase in PVR in two patients. Subsequent PTE resulted in a highly significant improvement of cardiac index, mean pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary resistance. To conclude, selected patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension may benefit clinically and haemodynamically from continuous intravenous epoprostenol treatment prior to pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Factors predictive of a beneficial response, and whether this intervention influences either morbidity or mortality associated with pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bresser
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Dept of Pulmonology, F5-162, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
We present a patient who had a large metastatic pulmonary ameloblastoma resected 25 years after removal of an apparently benign primary ameloblastoma of the jaw. It highlights three areas: problems with the histopathological diagnosis of pulmonary metastases using fine needle aspiration; a noted radiological improvement after a 5-year course of oral cyclophosphamide, in keeping with occasional patients who have responded to chemotherapy; and the technical difficulties of resection of a large pulmonary metastasis, particularly when it is adherent to the mediastinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campbell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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Belanger SE, Bowling JW, Lee DM, LeBlanc EM, Kerr KM, McAvoy DC, Christman SC, Davidson DH. Integration of aquatic fate and ecological responses to linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) in model stream ecosystems. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2002; 52:150-171. [PMID: 12061833 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.2002.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An integrated model stream ecosystem fate and effect study of dodecyl linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (C(12)LAS) was performed in the summer and fall of 1996. The study addressed responses of periphytic microbes, immature benthic fauna including abundance, drift, and emergence of adult insects in a 56-day exposure. Exposures ranged from 126 to 2978 microg/L and were continuously presented in a single-pass, flow-through test system. Microbial heterotrophs acclimated to C(12)LAS exposure quickly (14 days) and biodegraded C(12)LAS at all concentrations. Blue-green algae responded by increasing in abundance with increasing C(12)LAS concentration. Invertebrates responded by increased drift and reduced benthic abundances at concentrations exceeding 293 microg/L. Emergence at 927 microg/L also declined relative to the control. Adverse responses for mayflies and chironomids were indicated using univariate statistical techniques. Multivariate techniques indicated these taxa plus mollusks, aquatic worms, caddisflies, and stoneflies were impaired at some concentrations. Bioavailability of C(12)LAS was investigated in streams as a function of the total suspended solid load in the water column driven by local weather and watershed patterns. A continuous bioavailability model indicated exposure was reduced by an average of 8.5+/-8.9%. A model ecosystem no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was concluded to be 293 microg/L based on measured water column exposure and adjusted to 268 microg/L by the bioavailability model. A literature review of 13 available model ecosystem studies was conducted and NOEC conclusions were adjusted by a structure-activity relationship to a dodecyl chain length (sulfophenyl position and distribution being ignored due to lack of information in the reviewed studies). Lentic studies (n=7) were found to have higher NOECs than lotic studies (n=6) and were more variable. Mean NOECs+/-SD for all studies, lentic studies only, and lotic studies only were 3320+/-6040, 5720+/-7640, and 530+/-430 microg/L, respectively. Interpretation of results for anomalies from specific studies suggests the importance of experimental design, use of laboratory versus natural surface water, biological complexity of the test system, and physical test system design as relevant factors for consideration. The specific results of the new model ecosystem study presented in this article can be well defended on the basis of a robust experimental and physical design and because the system contained a diverse and sensitive aquatic community. A low or no uncertainty factor could be applied to the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Belanger
- Environmental Science Department, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA.
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Davis PJ, Kerr KM. Microbial transformations in organic synthesis. 3. Synthesis, characterization, and fungal metabolism of cis- and trans-7-methylglaucine. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00155a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
We studied whether pharmacists involved in discharge planning can improve patient satisfaction and outcomes by providing telephone follow-up after hospital discharge. We conducted a randomized trial at the General Medical Service of an academic teaching hospital. We enrolled General Medical Service patients who received pharmacy-facilitated discharge from the hospital to home. The intervention consisted of a follow-up phone call by a pharmacist 2 days after discharge. During the phone call, pharmacists asked patients about their medications, including whether they obtained and understood how to take them. Two weeks after discharge, we mailed all patients a questionnaire to assess satisfaction with hospitalization and reviewed hospital records. Of the 1,958 patients discharged from the General Medical Service from August 1, 1998 to March 31, 1999, 221 patients consented to participate. We randomized 110 to the intervention group (phone call) and 111 to the control group (no phone call). Patients returned 145 (66%) surveys. More patients in the phone call than the no phone call group were satisfied with discharge medication instructions (86% vs. 61%, P = 0.007). The phone call allowed pharmacists to identify and resolve medication-related problems for 15 patients (19%). Twelve patients (15%) contacted by telephone reported new medical problems requiring referral to their inpatient team. Fewer patients from the phone call group returned to the emergency department within 30 days (10% phone call vs. 24% no phone call, P = 0.005). A follow-up phone call by a pharmacist involved in the hospital care of patients was associated with increased patient satisfaction, resolution of medication-related problems, and fewer return visits to the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dudas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0903, USA
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Abstract
P-glycoprotein (Pgp), the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, confers multidrug resistance to cancer cells by extruding cytotoxic natural product amphipathic drugs using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. Our studies are directed toward understanding the mechanism of action of Pgp and recent work deals with the assessment of interaction between substrate and ATP sites and elucidation of the catalytic cycle of ATP hydrolysis. The kinetic analyses of ATP hydrolysis by reconstituted purified Pgp suggest that ADP release is the rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle and the substrates exert their effect by modulating ADP release. In addition, we provide evidence for two distinct roles for ATP hydrolysis in a single turnover of Pgp, one in the transport of drug and the other in effecting conformational changes so as to reset the transporter for the next catalytic cycle. Detailed kinetic measurements determined that both nucleotide-binding domains behave symmetrically and during individual hydrolysis events the ATP sites are recruited in a random manner. Furthermore, only one nucleotide site hydrolyzes ATP at any given time, causing (in this site) a conformational change that drastically decreases (>30-fold) the affinity of the second site for ATP-binding. Thus, the blocking of ATP-binding to the second site while the first one is in catalytic conformation appears to be the basis for the alternate catalytic cycle of ATP hydrolysis by Pgp, and this may be applicable as well to other ABC transporters linked with the development of multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z E Sauna
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Fedullo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Medical Center, La Jolla 92037-1300, USA
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Hastings RH, Auger WR, Kerr KM, Quintana RA, Deftos LJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein and lung injury after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Regul Pept 2001; 102:1-7. [PMID: 11600204 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(01)00304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is an autocrine growth and differentiation factor for alveolar type II epithelial cells. Type II cells secrete pulmonary surfactant and are pluripotent cells with a role in alveolar epithelial repair after lung injury. The goals of this study were to investigate whether the levels of PTHrP in bronchoalveolar lavage liquid (BAL) varied between patients who did and did not develop lung injury after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE). BAL was performed in 48 patients undergoing PTE for unresolved pulmonary emboli. Samples were obtained following induction of anesthesia, following separation from cardiopulmonary bypass, and 48 h postoperatively. PTHrP was measured by radioimmunoassay. Lung injury was diagnosed in 23 patients on the basis of hypoxemia (PaO(2)/FIO(2) < 300) and the presence of lung infiltrates in the absence of infection or atelectasis. Patients with lung injury had significantly lower preoperative BAL levels of PTHrP, 21 (21-30) pg/ml (median, interquartile gap), compared to patients without lung injury, 34 (21-41) pg/ml (P < 0.05). Preoperative BAL PTHrP levels < 32 pg/ml predicted lung injury with a positive predictive value of 60% and negative predictive value of 82%. The odds of developing lung injury for patients with preoperative PTHrP levels below this cutpoint were 6 times the odds for patients with higher levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Hastings
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology and Medicine Services, VA San Diego Health Care System (125), 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., University of California San Diego, 92161-5085, USA.
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Abstract
An unusual case of endobronchial polyposis associated with extensive bronchiectasis in the context of cystic fibrosis (CF) has been described. A 15-yr-old female patient with CF underwent partial pneumonectomy for extensive bronchiectasis and frequent infective pulmonary exacerbations. Cylindrical bronchiectasis with associated purulent bronchitis and bronchiolitis, together with inflammatory polyposis, was noted in the resected lung. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of multiple endobronchial polyposis and may represent a rare complication of bronchiectasis in a patient with cystic fibrosis. On-going infection and the cellular composition of the polyps are discussed in relation to their possible aetiological relevance and relationship to upper respiratory tract polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roberts
- Dept of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, UK
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Abstract
Remarkable advances have occurred over the past 2 decades in the diagnostic approach, surgical management, and postoperative care of patients afflicted with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Despite these advances, a great deal needs to be achieved if the morbidity and mortality of the disease process are to be reduced further. First, the preliminary insights that have been achieved into the natural history of the disease must be defined further. The level of pulmonary hypertension encountered in most patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension at the time of initial clinical recognition cannot be reached on an acute basis. Gradual hemodynamic progression, therefore, must occur over time. The basis for this progression, why it occurs in certain patients and not others, following an acute thromboembolic event and why it seems to occur over months in certain patients and over decades in others, remain entirely speculative. It is possible that the overall extent of central pulmonary vascular obstruction represents the primary pathophysiologic determinant of disease progression. Given the lack of correlation between the degree of central thromboembolic obstruction and hemodynamic impairment in certain patients, however, it is also possible that other factors, such as the circulating vasoconstrictors, the development of a hypertensive pulmonary arteriopathy, an individual genetic predisposition to pulmonary hypertension, or the compensatory adaptations of the right ventricle, contribute to the extent and rate of disease progression. By identifying and sequentially evaluating patients with persistent pulmonary vascular obstruction or pulmonary hypertension following an acute thromboembolic event, valuable insights into the natural history of thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and other variants of pulmonary hypertension might be achieved. It is also important to recognize that the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension represents a failure in the long-term management or follow-up surveillance of those with documented acute thromboembolic disease. Recent insights into the recurrent nature of acute thromboembolic disease and its potential for only partial resolution in a number of afflicted individuals suggest that a repeat perfusion scan and, if abnormal, an echocardiogram be performed at the time of anticipated discontinuation of anticoagulation in patients with documented pulmonary embolic disease. Although the cost-effectiveness of this approach has been questioned in the past, recent data suggest that doing so would help identify that subset of patients with unresolved embolism, provide additional information regarding the optimal duration of anticoagulation, and provide a new baseline study for patients in whom anticoagulation is discontinued and who subsequently present with suspected embolic recurrence. Improved diagnostic techniques are also necessary if the mortal risk of thromboendarterectomy is to be reduced. Even in the setting of a broad experiential base, prognostic uncertainty exists in approximately 10% of patients before operative intervention. Because many of these patients will benefit from the procedure, and because many are ineligible for transplantation for reason of age or other restriction, it has been the authors' practice to offer surgery to these patients, although at an assumed higher risk. To not do so would be to deny a potentially lifesaving procedure to many who would benefit and who might be left without an effective therapeutic alternative. The ability to better define the group of patients who will not benefit from surgery, however, would spare those patients the morbid and mortal risks of the procedure and provide a basis for the investigation of other therapeutic alternatives such as pulmonary vasodilating agents. Finally, this patient population offers a unique opportunity to enhance understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in acute lung injury. The population involved is uniform, the predisposing event is consistent, the time of onset is predictable, and, compared with other populations at risk for acute lung injury, the presence of confounding variables is negligible. It also provides a unique opportunity to evaluate pharmacologic interventions designed to prevent or diminish the occurrence of acute lung injury and postoperative management strategies designed to minimize its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Fedullo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA.
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Abstract
This report presents a case of eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis in a man with Wegener's granulomatosis, the first report of a possible association between the two conditions. This association suggests a possible mechanism for its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Loane
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Abstract
Advances in molecular biology have increased our knowledge of the biology of preneoplastic lesions in the human lung. The recently published WHO lung tumour classification defines three separate lesions that are regarded as preinvasive neoplasia. These are (1) squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ (SD/CIS), (2) atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), and (3) diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIP-NECH). SD/CIS is graded in four stages (mild, moderate, severe, and CIS), based upon the distribution of atypical cells and mitotic figures. Most airways showing SD/CIS demonstrate a range of grades; many epithelia are hard to assess and the reproducibility of this complex system remains to be established. Detailed criteria are, however, welcome and provide an objective framework on which to compare various molecular changes. Alterations in gene expression and chromosome structure known to be associated with malignant transformation can be demonstrated in CIS, less so in dysplasias, but also in morphologically normal epithelium. The changes might be sequential, and their frequency and number increase with atypia. Less is known of the "risk of progression" of SD/CIS to invasive "central" bronchial carcinoma. It may take between one and 10 years for invasion to occur, yet the lesion(s) may be reversible if carcinogen exposure ceases. AAH may be an important precursor lesion for peripheral "parenchymal" adenocarcinoma of the lung: the "adenoma" in an adenoma-carcinoma sequence. There is good morphological evidence that AAH may progress from low to high grade to bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC; a non-invasive lesion by definition). Invasion then develops within BAC and peripheral lung adenocarcinoma evolves. The molecular events associated with this progression are not well understood and studies are hampered by a lack of clear criteria to distinguish high grade AAH from BAC. Nonetheless, as with SD/CIS, the patterns of expression of tumour associated genes are consistent with neoplastic progression. We have little idea of the incidence of AAH in the normal or "smoking" populations. It is found more frequently in cancer bearing lungs, especially in those with adenocarcinoma, and is more common in women. No data are available on the risk of progression of AAH. DIPNECH is an exceptionally rare lesion associated with the development of multiple carcinoid tumours. Almost nothing is known of its biology. Knowledge of these lesions will be crucial in the design and understanding of lung cancer screening programmes, where it is likely that the morphological and, more importantly perhaps, the molecular characteristics of these lesions will provide useful targets for detection and possibly even treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and Aberdeen University Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Kerr KM, Sauna ZE, Ambudkar SV. Correlation between steady-state ATP hydrolysis and vanadate-induced ADP trapping in Human P-glycoprotein. Evidence for ADP release as the rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle and its modulation by substrates. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8657-64. [PMID: 11121420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010044200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a transmembrane protein conferring multidrug resistance to cells by extruding a variety of amphipathic cytotoxic agents using energy from ATP hydrolysis. The objective of this study was to understand how substrates affect the catalytic cycle of ATP hydrolysis by Pgp. The ATPase activity of purified and reconstituted recombinant human Pgp was measured using a continuous cycling assay. Pgp hydrolyzes ATP in the absence of drug at a basal rate of 0.5 micromol x min x mg(-1) with a K(m) for ATP of 0.33 mm. This basal rate can be either increased or decreased depending on the Pgp substrate used, without an effect on the K(m) for ATP or 8-azidoATP and K(i) for ADP, suggesting that substrates do not affect nucleotide binding to Pgp. Although inhibitors of Pgp activity, cyclosporin A, its analog PSC833, and rapamycin decrease the rate of ATP hydrolysis with respect to the basal rate, they do not completely inhibit the activity. Therefore, these drugs can be classified as substrates. Vanadate (Vi)-induced trapping of [alpha-(32)P]8-azidoADP was used to probe the effect of substrates on the transition state of the ATP hydrolysis reaction. The K(m) for [alpha-(32)P]8-azidoATP (20 microm) is decreased in the presence of Vi; however, it is not changed by drugs such as verapamil or cyclosporin A. Strikingly, the extent of Vi-induced [alpha-(32)P]8-azidoADP trapping correlates directly with the fold stimulation of ATPase activity at steady state. Furthermore, P(i) exhibits very low affinity for Pgp (K(i) approximately 30 mm for Vi-induced 8-azidoADP trapping). In aggregate, these data demonstrate that the release of Vi trapped [alpha-(32)P]8-azidoADP from Pgp is the rate-limiting step in the steady-state reaction. We suggest that substrates modulate the rate of ATPase activity of Pgp by controlling the rate of dissociation of ADP following ATP hydrolysis and that ADP release is the rate-limiting step in the normal catalytic cycle of Pgp.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kerr
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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