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Abe H, Abe S, Acciari VA, Aniello T, Ansoldi S, Antonelli LA, Arbet Engels A, Arcaro C, Artero M, Asano K, Baack D, Babić A, Baquero A, Barres de Almeida U, Barrio JA, Batković I, Baxter J, Becerra González J, Bednarek W, Bernardini E, Bernardos M, Berti A, Besenrieder J, Bhattacharyya W, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Blanch O, Bonnoli G, Bošnjak Ž, Burelli I, Busetto G, Carosi R, Carretero-Castrillo M, Ceribella G, Chai Y, Chilingarian A, Cikota S, Colombo E, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Covino S, D'Amico G, D'Elia V, Da Vela P, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Lotto B, Del Popolo A, Delfino M, Delgado J, Delgado Mendez C, Depaoli D, Di Pierro F, Di Venere L, Do Souto Espiñeira E, Dominis Prester D, Donini A, Dorner D, Doro M, Elsaesser D, Emery G, Fallah Ramazani V, Fariña L, Fattorini A, Font L, Fruck C, Fukami S, Fukazawa Y, García López RJ, Garczarczyk M, Gasparyan S, Gaug M, Giesbrecht Paiva JG, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Gliwny P, Godinović N, Green JG, Green D, Hadasch D, Hahn A, Hassan T, Heckmann L, Herrera J, Hrupec D, Hütten M, Imazawa R, Inada T, Iotov R, Ishio K, Jiménez Martínez I, Jormanainen J, Kerszberg D, Kobayashi Y, Kubo H, Kushida J, Lamastra A, Lelas D, Leone F, Lindfors E, Linhoff L, Lombardi S, Longo F, López-Coto R, López-Moya M, López-Oramas A, Loporchio S, Lorini A, Lyard E, Machado de Oliveira Fraga B, Majumdar P, Makariev M, Maneva G, Mang N, Manganaro M, Mangano S, Mannheim K, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Mas Aguilar A, Mazin D, Menchiari S, Mender S, Mićanović S, Miceli D, Miener T, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Molina E, Mondal HA, Moralejo A, Morcuende D, Moreno V, Nakamori T, Nanci C, Nava L, Neustroev V, Nievas Rosillo M, Nigro C, Nilsson K, Nishijima K, Njoh Ekoume T, Noda K, Nozaki S, Ohtani Y, Oka T, Otero-Santos J, Paiano S, Palatiello M, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pavletić L, Persic M, Pihet M, Podobnik F, Prada Moroni PG, Prandini E, Principe G, Priyadarshi C, Puljak I, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Righi C, Rugliancich A, Sahakyan N, Saito T, Sakurai S, Satalecka K, Saturni FG, Schleicher B, Schmidt K, Schmuckermaier F, Schubert JL, Schweizer T, Sitarek J, Sliusar V, Sobczynska D, Spolon A, Stamerra A, Strišković J, Strom D, Strzys M, Suda Y, Surić T, Takahashi M, Takeishi R, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Terauchi K, Terzić T, Teshima M, Tosti L, Truzzi S, Tutone A, Ubach S, van Scherpenberg J, Vazquez Acosta M, Ventura S, Verguilov V, Viale I, Vigorito CF, Vitale V, Vovk I, Walter R, Will M, Wunderlich C, Yamamoto T, Zarić D, Hiroshima N, Kohri K. Search for Gamma-Ray Spectral Lines from Dark Matter Annihilation up to 100 TeV toward the Galactic Center with MAGIC. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:061002. [PMID: 36827578 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Linelike features in TeV γ rays constitute a "smoking gun" for TeV-scale particle dark matter and new physics. Probing the Galactic Center region with ground-based Cherenkov telescopes enables the search for TeV spectral features in immediate association with a dense dark matter reservoir at a sensitivity out of reach for satellite γ-ray detectors, and direct detection and collider experiments. We report on 223 hours of observations of the Galactic Center region with the MAGIC stereoscopic telescope system reaching γ-ray energies up to 100 TeV. We improved the sensitivity to spectral lines at high energies using large-zenith-angle observations and a novel background modeling method within a maximum-likelihood analysis in the energy domain. No linelike spectral feature is found in our analysis. Therefore, we constrain the cross section for dark matter annihilation into two photons to ⟨σv⟩≲5×10^{-28} cm^{3} s^{-1} at 1 TeV and ⟨σv⟩≲1×10^{-25} cm^{3} s^{-1} at 100 TeV, achieving the best limits to date for a dark matter mass above 20 TeV and a cuspy dark matter profile at the Galactic Center. Finally, we use the derived limits for both cuspy and cored dark matter profiles to constrain supersymmetric wino models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Abe
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - S Abe
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - V A Acciari
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - T Aniello
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - S Ansoldi
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - L A Antonelli
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - A Arbet Engels
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - C Arcaro
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Artero
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - K Asano
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - D Baack
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Babić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Baquero
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - U Barres de Almeida
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - J A Barrio
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Batković
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - J Baxter
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - J Becerra González
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - W Bednarek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - E Bernardini
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Bernardos
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - A Berti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J Besenrieder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - W Bhattacharyya
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Bigongiari
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - A Biland
- ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Blanch
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - G Bonnoli
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Ž Bošnjak
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Burelli
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - G Busetto
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R Carosi
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - G Ceribella
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Chai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - A Chilingarian
- Armenian MAGIC Group: A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, 0036 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - S Cikota
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - E Colombo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - J L Contreras
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cortina
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Covino
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - G D'Amico
- Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - V D'Elia
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - P Da Vela
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Dazzi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - A De Angelis
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - B De Lotto
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - A Del Popolo
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - M Delfino
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - J Delgado
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - C Delgado Mendez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Depaoli
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - F Di Pierro
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - L Di Venere
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - E Do Souto Espiñeira
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - D Dominis Prester
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - A Donini
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - D Dorner
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Doro
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D Elsaesser
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Emery
- University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - V Fallah Ramazani
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - L Fariña
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - A Fattorini
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - L Font
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C Fruck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - S Fukami
- ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Hiroshima, Japan
| | - R J García López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Garczarczyk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Gasparyan
- Armenian MAGIC Group: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, 0019 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M Gaug
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J G Giesbrecht Paiva
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - N Giglietto
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - F Giordano
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - P Gliwny
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - N Godinović
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - J G Green
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - D Green
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - D Hadasch
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - A Hahn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - T Hassan
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Heckmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J Herrera
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - D Hrupec
- Croatian MAGIC Group: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Physics, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - M Hütten
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - R Imazawa
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Inada
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - R Iotov
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - K Ishio
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - I Jiménez Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Jormanainen
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - D Kerszberg
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Y Kobayashi
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - H Kubo
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - J Kushida
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - A Lamastra
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - D Lelas
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - F Leone
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - E Lindfors
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - L Linhoff
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Lombardi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - F Longo
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - R López-Coto
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M López-Moya
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A López-Oramas
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - S Loporchio
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - A Lorini
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Lyard
- University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | | | - P Majumdar
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India
| | - M Makariev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - G Maneva
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - N Mang
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Manganaro
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - S Mangano
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K Mannheim
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Mariotti
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Martínez
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - A Mas Aguilar
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Mazin
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - S Menchiari
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Mender
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Mićanović
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - D Miceli
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - T Miener
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Miranda
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - R Mirzoyan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - E Molina
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - H A Mondal
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India
| | - A Moralejo
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - D Morcuende
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V Moreno
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T Nakamori
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - C Nanci
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - L Nava
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - V Neustroev
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - M Nievas Rosillo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - C Nigro
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - K Nilsson
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - K Nishijima
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T Njoh Ekoume
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - K Noda
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - S Nozaki
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - Y Ohtani
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - T Oka
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - J Otero-Santos
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - S Paiano
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - M Palatiello
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - D Paneque
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - R Paoletti
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - J M Paredes
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Pavletić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - M Persic
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - M Pihet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - F Podobnik
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - E Prandini
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G Principe
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - C Priyadarshi
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - I Puljak
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - W Rhode
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Ribó
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Rico
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - C Righi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - A Rugliancich
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - N Sahakyan
- Armenian MAGIC Group: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, 0019 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - T Saito
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - S Sakurai
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - K Satalecka
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - F G Saturni
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | | | - K Schmidt
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - J L Schubert
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schweizer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J Sitarek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - V Sliusar
- University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - D Sobczynska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - A Spolon
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A Stamerra
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - J Strišković
- Croatian MAGIC Group: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Physics, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - D Strom
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - M Strzys
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Suda
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Surić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Takahashi
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, 464-6801 Nagoya, Japan
| | - R Takeishi
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - F Tavecchio
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - P Temnikov
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K Terauchi
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Terzić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - M Teshima
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - L Tosti
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - S Truzzi
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - A Tutone
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - S Ubach
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - M Vazquez Acosta
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - S Ventura
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - V Verguilov
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I Viale
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - C F Vigorito
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - V Vitale
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I Vovk
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
| | - R Walter
- University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - M Will
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - C Wunderlich
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - T Yamamoto
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan
| | - D Zarić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - N Hiroshima
- Department of Physics, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
- RIKEN iTHEMS, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Kohri
- Theory Center, IPNS, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
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2
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Jorstad SG, Marscher AP, Raiteri CM, Villata M, Weaver ZR, Zhang H, Dong L, Gómez JL, Perel MV, Savchenko SS, Larionov VM, Carosati D, Chen WP, Kurtanidze OM, Marchini A, Matsumoto K, Mortari F, Aceti P, Acosta-Pulido JA, Andreeva T, Apolonio G, Arena C, Arkharov A, Bachev R, Banfi M, Bonnoli G, Borman GA, Bozhilov V, Carnerero MI, Damljanovic G, Ehgamberdiev SA, Elsässer D, Frasca A, Gabellini D, Grishina TS, Gupta AC, Hagen-Thorn VA, Hallum MK, Hart M, Hasuda K, Hemrich F, Hsiao HY, Ibryamov S, Irsmambetova TR, Ivanov DV, Joner MD, Kimeridze GN, Klimanov SA, Knött J, Kopatskaya EN, Kurtanidze SO, Kurtenkov A, Kuutma T, Larionova EG, Leonini S, Lin HC, Lorey C, Mannheim K, Marino G, Minev M, Mirzaqulov DO, Morozova DA, Nikiforova AA, Nikolashvili MG, Ovcharov E, Papini R, Pursimo T, Rahimov I, Reinhart D, Sakamoto T, Salvaggio F, Semkov E, Shakhovskoy DN, Sigua LA, Steineke R, Stojanovic M, Strigachev A, Troitskaya YV, Troitskiy IS, Tsai A, Valcheva A, Vasilyev AA, Vince O, Waller L, Zaharieva E, Chatterjee R. Rapid quasi-periodic oscillations in the relativistic jet of BL Lacertae. Nature 2022; 609:265-268. [PMID: 36071186 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Blazars are active galactic nuclei (AGN) with relativistic jets whose non-thermal radiation is extremely variable on various timescales1-3. This variability seems mostly random, although some quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs), implying systematic processes, have been reported in blazars and other AGN. QPOs with timescales of days or hours are especially rare4 in AGN and their nature is highly debated, explained by emitting plasma moving helically inside the jet5, plasma instabilities6,7 or orbital motion in an accretion disc7,8. Here we report results of intense optical and γ-ray flux monitoring of BL Lacertae (BL Lac) during a dramatic outburst in 2020 (ref. 9). BL Lac, the prototype of a subclass of blazars10, is powered by a 1.7 × 108 MSun (ref. 11) black hole in an elliptical galaxy (distance = 313 megaparsecs (ref. 12)). Our observations show QPOs of optical flux and linear polarization, and γ-ray flux, with cycles as short as approximately 13 h during the highest state of the outburst. The QPO properties match the expectations of current-driven kink instabilities6 near a recollimation shock about 5 parsecs (pc) from the black hole in the wake of an apparent superluminal feature moving down the jet. Such a kink is apparent in a microwave Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) image.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A P Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C M Raiteri
- INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Villata
- INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Z R Weaver
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Zhang
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, Greenbelt, MD, USA.,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - L Dong
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - J L Gómez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - M V Perel
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S S Savchenko
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnii Arkhyz, Russia.,Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V M Larionov
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D Carosati
- EPT Observatories, Tijarafe, La Palma, Spain.,INAF, TNG Fundación Galileo Galilei, La Palma, Spain
| | - W P Chen
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - O M Kurtanidze
- Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia.,Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory, Kazan Federal University, Tatarstan, Russia.,Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Landessternwarte, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Marchini
- Astronomical Observatory, Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - K Matsumoto
- Astronomical Institute, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, Japan
| | | | - P Aceti
- Osservatorio Astronomico Città di Seveso, Seveso, Italy.,Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - J A Acosta-Pulido
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - T Andreeva
- Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G Apolonio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - C Arena
- Gruppo Astrofili Catanesi (GAC), Catania, Italy
| | - A Arkharov
- Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - R Bachev
- Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Banfi
- Osservatorio Astronomico Città di Seveso, Seveso, Italy
| | - G Bonnoli
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Granada, Spain.,Astronomical Observatory, Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, Italy
| | - G A Borman
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, Bakhchisaray, Crimea
| | - V Bozhilov
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M I Carnerero
- INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - S A Ehgamberdiev
- Ulugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.,National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - D Elsässer
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte, Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Frasca
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - T S Grishina
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A C Gupta
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, India
| | - V A Hagen-Thorn
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M K Hallum
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Hart
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Hasuda
- Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Hemrich
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte, Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Y Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - S Ibryamov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Shumen, Shumen, Bulgaria
| | - T R Irsmambetova
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - D V Ivanov
- Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M D Joner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - G N Kimeridze
- Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia
| | | | - J Knött
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte, Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG, Würzburg, Germany
| | - E N Kopatskaya
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S O Kurtanidze
- Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia.,Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Landessternwarte, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Kurtenkov
- Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T Kuutma
- Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón, Teruel, Spain
| | - E G Larionova
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Leonini
- Montarrenti Observatory, Siena, Italy
| | - H C Lin
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - C Lorey
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte, Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K Mannheim
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte, Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG, Würzburg, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Astronomie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - G Marino
- Gruppo Astrofili Catanesi (GAC), Catania, Italy.,Wild Boar Remote Observatory, Florence, Italy
| | - M Minev
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - D A Morozova
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Nikiforova
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M G Nikolashvili
- Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia.,Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Landessternwarte, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Ovcharov
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - R Papini
- Wild Boar Remote Observatory, Florence, Italy
| | - T Pursimo
- Nordic Optical Telescope, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - I Rahimov
- Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D Reinhart
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte, Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Salvaggio
- Gruppo Astrofili Catanesi (GAC), Catania, Italy.,Wild Boar Remote Observatory, Florence, Italy
| | - E Semkov
- Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - L A Sigua
- Abastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Georgia
| | - R Steineke
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte, Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Stojanovic
- Astronomical Observatory Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Strigachev
- Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Y V Troitskaya
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I S Troitskiy
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - A Valcheva
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A A Vasilyev
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O Vince
- Astronomical Observatory Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - L Waller
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte, Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG, Würzburg, Germany
| | - E Zaharieva
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - R Chatterjee
- Department of Physics, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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3
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Shukla A, Mannheim K. Gamma-ray flares from relativistic magnetic reconnection in the jet of the quasar 3C 279. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4176. [PMID: 32826906 PMCID: PMC7442797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinning black holes in the centres of galaxies can release powerful magnetised jets. When the jets are observed at angles of less than a few degrees to the line-of-sight, they are called blazars, showing variable non-thermal emission across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays. It is commonly believed that shock waves are responsible for this dissipation of jet energy. Here we show that gamma-ray observations of the blazar 3C 279 with the space-borne telescope Fermi-LAT reveal a characteristic peak-in-peak variability pattern on time scales of minutes expected if the particle acceleration is instead due to relativistic magnetic reconnection. The absence of gamma-ray pair attenuation shows that particle acceleration takes place at a distance of ten thousand gravitational radii from the black hole where the fluid dynamical kink instability drives plasma turbulence. Blazars show variable non-thermal emission across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays. Here, the authors show blazar 3C 279 reveals a characteristic peak-in-peak variability pattern on time scales of minutes if particle acceleration is due to relativistic magnetic reconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shukla
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, 97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,Discipline of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India.
| | - K Mannheim
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Acciari VA, Ansoldi S, Antonelli LA, Arbet Engels A, Baack D, Babić A, Banerjee B, Barres de Almeida U, Barrio JA, Becerra González J, Bednarek W, Bellizzi L, Bernardini E, Berti A, Besenrieder J, Bhattacharyya W, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Blanch O, Bonnoli G, Bošnjak Ž, Busetto G, Carosi R, Ceribella G, Cerruti M, Chai Y, Chilingarian A, Cikota S, Colak SM, Colin U, Colombo E, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Covino S, D'Amico G, D'Elia V, Da Vela P, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Lotto B, Delfino M, Delgado J, Depaoli D, Di Pierro F, Di Venere L, Do Souto Espiñeira E, Dominis Prester D, Donini A, Dorner D, Doro M, Elsaesser D, Fallah Ramazani V, Fattorini A, Ferrara G, Foffano L, Fonseca MV, Font L, Fruck C, Fukami S, García López RJ, Garczarczyk M, Gasparyan S, Gaug M, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Gliwny P, Godinović N, Green D, Hadasch D, Hahn A, Herrera J, Hoang J, Hrupec D, Hütten M, Inada T, Inoue S, Ishio K, Iwamura Y, Jouvin L, Kajiwara Y, Karjalainen M, Kerszberg D, Kobayashi Y, Kubo H, Kushida J, Lamastra A, Lelas D, Leone F, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, López M, López-Coto R, López-Oramas A, Loporchio S, Machado de Oliveira Fraga B, Maggio C, Majumdar P, Makariev M, Mallamaci M, Maneva G, Manganaro M, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Mazin D, Mender S, Mićanović S, Miceli D, Miener T, Minev M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Molina E, Moralejo A, Morcuende D, Moreno V, Moretti E, Munar-Adrover P, Neustroev V, Nigro C, Nilsson K, Ninci D, Nishijima K, Noda K, Nogués L, Nozaki S, Ohtani Y, Oka T, Otero-Santos J, Palatiello M, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pavletić L, Peñil P, Perennes C, Peresano M, Persic M, Prada Moroni PG, Prandini E, Puljak I, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Righi C, Rugliancich A, Saha L, Sahakyan N, Saito T, Sakurai S, Satalecka K, Schleicher B, Schmidt K, Schweizer T, Sitarek J, Šnidarić I, Sobczynska D, Spolon A, Stamerra A, Strom D, Strzys M, Suda Y, Surić T, Takahashi M, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Terzić T, Teshima M, Torres-Albà N, Tosti L, van Scherpenberg J, Vanzo G, Vazquez Acosta M, Ventura S, Verguilov V, Vigorito CF, Vitale V, Vovk I, Will M, Zarić D, Nava L. Bounds on Lorentz Invariance Violation from MAGIC Observation of GRB 190114C. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:021301. [PMID: 32701326 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.021301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On January 14, 2019, the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov telescopes detected GRB 190114C above 0.2 TeV, recording the most energetic photons ever observed from a gamma-ray burst. We use this unique observation to probe an energy dependence of the speed of light in vacuo for photons as predicted by several quantum gravity models. Based on a set of assumptions on the possible intrinsic spectral and temporal evolution, we obtain competitive lower limits on the quadratic leading order of speed of light modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Acciari
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - S Ansoldi
- Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - L A Antonelli
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | | | - D Baack
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Babić
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - B Banerjee
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Salt Lake, Sector-1, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - U Barres de Almeida
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fsicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil
| | - J A Barrio
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Becerra González
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - W Bednarek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - L Bellizzi
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Bernardini
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A Berti
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | - J Besenrieder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - W Bhattacharyya
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Bigongiari
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - A Biland
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - O Blanch
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - G Bonnoli
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ž Bošnjak
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - G Busetto
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R Carosi
- Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Ceribella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - M Cerruti
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y Chai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - A Chilingarian
- The Armenian Consortium: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory
| | - S Cikota
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S M Colak
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - U Colin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - E Colombo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - J L Contreras
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cortina
- Centro de Investigaciones Energticas, Medioambientales y Tecnolgicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Covino
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - G D'Amico
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - V D'Elia
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - P Da Vela
- Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Dazzi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - A De Angelis
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - B De Lotto
- Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - M Delfino
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - J Delgado
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - D Depaoli
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | - F Di Pierro
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | - L Di Venere
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | - E Do Souto Espiñeira
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - D Dominis Prester
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Donini
- Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - D Dorner
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Doro
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D Elsaesser
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - V Fallah Ramazani
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium: Finnish Centre of Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - A Fattorini
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Ferrara
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - L Foffano
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M V Fonseca
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Font
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C Fruck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - S Fukami
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - R J García López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Garczarczyk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Gasparyan
- The Armenian Consortium: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory
| | - M Gaug
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | - P Gliwny
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - N Godinović
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D Green
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - D Hadasch
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - A Hahn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J Herrera
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - J Hoang
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Hrupec
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Hütten
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - T Inada
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - S Inoue
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - K Ishio
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - Y Iwamura
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - L Jouvin
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Y Kajiwara
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - M Karjalainen
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - D Kerszberg
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Y Kobayashi
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - H Kubo
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - J Kushida
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - A Lamastra
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - D Lelas
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - F Leone
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - E Lindfors
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium: Finnish Centre of Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - S Lombardi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - F Longo
- Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M López
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R López-Coto
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A López-Oramas
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - S Loporchio
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | | | - C Maggio
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P Majumdar
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Salt Lake, Sector-1, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - M Makariev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Mallamaci
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G Maneva
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Manganaro
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K Mannheim
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - L Maraschi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - M Mariotti
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Martínez
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - D Mazin
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - S Mender
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Mićanović
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D Miceli
- Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - T Miener
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Minev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - J M Miranda
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - R Mirzoyan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - E Molina
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Moralejo
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - D Morcuende
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V Moreno
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E Moretti
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - P Munar-Adrover
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V Neustroev
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium: Finnish Centre of Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - C Nigro
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - K Nilsson
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium: Finnish Centre of Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - D Ninci
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - K Nishijima
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - K Noda
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - L Nogués
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - S Nozaki
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Ohtani
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - T Oka
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - J Otero-Santos
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Palatiello
- Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - D Paneque
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - R Paoletti
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - J M Paredes
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Pavletić
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - P Peñil
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Perennes
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Peresano
- Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - M Persic
- Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | - E Prandini
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - I Puljak
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - W Rhode
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Ribó
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Rico
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - C Righi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - A Rugliancich
- Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - L Saha
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Sahakyan
- The Armenian Consortium: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory
| | - T Saito
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - S Sakurai
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - K Satalecka
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | | | - K Schmidt
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schweizer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J Sitarek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - I Šnidarić
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D Sobczynska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - A Spolon
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A Stamerra
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - D Strom
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - M Strzys
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Suda
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - T Surić
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Takahashi
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - F Tavecchio
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - P Temnikov
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T Terzić
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Teshima
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - N Torres-Albà
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | | | - G Vanzo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Vazquez Acosta
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - S Ventura
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - V Verguilov
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - C F Vigorito
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | - V Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy
| | - I Vovk
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - M Will
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - D Zarić
- Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split-FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb-FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L Nava
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, 23807 Merate, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe (IFPU), 34151 Trieste, Italy
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Shukla A, Chitnis VR, Singh BB, Acharya BS, Anupama GC, Bhattacharjee P, Britto RJ, Mannheim K, Prabhu TP, Saha L, Vishwanath PR. MULTI-FREQUENCY, MULTI-EPOCH STUDY OF Mrk 501: HINTS FOR A TWO-COMPONENT NATURE OF THE EMISSION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/798/1/2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aleksić J, Ansoldi S, Antonelli LA, Antoranz P, Babic A, Bangale P, Barrio JA, González JB, Bednarek W, Bernardini E, Biasuzzi B, Biland A, Blanch O, Bonnefoy S, Bonnoli G, Borracci F, Bretz T, Carmona E, Carosi A, Colin P, Colombo E, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Covino S, Da Vela P, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Caneva G, De Lotto B, Wilhelmi EDO, Mendez CD, Prester DD, Dorner D, Doro M, Einecke S, Eisenacher D, Elsaesser D, Fonseca MV, Font L, Frantzen K, Fruck C, Galindo D, López RJG, Garczarczyk M, Terrats DG, Gaug M, Godinović N, Muñoz AG, Gozzini SR, Hadasch D, Hanabata Y, Hayashida M, Herrera J, Hildebrand D, Hose J, Hrupec D, Idec W, Kadenius V, Kellermann H, Kodani K, Konno Y, Krause J, Kubo H, Kushida J, La Barbera A, Lelas D, Lewandowska N, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, López M, López-Coto R, López-Oramas A, Lorenz E, Lozano I, Makariev M, Mallot K, Maneva G, Mankuzhiyil N, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Marcote B, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Mazin D, Menzel U, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Moralejo A, Munar-Adrover P, Nakajima D, Niedzwiecki A, Nilsson K, Nishijima K, Noda K, Orito R, Overkemping A, Paiano S, Palatiello M, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Paredes-Fortuny X, Persic M, Poutanen J, Moroni PGP, Prandini E, Puljak I, Reinthal R, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Garcia JR, Rügamer S, Saito T, Saito K, Satalecka K, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schultz C, Schweizer T, Shore SN, Sillanpää A, Sitarek J, Snidaric I, Sobczynska D, Spanier F, Stamatescu V, Stamerra A, Steinbring T, Storz J, Strzys M, Takalo L, Takami H, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Terzić T, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Thaele J, Tibolla O, Torres DF, Toyama T, Treves A, Uellenbeck M, Vogler P, Zanin R, Kadler M, Schulz R, Ros E, Bach U, Krauß F, Wilms J. Black hole lightning due to particle acceleration at subhorizon scales. Science 2014; 346:1080-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1256183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Aleksić
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Ansoldi
- Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - L. A. Antonelli
- INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - P. Antoranz
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - A. Babic
- Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - P. Bangale
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | | | - J. Becerra González
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Present address: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, and Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - E. Bernardini
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - B. Biasuzzi
- Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - A. Biland
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - O. Blanch
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Bonnefoy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Bonnoli
- INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Borracci
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - T. Bretz
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Present address: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E. Carmona
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Carosi
- INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - P. Colin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - E. Colombo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - J. Cortina
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Covino
- INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - P. Da Vela
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - F. Dazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - A. De Angelis
- Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. De Caneva
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - B. De Lotto
- Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - C. Delgado Mendez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Dominis Prester
- Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D. Dorner
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Doro
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Einecke
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | | | - L. Font
- Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and Centro de Estudios e Investigación Espaciales-Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Frantzen
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C. Fruck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - D. Galindo
- Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya-Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. J. García López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M. Garczarczyk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D. Garrido Terrats
- Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and Centro de Estudios e Investigación Espaciales-Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Gaug
- Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and Centro de Estudios e Investigación Espaciales-Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Godinović
- Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A. González Muñoz
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. R. Gozzini
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D. Hadasch
- Institute of Space Sciences, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Present address: Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - M. Hayashida
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - J. Herrera
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - J. Hose
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - D. Hrupec
- Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - W. Idec
- University of Łódz', PL-90236 Lodz, Poland
| | - V. Kadenius
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - H. Kellermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - K. Kodani
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Y. Konno
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - J. Krause
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - H. Kubo
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - J. Kushida
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - A. La Barbera
- INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - D. Lelas
- Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - E. Lindfors
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland
- Present address: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), Turku, Finland
| | - S. Lombardi
- INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Longo
- Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M. López
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. López-Coto
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. López-Oramas
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - I. Lozano
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Makariev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K. Mallot
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G. Maneva
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - N. Mankuzhiyil
- Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Present address: Astrophysics Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - K. Mannheim
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - L. Maraschi
- INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - B. Marcote
- Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya-Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Mariotti
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Martínez
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Mazin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - U. Menzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J. M. Miranda
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - R. Mirzoyan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - A. Moralejo
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Munar-Adrover
- Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya-Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D. Nakajima
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - K. Nilsson
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland
- Present address: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), Turku, Finland
| | - K. Nishijima
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - K. Noda
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - R. Orito
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - A. Overkemping
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S. Paiano
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Palatiello
- Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Paneque
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - R. Paoletti
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - J. M. Paredes
- Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya-Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - X. Paredes-Fortuny
- Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya-Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Persic
- Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Poutanen
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - I. Puljak
- Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R. Reinthal
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - W. Rhode
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Ribó
- Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya-Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Rico
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - S. Rügamer
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - T. Saito
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - K. Saito
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - V. Scalzotto
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - V. Scapin
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Schultz
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - T. Schweizer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - S. N. Shore
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Sillanpää
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - J. Sitarek
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I. Snidaric
- Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - F. Spanier
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - V. Stamatescu
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Present address: School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - A. Stamerra
- INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | | | - J. Storz
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Strzys
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - L. Takalo
- Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - H. Takami
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - F. Tavecchio
- INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - P. Temnikov
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T. Terzić
- Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D. Tescaro
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M. Teshima
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
- Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - J. Thaele
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - O. Tibolla
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - D. F. Torres
- ICREA and Institute of Space Sciences, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T. Toyama
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - A. Treves
- Università dell’Insubria and INFN Milano Bicocca, Como, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - M. Uellenbeck
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - P. Vogler
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R. Zanin
- Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya-Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Kadler
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - R. Schulz
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte Bamberg, Astronomisches Institut der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, ECAP, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - E. Ros
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
- Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - U. Bach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - F. Krauß
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte Bamberg, Astronomisches Institut der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, ECAP, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - J. Wilms
- Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte Bamberg, Astronomisches Institut der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, ECAP, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany
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Kreikenbohm A, Kadler M, Wilms J, Schulz R, Müller C, Ojha R, Ros E, Mannheim K, Elsässer D. X-ray monitoring of the radio andγ-ray loud Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy PKS2004–447. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20136104017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Acciari VA, Aliu E, Arlen T, Bautista M, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Bradbury SM, Buckley JH, Bugaev V, Butt Y, Byrum K, Cannon A, Celik O, Cesarini A, Chow YC, Ciupik L, Cogan P, Cui W, Dickherber R, Fegan SJ, Finley JP, Fortin P, Fortson L, Furniss A, Gall D, Gillanders GH, Grube J, Guenette R, Gyuk G, Hanna D, Holder J, Horan D, Hui CM, Humensky TB, Imran A, Kaaret P, Karlsson N, Kieda D, Kildea J, Konopelko A, Krawczynski H, Krennrich F, Lang MJ, LeBohec S, Maier G, McCann A, McCutcheon M, Millis J, Moriarty P, Ong RA, Otte AN, Pandel D, Perkins JS, Petry D, Pohl M, Quinn J, Ragan K, Reyes LC, Reynolds PT, Roache E, Roache E, Rose HJ, Schroedter M, Sembroski GH, Smith AW, Swordy SP, Theiling M, Toner JA, Varlotta A, Vincent S, Wakely SP, Ward JE, Weekes TC, Weinstein A, Williams DA, Wissel S, Wood M, Walker RC, Davies F, Hardee PE, Junor W, Ly C, Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Anton G, Barres de Almeida U, Bazer-Bachi AR, Becherini Y, Behera B, Bernlöhr K, Bochow A, Boisson C, Bolmont J, Borrel V, Brucker J, Brun F, Brun P, Bühler R, Bulik T, Büsching I, Boutelier T, Chadwick PM, Charbonnier A, Chaves RCG, Cheesebrough A, Chounet LM, Clapson AC, Coignet G, Dalton M, Daniel MK, Davids ID, Degrange B, Deil C, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Domainko W, Drury LO, Dubois F, Dubus G, Dyks J, Dyrda M, Egberts K, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Farnier C, Feinstein F, Fiasson A, Förster A, Fontaine G, Füssling M, Gabici S, Gallant YA, Gérard L, Gerbig D, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Glück B, Goret P, Göhring D, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinz S, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hoffmann A, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Hoppe S, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Jahn C, Jung I, Katarzyński K, Katz U, Kaufmann S, Kendziorra E, Kerschhaggl M, Khangulyan D, Khélifi B, Keogh D, Kluźniak W, Kneiske T, Komin N, Kosack K, Lamanna G, Lenain JP, Lohse T, Marandon V, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Marcowith A, Maurin D, McComb TJL, Medina MC, Moderski R, Moulin E, Naumann-Godo M, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nekrassov D, Nicholas B, Niemiec J, Nolan SJ, Ohm S, Olive JF, de Oña Wilhelmi E, Orford KJ, Ostrowski M, Panter M, Paz Arribas M, Pedaletti G, Pelletier G, Petrucci PO, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Quirrenbach A, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Rayner SM, Renaud M, Rieger F, Ripken J, Rob L, Rosier-Lees S, Rowell G, Rudak B, Rulten CB, Ruppel J, Sahakian V, Santangelo A, Schlickeiser R, Schöck FM, Schröder R, Schwanke U, Schwarzburg S, Schwemmer S, Shalchi A, Sikora M, Skilton JL, Sol H, Spangler D, Stawarz Ł, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Stinzing F, Superina G, Szostek A, Tam PH, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Tibolla O, Tluczykont M, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Venter L, Vialle JP, Vincent P, Vivier M, Völk HJ, Volpe F, Wagner SJ, Ward M, Zdziarski AA, Zech A, Anderhub H, Antonelli LA, Antoranz P, Backes M, Baixeras C, Balestra S, Barrio JA, Bastieri D, Becerra González J, Becker JK, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bernardini E, Biland A, Bock RK, Bonnoli G, Bordas P, Borla Tridon D, Bosch-Ramon V, Bose D, Braun I, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Costado MT, Covino S, Curtef V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Cea del Pozo E, Delgado Mendez C, De los Reyes R, De Lotto B, De Maria M, De Sabata F, Dominguez A, Dorner D, Doro M, Elsaesser D, Errando M, Ferenc D, Fernández E, Firpo R, Fonseca MV, Font L, Galante N, García López RJ, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Goebel F, Hadasch D, Hayashida M, Herrero A, Hildebrand D, Höhne-Mönch D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Jogler T, Kranich D, La Barbera A, Laille A, Leonardo E, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, López M, Lorenz E, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mankuzhiyil N, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Mazin D, Meucci M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Miyamoto H, Moldón J, Moles M, Moralejo A, Nieto D, Nilsson K, Ninkovic J, Oya I, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pegna RG, Perez-Torres MA, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Prada F, Prandini E, Puchades N, Reichardt I, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Rissi M, Robert A, Rügamer S, Saggion A, Saito TY, Salvati M, Sanchez-Conde M, Satalecka K, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shore SN, Sidro N, Sierpowska-Bartosik A, Sillanpää A, Sitarek J, Sobczynska D, Spanier F, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Wagner RM, Zabalza V, Zandanel F, Zanin R, Zapatero J. Radio Imaging of the Very-High-Energy γ-Ray Emission Region in the Central Engine of a Radio Galaxy. Science 2009; 325:444-8. [PMID: 19574351 DOI: 10.1126/science.1175406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Moralejo A, Baixeras C, Bastieri D, Bednarek W, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Blanch O, Böck R, Bretz T, Chilingarian A, A Coarasa J, Colombo E, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, De Angelis A, De los Reyes R, De Lotto B, Domingo C, Domingo E, Dorner D, Ferenc D, Fernández E, Flix J, Fonseca V, Font L, Galante N, Gaug M, Garczarczyk M, Gebauer J, Giannitrapani R, Giller M, Goebel F, Hengstebeck T, Jacon P, Jager OCD, Kalekin O, Kestel M, Kim KS, Kneiske T, Laatiaoui M, Laille A, Lindfors E, Longo F, López M, López J, Lorenz E, Lucarelli F, Mannheim K, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Mase K, Merck M, Meucci M, Mirzoyan R, Mizobuchi S, Moralejo A, Oña-Wilhelmi E, Orduña R, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pavel N, Pegna R, Peruzzo L, Piccioli A, Pin M, Robert A, Saggion A, Sánchez A, Sartori P, Scalzotto V, Shinozaki K, Sillanpaa A, Sobczynska D, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Stepanian A, Stiehler R, Takalo L, Teshima M, Tonello N, Torres A, Turini N, Viertel G, Vitale V, Volkov S, Wagner R, Wibig T, Wittek W. The MAGIC Telescope for Gamma-Ray Astronomy above 30 GeV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1009-9271/3/s1/531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Aliu E, Anderhub H, Antonelli LA, Antoranz P, Backes M, Baixeras C, Barrio JA, Bartko H, Bastieri D, Becker JK, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bernardini E, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Bock RK, Bonnoli G, Bordas P, Bosch-Ramon V, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Chilingarian A, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Costado MT, Covino S, Curtef V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Cea del Pozo E, de los Reyes R, De Lotto B, De Maria M, De Sabata F, Delgado Mendez C, Dominguez A, Dorner D, Doro M, Elsässer D, Errando M, Fagiolini M, Ferenc D, Fernandez E, Firpo R, Fonseca MV, Font L, Galante N, Garcia Lopez RJ, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Goebel F, Hadasch D, Hayashida M, Herrero A, Höhne D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Huber S, Jogler T, Kranich D, La Barbera A, Laille A, Leonardo E, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, Lopez M, Lorenz E, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mankuzhiyil N, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, Martinez M, Mazin D, Meucci M, Meyer M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Moles M, Moralejo A, Nieto D, Nilsson K, Ninkovic J, Otte N, Oya I, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pegna RG, Perez-Torres MA, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Piccioli A, Prada F, Prandini E, Puchades N, Raymers A, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Rissi M, Robert A, Rügamer S, Saggion A, Saito TY, Salvati M, Sanchez-Conde M, Sartori P, Satalecka K, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shinozaki K, Shore SN, Sidro N, Sierpowska-Bartosik A, Sillanpää A, Sobczynska D, Spanier F, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Tluczykont M, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Venturini A, Vitale V, Wagner RM, Wittek W, Zabalza V, Zandanel F, Zanin R, Zapatero J, de Jager O, de Ona Wilhelmi E. Observation of Pulsed γ-Rays Above 25 GeV from the Crab Pulsar with MAGIC. Science 2008; 322:1221-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1164718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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11
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Albert J, Aliu E, Anderhub H, Antonelli LA, Antoranz P, Backes M, Baixeras C, Barrio JA, Bartko H, Bastieri D, Becker JK, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bernardini E, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Bock RK, Bonnoli G, Bordas P, Bosch-Ramon V, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Chilingarian A, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Costado MT, Covino S, Curtef V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Cea del Pozo E, de los Reyes R, De Lotto B, De Maria M, De Sabata F, Mendez CD, Dominguez A, Dorner D, Doro M, Errando M, Fagiolini M, Ferenc D, FernaÌndez E, Firpo R, Fonseca MV, Font L, Galante N, LoÌpez RJG, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Goebel F, Hayashida M, Herrero A, HoÌhne D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Huber S, Jogler T, Kneiske TM, Kranich D, La Barbera A, Laille A, Leonardo E, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, LoÌpez M, Lorenz E, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mankuzhiyil N, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, MartiÌnez M, Mazin D, Meucci M, Meyer M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Mizobuchi S, Moles M, Moralejo A, Nieto D, Nilsson K, Ninkovic J, Otte N, Oya I, Panniello M, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pegna RG, Perez-Torres MA, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Piccioli A, Prada F, Prandini E, Puchades N, Raymers A, Rhode W, RiboÌ M, Rico J, Rissi M, Robert A, RuÌgamer S, Saggion A, Saito TY, Salvati M, Sanchez-Conde M, Sartori P, Satalecka K, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schmitt R, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shinozaki K, Shore SN, Sidro N, Sierpowska-Bartosik A, SillanpaÌaÌ A, Sobczynska D, Spanier F, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Tluczykont M, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Venturini A, Vitale V, Wagner RM, Wittek W, Zabalza V, Zandanel F, Zanin R, Zapatero J. Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from a Distant Quasar: How Transparent Is the Universe? Science 2008; 320:1752-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1157087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Albert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Aliu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Anderhub
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. A. Antonelli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Antoranz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Backes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Baixeras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. A. Barrio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Bartko
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Bastieri
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. K. Becker
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Bednarek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Berger
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Bernardini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Bigongiari
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Biland
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. K. Bock
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Bonnoli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Bordas
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Bosch-Ramon
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Bretz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Britvitch
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Camara
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Carmona
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Chilingarian
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Commichau
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. L. Contreras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Cortina
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. T. Costado
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Covino
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Curtef
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Dazzi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. De Angelis
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. De Cea del Pozo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. de los Reyes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B. De Lotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. De Maria
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. De Sabata
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Delgado Mendez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Dominguez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Dorner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Doro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Errando
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Fagiolini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Ferenc
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. FernaÌndez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Firpo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. V. Fonseca
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Font
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Galante
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. J. GarciÌa LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Garczarczyk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Gaug
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Goebel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Hayashida
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Herrero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. HoÌhne
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Hose
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. C. Hsu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Huber
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Jogler
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. M. Kneiske
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Kranich
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. La Barbera
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Laille
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Leonardo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Lindfors
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Lombardi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Longo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Lorenz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Majumdar
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Maneva
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Mankuzhiyil
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Mannheim
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Maraschi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Mariotti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. MartiÌnez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Mazin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Meucci
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Meyer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Miranda
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Mirzoyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Mizobuchi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Moles
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Moralejo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Nieto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Nilsson
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Ninkovic
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Otte
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Oya
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Panniello
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Paoletti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Paredes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Pasanen
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Pascoli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Pauss
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. G. Pegna
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. A. Perez-Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Persic
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Peruzzo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Piccioli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Prada
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Prandini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Puchades
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Raymers
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Rhode
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. RiboÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Rico
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Rissi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Robert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. RuÌgamer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Saggion
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Y. Saito
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salvati
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Sanchez-Conde
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Sartori
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Satalecka
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Scalzotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Scapin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Schmitt
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Schweizer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Shayduk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Shinozaki
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. N. Shore
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Sidro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Sierpowska-Bartosik
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. SillanpaÌaÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Sobczynska
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Spanier
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Stamerra
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. S. Stark
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Takalo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Tavecchio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Temnikov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Tescaro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teshima
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Tluczykont
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. F. Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Turini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Vankov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Venturini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Vitale
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. M. Wagner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Wittek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Zabalza
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Zandanel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Zanin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Zapatero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Albert J, Aliu E, Anderhub H, Antoranz P, Armada A, Asensio M, Baixeras C, Barrio JA, Bartelt M, Bartko H, Bastieri D, Bavikadi SR, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Bisesi E, Bock RK, Bordas P, Bosch-Ramon V, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Chilingarian A, Ciprini S, Coarasa JA, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Curtef V, Danielyan V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, de los Reyes R, De Lotto B, Domingo-SantamariÌa E, Dorner D, Doro M, Errando M, Fagiolini M, Ferenc D, FernaÌndez E, Firpo R, Flix J, Fonseca MV, Font L, Fuchs M, Galante N, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Giller M, Goebel F, Hakobyan D, Hayashida M, Hengstebeck T, HoÌhne D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Isar PG, Jacon P, Kalekin O, Kosyra R, Kranich D, Laatiaoui M, Laille A, Lenisa T, Liebing P, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, LoÌpez J, LoÌpez M, Lorenz E, Lucarelli F, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mannheim K, Mansutti O, Mariotti M, MartiÌnez M, Mase K, Mazin D, Merck C, Meucci M, Meyer M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Mizobuchi S, Moralejo A, Nilsson K, OnÌa-Wilhelmi E, OrdunÌa R, Otte N, Oya I, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pavel N, Pegna R, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Piccioli A, Poller M, Pooley G, Prandini E, Raymers A, Rhode W, RiboÌ M, Rico J, Riegel B, Rissi M, Robert A, Romero GE, RuÌgamer S, Saggion A, SaÌnchez A, Sartori P, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schmitt R, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shinozaki K, Shore SN, Sidro N, SillanpaÌaÌ A, Sobczynska D, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Tonello N, Torres A, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Vitale V, Wagner RM, Wibig T, Wittek W, Zanin R, Zapatero J. Variable Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar LS I +61 303. Science 2006; 312:1771-3. [PMID: 16709745 DOI: 10.1126/science.1128177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microquasars are binary star systems with relativistic radio-emitting jets. They are potential sources of cosmic rays and can be used to elucidate the physics of relativistic jets. We report the detection of variable gamma-ray emission above 100 gigaelectron volts from the microquasar LS I 61 + 303. Six orbital cycles were recorded. Several detections occur at a similar orbital phase, which suggests that the emission is periodic. The strongest gamma-ray emission is not observed when the two stars are closest to one another, implying a strong orbital modulation of the emission or absorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Albert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Aliu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H. Anderhub
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Antoranz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Armada
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Asensio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Baixeras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. A. Barrio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Bartelt
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H. Bartko
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Bastieri
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. R. Bavikadi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - W. Bednarek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Berger
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Bigongiari
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Biland
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Bisesi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. K. Bock
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Bordas
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Bosch-Ramon
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Bretz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I. Britvitch
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Camara
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Carmona
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Chilingarian
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Ciprini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. A. Coarasa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Commichau
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. L. Contreras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Cortina
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Curtef
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Danielyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Dazzi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. De Angelis
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. de los Reyes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - B. De Lotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Domingo-SantamariÌa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Dorner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Doro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Errando
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Fagiolini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Ferenc
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. FernaÌndez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Firpo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Flix
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. V. Fonseca
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Font
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Fuchs
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Galante
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Garczarczyk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Gaug
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Giller
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Goebel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Hakobyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Hayashida
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Hengstebeck
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. HoÌhne
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Hose
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. C. Hsu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. G. Isar
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Jacon
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - O. Kalekin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Kosyra
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Kranich
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Laatiaoui
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Laille
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Lenisa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Liebing
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Lindfors
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Lombardi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Longo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Lorenz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Lucarelli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Majumdar
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. Maneva
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Mannheim
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - O. Mansutti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Mariotti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. MartiÌnez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Mase
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Mazin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Merck
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Meucci
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Meyer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. M. Miranda
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Mirzoyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Mizobuchi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Moralejo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Nilsson
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. OnÌa-Wilhelmi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. OrdunÌa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Otte
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I. Oya
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Paneque
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Paoletti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. M. Paredes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Pasanen
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Pascoli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Pauss
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Pavel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Pegna
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Persic
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Peruzzo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Piccioli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Poller
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. Pooley
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Prandini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Raymers
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - W. Rhode
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. RiboÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Rico
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - B. Riegel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Rissi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Robert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. E. Romero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. RuÌgamer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Saggion
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. SaÌnchez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Sartori
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Scalzotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Scapin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Schmitt
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Schweizer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Shayduk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Shinozaki
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. N. Shore
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Sidro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. SillanpaÌaÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Sobczynska
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Stamerra
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. S. Stark
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Takalo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Temnikov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Tescaro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Teshima
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Tonello
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. F. Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Turini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H. Vankov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Vitale
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. M. Wagner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Wibig
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - W. Wittek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Zanin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Zapatero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Abstract
The active galaxy Markarian 501 was discovered with air-Cerenkov telescopes at photon energies of 10 tera-electron volts. Such high energies may indicate that the gamma rays from Markarian 501 are due to the acceleration of protons rather than electrons. Furthermore, the observed absence of gamma ray attenuation due to electron-positron pair production in collisions with cosmic infrared photons implies a limit of 2 to 4 nanowatts per square meter per steradian for the energy flux of an extragalactic infrared radiation background at a wavelength of 25 micrometers. This limit provides important clues about the epoch of galaxy formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mannheim
- Universitats-Sternwarte, Geismarlandstrasse 11, Gottingen D-37083, Germany. E-mail:
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Nellen L, Mannheim K, Biermann PL. Neutrino production through hadronic cascades in AGN accretion disks. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1993; 47:5270-5274. [PMID: 10015548 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.47.5270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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