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Ahangari F, Becker C, Foster DG, Chioccioli M, Nelson M, Beke K, Wang X, Justet A, Adams T, Readhead B, Meador C, Correll K, Lili LN, Roybal HM, Rose KA, Ding S, Barnthaler T, Briones N, DeIuliis G, Schupp JC, Li Q, Omote N, Aschner Y, Sharma L, Kopf KW, Magnusson B, Hicks R, Backmark A, Dela Cruz CS, Rosas I, Cousens LP, Dudley JT, Kaminski N, Downey GP. Saracatinib, a Selective Src Kinase Inhibitor, Blocks Fibrotic Responses in Preclinical Models of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:1463-1479. [PMID: 35998281 PMCID: PMC9757097 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3832oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and often fatal disorder. Two U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved antifibrotic drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, slow the rate of decline in lung function, but responses are variable and side effects are common. Objectives: Using an in silico data-driven approach, we identified a robust connection between the transcriptomic perturbations in IPF disease and those induced by saracatinib, a selective Src kinase inhibitor originally developed for oncological indications. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that saracatinib would be effective at attenuating pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: We investigated the antifibrotic efficacy of saracatinib relative to nintedanib and pirfenidone in three preclinical models: 1) in vitro in normal human lung fibroblasts; 2) in vivo in bleomycin and recombinant Ad-TGF-β (adenovirus transforming growth factor-β) murine models of pulmonary fibrosis; and 3) ex vivo in mice and human precision-cut lung slices from these two murine models as well as patients with IPF and healthy donors. Measurements and Main Results: In each model, the effectiveness of saracatinib in blocking fibrogenic responses was equal or superior to nintedanib and pirfenidone. Transcriptomic analyses of TGF-β-stimulated normal human lung fibroblasts identified specific gene sets associated with fibrosis, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, TGF-β, and WNT signaling that was uniquely altered by saracatinib. Transcriptomic analysis of whole-lung extracts from the two animal models of pulmonary fibrosis revealed that saracatinib reverted many fibrogenic pathways, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune responses, and extracellular matrix organization. Amelioration of fibrosis and inflammatory cascades in human precision-cut lung slices confirmed the potential therapeutic efficacy of saracatinib in human lung fibrosis. Conclusions: These studies identify novel Src-dependent fibrogenic pathways and support the study of the therapeutic effectiveness of saracatinib in IPF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Ahangari
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christine Becker
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Daniel G. Foster
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Maurizio Chioccioli
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Meghan Nelson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Keriann Beke
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Xing Wang
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Aurelien Justet
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Service de Pneumologie, UNICAEN, Normandie University, Caen, France
| | - Taylor Adams
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin Readhead
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Carly Meador
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kelly Correll
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Loukia N. Lili
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and
| | - Helen M. Roybal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kadi-Ann Rose
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shuizi Ding
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Thomas Barnthaler
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Section of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Natalie Briones
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Giuseppe DeIuliis
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jonas C. Schupp
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Qin Li
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Norihito Omote
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yael Aschner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Katrina W. Kopf
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Björn Magnusson
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ryan Hicks
- BioPharmaceuticals Research & Development Cell Therapy, Research, and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism (CVRM), AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Backmark
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charles S. Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ivan Rosas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Leslie P. Cousens
- Emerging Innovations, Discovery Sciences, Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel T. Dudley
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gregory P. Downey
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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Schupp JC, Adams TS, Cosme C, Raredon MSB, Yuan Y, Omote N, Poli S, Chioccioli M, Rose KA, Manning EP, Sauler M, DeIuliis G, Ahangari F, Neumark N, Habermann AC, Gutierrez AJ, Bui LT, Lafyatis R, Pierce RW, Meyer KB, Nawijn MC, Teichmann SA, Banovich NE, Kropski JA, Niklason LE, Pe’er D, Yan X, Homer RJ, Rosas IO, Kaminski N. Integrated Single-Cell Atlas of Endothelial Cells of the Human Lung. Circulation 2021; 144:286-302. [PMID: 34030460 PMCID: PMC8300155 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.052318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular diversity of the lung endothelium has not been systematically characterized in humans. We provide a reference atlas of human lung endothelial cells (ECs) to facilitate a better understanding of the phenotypic diversity and composition of cells comprising the lung endothelium. METHODS We reprocessed human control single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data from 6 datasets. EC populations were characterized through iterative clustering with subsequent differential expression analysis. Marker genes were validated by fluorescent microscopy and in situ hybridization. scRNAseq of primary lung ECs cultured in vitro was performed. The signaling network between different lung cell types was studied. For cross-species analysis or disease relevance, we applied the same methods to scRNAseq data obtained from mouse lungs or from human lungs with pulmonary hypertension. RESULTS Six lung scRNAseq datasets were reanalyzed and annotated to identify >15 000 vascular EC cells from 73 individuals. Differential expression analysis of EC revealed signatures corresponding to endothelial lineage, including panendothelial, panvascular, and subpopulation-specific marker gene sets. Beyond the broad cellular categories of lymphatic, capillary, arterial, and venous ECs, we found previously indistinguishable subpopulations; among venous EC, we identified 2 previously indistinguishable populations: pulmonary-venous ECs (COL15A1neg) localized to the lung parenchyma and systemic-venous ECs (COL15A1pos) localized to the airways and the visceral pleura; among capillary ECs, we confirmed their subclassification into recently discovered aerocytes characterized by EDNRB, SOSTDC1, and TBX2 and general capillary EC. We confirmed that all 6 endothelial cell types, including the systemic-venous ECs and aerocytes, are present in mice and identified endothelial marker genes conserved in humans and mice. Ligand-receptor connectome analysis revealed important homeostatic crosstalk of EC with other lung resident cell types. scRNAseq of commercially available primary lung ECs demonstrated a loss of their native lung phenotype in culture. scRNAseq revealed that endothelial diversity is maintained in pulmonary hypertension. Our article is accompanied by an online data mining tool (www.LungEndothelialCellAtlas.com). CONCLUSIONS Our integrated analysis provides a comprehensive and well-crafted reference atlas of ECs in the normal lung and confirms and describes in detail previously unrecognized endothelial populations across a large number of humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C. Schupp
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Taylor S. Adams
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Carlos Cosme
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Micha Sam Brickman Raredon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (M.S.B.R., L.E.N.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (M.S.B.R., Y.Y., L.E.N.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Yifan Yuan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (M.S.B.R., Y.Y., L.E.N.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Anesthesiology (Y.Y., L.E.N.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Norihito Omote
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sergio Poli
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.P., I.O.R.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL (S.P.)
| | - Maurizio Chioccioli
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kadi-Ann Rose
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Edward P. Manning
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System (E.P.M.), West Haven
| | - Maor Sauler
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Giuseppe DeIuliis
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Farida Ahangari
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Nir Neumark
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Arun C. Habermann
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.C.H., J.A.K.)
| | - Austin J. Gutierrez
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ (A.J.G., L.T.B., N.E.B.)
| | - Linh T. Bui
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ (A.J.G., L.T.B., N.E.B.)
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (R.L.)
| | - Richard W. Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics (R.W.P.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kerstin B. Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK (K.B.M., S.A.T.)
| | - Martijn C. Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (M.C.N.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (M.C.N.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK (K.B.M., S.A.T.)
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, UK (S.A.T.)
| | | | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.C.H., J.A.K.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN (J.A.K.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (J.A.K.)
| | - Laura E. Niklason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (M.S.B.R., L.E.N.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (M.S.B.R., Y.Y., L.E.N.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Anesthesiology (Y.Y., L.E.N.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Dana Pe’er
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (D.P.)
| | - Xiting Yan
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert J. Homer
- Department of Pathology (R.J.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service (R.J.H.), West Haven
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.P., I.O.R.)
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (J.C.S., T.S.A., C.C., N.O., M.C., K.-A.R., E.P.M., M.S., G.D., F.A., N.N., X.Y., N.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Neumark
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carlos Cosme
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kadi-Ann Rose
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Warden ML, Haas HL, Richards PM, Rose KA, Hatch JM. Monitoring trends in sea turtle populations: walk or fly? ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Rose KA, Kirkland PD, Davis RJ, Cooper DW, Blumstein D, Pritchard LI, Newberry KM, Lunt RA. Epizootics of sudden death in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) associated with an orbivirus infection. Aust Vet J 2012. [PMID: 23186095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epizootics of sudden death in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) occurred at six research facilities and zoological gardens in New South Wales, Australia, in late 1998 and at one Queensland research facility in March 1999. There were 120 confirmed tammar wallaby deaths during this period; however, population censuses indicated that up to 230 tammar wallabies may have died. The majority of animals died without premonitory signs. A small proportion of wallabies exhibited increased respiratory rate, sat with a lowered head shortly before death or were discovered in lateral recumbency, moribund and with muscle fasciculations. Gross postmortem findings consistently included massive pulmonary congestion, mottled hepatic parenchyma and subcutaneous oedema throughout the hindlimbs and inguinal region. Approximately 30% of the animals examined also had extensive haemorrhage within the fascial planes and skeletal muscle of the hindlimb adductors, inguinal region, ventral thorax, dorsal cervical region and perirenal retroperitoneal area. The tissues of affected animals became autolytic within a short period after death. Bacteriological examination of tissues from 14 animals did not provide any significant findings. Toxicological examination of the gastric and colonic contents of four animals did not reveal evidence of brodifacoume or other rodenticides. Viruses from the Eubenangee serogroup of the Orbivirus genus were isolated from the cerebral cortex of nine, and the myocardium of two, tammar wallabies and the liver and intestine of another tammar wallaby. A similar orbivirus was also isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of another tammar wallaby that died suddenly. The disease agent appears to be a previously unrecognised orbivirus in the Eubenangee serogroup. This is the first report of epizootics of sudden deaths in tammar wallabies apparently associated with an orbivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, PO Box 20, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia.
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Leone JF, Gole GA, Mitchell P, Kifley A, Pai ASI, Rose KA. Visual acuity testability and comparability in Australian preschool children: the Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study. Eye (Lond) 2012; 26:925-32. [PMID: 22498798 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish standardised protocols for vision screening, testability and comparability of three different vision tests were examined in a population-based, cross-sectional sample of preschool children (Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study). METHODS Measurement of presenting monocular distance visual acuity (VA) using the Amblyopia Treatment Study (ATS) HOTV protocol, was attempted by all (1774) children aged≥24 months. In addition, in children aged≥60 months (576), VA was also tested using the logMAR retro-illuminated HOTV or Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) linear charts (CSV 1000). Children able to have both eyes tested monocularly were considered. RESULTS Testability significantly increased with age for all VA tests. The ATS HOTV with an overall testability of 80% (females: 82%, males: 78%) was the most testable of the VA tests (P<0.0001). In children aged <3 years testability was low (≤47%) rising to≥80% in children aged≥3. In children≥60 months, testability was higher for the HOTV (94%) than the ETDRS (59%) chart. In those that did two VA tests, mean difference of the ATS HOTV compared with the HOTV(CSV) was -0.1, and compared with ETDRS was -0.12 (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Children aged <3 years had poor VA testability, whereas those 3 years and above were highly testable using the ATS HOTV. The HOTV (CSV) retro-illuminated test was appropriate for children aged >5 years, and may be possible in younger children with early educational exposure. When comparing VA measures using these tests, the higher VA attained using the ATS HOTV, needs to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Leone
- Discipline of Orthoptics, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
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Gopinath B, Baur LA, Hardy LL, Kifley A, Rose KA, Wong TY, Mitchell P. Relationship between a range of sedentary behaviours and blood pressure during early adolescence. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 26:350-6. [PMID: 21614023 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2011.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies have explored links between physical activity, sedentary behaviours and blood pressure (BP) in early adolescence. We aimed to assess the association between a range of sedentary activities (screen time, television (TV) viewing, computer usage, video game usage and time spent in homework or reading) and BP in schoolchildren. Eligible year-7 students (2353/3144, mean age 12.7 years) from a random cluster sample of 21 Sydney schools were examined during 2003-2005. Parents and children completed detailed questionnaires of activity. BP was measured using a standard protocol and high BP was defined using published guidelines. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) calculated. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, parental education, height, BMI and time spent in physical activity, each hour per day spent in screen time, watching TV and playing video games was associated with a significant increase in diastolic BP of 0.44 (P=0.0001), 0.99 (P<0.0001) and 0.64 mm Hg (P=0.04), respectively. In contrast, each hour per day spent reading was associated with a decrease of 0.91 (P=0.01) and 0.69 mm Hg (P=0.02) in systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. Our results indicate that addressing different types of sedentary activities could be a potentially important strategy to reduce the prevalence of elevated BP in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gopinath
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Dirani M, Tong L, Gazzard G, Zhang X, Chia A, Young TL, Rose KA, Mitchell P, Saw SM. Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93:997-1000. [PMID: 19211608 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2008.150979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Dirani
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, and Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD3, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.
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Abstract
AIMS To report prevalence of amblyopia and long-term impact of its treatment on vision in a population-based sample of 12-year-old Australian children. METHODS Logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity (VA) was measured in 2353 children (response rate 75.3%); visual impairment was defined as VA<6/12. Amblyopia was defined using various criteria of best-corrected VA, together with an amblyogenic factor and absence of significant organic pathology. Corroborative historical data on previous diagnosis and treatment were obtained from parental questionnaires. RESULTS Forty-four children (1.9%) were diagnosed with amblyopia, unilateral in 40 and bilateral in four. Isolated anisometropia was the most frequent cause (41%), followed by strabismus (25%), combined anisometropia and strabismus (23%), and high ametropia (9%). Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were present in 28, 51, and 44% of amblyopic children, respectively, compared to 12, 4, and 9% of non-amblyopic children. Mean best-corrected VA in amblyopic eyes was 44.5 logMAR letters (Snellen equivalent 6/9), range: 11-60 letters. Most children with amblyopia (84%) had been treated. Only 27% were visually impaired in their amblyopic eye. CONCLUSIONS This report documents a low amblyopia prevalence in a population of 12-year-old Australian children. Amblyopic visual impairment was infrequent in this sample despite absence of mandatory vision screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Robaei
- Department of Ophthalmology (Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Hospital) and the Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Ip JM, Huynh SC, Robaei D, Kifley A, Rose KA, Morgan IG, Wang JJ, Mitchell P. Ethnic differences in refraction and ocular biometry in a population-based sample of 11–15-year-old Australian children. Eye (Lond) 2007; 22:649-56. [PMID: 17277756 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the prevalence of refractive error and distribution of ocular biometric parameters among major ethnic groups in a population-based sample of 11-15-year-old Australian children. METHODS The Sydney Myopia Study examined 2353 students (75.3% response) from a random cluster-sample of 21 secondary schools across Sydney. Examinations included cycloplegic autorefraction, and measures of corneal radius of curvature, anterior chamber depth, and axial length. RESULTS Participants mean age was 12.7 years (range 11.1-14.4); 49.4% were female. Overall, 60.0% of children had European Caucasian ethnicity, 15.0% East Asian, 7.1% Middle Eastern, and 5.5% South Asian. The most frequent refractive error was mild hyperopia (59.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 53.2-65.6), defined as spherical equivalent (SE) +0.50 to +1.99 D. Myopia (SE-0.50 D or less) was found in 11.9%, 95% (CI 6.6-17.2), and moderate hyperopia (SE> or =+2.00 D) in 3.5%, 95% (CI 2.8-4.1). Myopia prevalence was lower among European Caucasian children (4.6%, 95% CI 3.1-6.1) and Middle Eastern children (6.1%, 95% CI 1.3-11.0) than among East Asian (39.5%, 95%, CI 25.6-53.5) and South Asian (31.5%, 95%, CI 21.6-41.4) children. European Caucasian children had the most hyperopic mean SE (+0.82 D) and shortest mean axial length (23.23 mm). East Asian children had the most myopic mean SE (-0.69 D) and greatest mean axial length (23.86 mm). CONCLUSION The overall myopia prevalence in this sample was lower than in recent similar-aged European Caucasian population samples. East Asian children in our sample had both a higher prevalence of myopia and longer mean axial length.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ip
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, Centre for Vision Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Huynh SC, Wang XY, Ip J, Robaei D, Kifley A, Rose KA, Mitchell P. Prevalence and associations of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in a population based sample of 6 year old children. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:597-601. [PMID: 16622090 PMCID: PMC1857062 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.083154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the distribution of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in young Australian children, together with clinical and ocular biometry relations. METHOD The Sydney Myopia Study examined 1765 predominantly 6 year old children from 34 randomly selected Sydney schools during 2003-4. Keratometry, cycloplegic autorefraction, and questionnaire data were collected. RESULTS Spherical equivalent (SE) anisometropia (> or =1 dioptre) prevalence was 1.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1% to 2.4%). Aniso-astigmatism (>or =1D) prevalence was 1.0% (CI: 0.6% to 1.6%). Both conditions were significantly more prevalent among moderately hyperopic (SE > or =2.0D) than mildly hyperopic (SE 0.5-1.9D) children. Myopic children (SE < or =-0.5D) had higher anisometropia prevalence. Neither condition varied by age, sex, or ethnicity. In multivariate analyses, anisometropia was significantly associated with amblyopia, odds ratio (OR) 29, (CI: 8.7 to 99), exotropia (OR 7.7, CI: 1.2 to 50), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission (OR 3.6, CI: 1.1 to 12.6). Aniso-astigmatism was significantly associated with amblyopia (OR 8.2, CI: 1.4 to 47), maternal age >35 years (OR 4.0, CI: 1.3 to 11.9), and NICU admission (OR 4.6, CI: 1.2 to 17.2). Anisometropia resulted from relatively large interocular differences in axial length (p<0.0001) and anterior chamber depth (p = 0.0009). Aniso-astigmatism resulted from differences in corneal astigmatism (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION In this predominantly 6 year old population, anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism were uncommon, had important birth and biometry associations, and were strongly related to amblyopia and strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Huynh
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Portas
- Western Plains Zoo, PO Box 831, Dubbo, NSW 2830
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Morgan IG, Rose KA, Smith W, Mitchell P. Re: Evidence for an "epidemic" of myopia. Ann Acad Med Singap 2004; 33:541-3; author reply 543; discussion 544. [PMID: 15344259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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14
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Clark JS, Carpenter SR, Barber M, Collins S, Dobson A, Foley JA, Lodge DM, Pascual M, Pielke R, Pizer W, Pringle C, Reid WV, Rose KA, Sala O, Schlesinger WH, Wall DH, Wear D. Ecological forecasts: an emerging imperative. Science 2001; 293:657-60. [PMID: 11474103 DOI: 10.1126/science.293.5530.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Planning and decision-making can be improved by access to reliable forecasts of ecosystem state, ecosystem services, and natural capital. Availability of new data sets, together with progress in computation and statistics, will increase our ability to forecast ecosystem change. An agenda that would lead toward a capacity to produce, evaluate, and communicate forecasts of critical ecosystem services requires a process that engages scientists and decision-makers. Interdisciplinary linkages are necessary because of the climate and societal controls on ecosystems, the feedbacks involving social change, and the decision-making relevance of forecasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Clark
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine to what degree chiropractic clinics are complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which mandates that health care clinics be accessible to the disabled. METHODS A survey was developed and mailed to 200 chiropractic clinics in Orange and Los Angeles counties. The survey asked about the essential necessities for health care clinics to be accessible to the wheelchair-bound, the blind, and the deaf. It also sought to discover how many disabled patients these clinics were treating and the attitudes of practitioners and staff toward this population. RESULTS The response rate was 50.5%. Accessibility for the wheelchair-bound was high. Accessibility for the blind was limited by a lack of Braille signs. Accessibility to the deaf was limited by lack of telecommunications device for the deaf or use of sign language interpreters. Most clinics were treating few or no disabled patients and did not perceive a need to become more accessible. CONCLUSION There appears to be poor compliance with the ADA in chiropractic clinics in Los Angeles and Orange counties. Although data are lacking, it appears likely that the disabled population is being underserved by the chiropractic profession. Education for chiropractors on the rights and needs of the disabled population is necessary to give this group equal access to chiropractic health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rose
- Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, Whittier, Calif 90609, USA
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16
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Rose KA, Stapleton G, Dott K, Kieny MP, Best R, Schwarz M, Russell DW, Björkhem I, Seckl J, Lathe R. Cyp7b, a novel brain cytochrome P450, catalyzes the synthesis of neurosteroids 7alpha-hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone and 7alpha-hydroxy pregnenolone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:4925-30. [PMID: 9144166 PMCID: PMC24607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.10.4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/1997] [Accepted: 03/04/1997] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroids produced locally in brain (neurosteroids), including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), influence cognition and behavior. We previously described a novel cytochrome P450, Cyp7b, strongly expressed in rat and mouse brain, particularly in hippocampus. Cyp7b is most similar to steroidogenic P450s and potentially could play a role in neurosteroid metabolism. To examine the catalytic activity of the enzyme mouse Cyp7b cDNA was introduced into a vaccinia virus vector. Extracts from cells infected with the recombinant showed NADPH-dependent conversion of DHEA (Km, 13.6 microM) and pregnenolone (Km, 4.0 microM) to slower migrating forms on thin layer chromatography. The expressed enzyme was less active against 25-hydroxycholesterol, 17beta-estradiol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol, with low to undetectable activity against progesterone, corticosterone, and testosterone. On gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of the Cyp7b metabolite of DHEA the retention time and fragmentation patterns were identical to those obtained with authentic 7alpha-hydroxy DHEA. The reaction product also comigrated on thin layer chromatography with 7alpha-hydroxy DHEA but not with 7beta-hydroxy DHEA; when [7alpha-3H]pregnenolone was incubated with Cyp7b extracts the extent of release of radioactivity into the medium suggested that hydroxylation was preferentially at the 7alpha position. Brain extracts also efficiently liberated tritium from [7alpha-3H]pregnenolone and converted DHEA to a product with a chromatographic mobility indistinguishable from 7alpha-hydroxy DHEA. We conclude that Cyp7b is a 7alpha-hydroxylase participating in the synthesis, in brain, of neurosteroids 7alpha-hydroxy DHEA, and 7alpha-hydroxy pregnenolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rose
- Centre for Genome Research and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, United Kingdom
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Maddess T, Bedford S, James AC, Rose KA. A multiple-frequency, multiple-region pattern electroretinogram investigation of non-linear retinal signals. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1997; 25 Suppl 1:S94-7. [PMID: 9267639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the spatial frequency doubled (FD) illusion may originate from Y-like non-linear retinal ganglion cells. If the contrast of multi-frequency stimuli is increased, Y cells show a phase advance in the self-sum frequencies but not in other output frequencies. We looked for these effects with a multi-region pattern electroretinogram (PERG) displaying the sum of two temporal frequencies in each visual field location. Regional variation was found in the recorded sum and difference frequencies. The results indicate that PERG signals become dominated by responses from Y-like cells when the FD illusion is seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maddess
- Centre for Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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18
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Bedford S, Maddess T, Rose KA, James AC. Correlations between observability of the spatial frequency doubled illusion and a multi-region pattern electroretinogram. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1997; 25 Suppl 1:S91-3. [PMID: 9267638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A glaucoma screening device based on the visibility of the spatial frequency doubled (FD) illusion will be marketed by Welch Allyn Ltd in the next year (ANU Patients (Australia) 611,585, (USA) 5,065,767 and application PL 3130). An underlying assumption of the method is that retinal processes are being tested. To test this assumption we compared the visibility of the FD illusion over a range of conditions and in the same spatial locations as a multi-region pattern electroretinogram (PERG). Grating speed and contrast were good predictors of the psychometric functions and PERG amplitude and phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bedford
- Centre for Visual Sciences, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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19
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Rose KA, Levick WR, Burke W. Changes in the receptive fields of cat retinal ganglion cells affected by pressure on the optic nerve. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1997; 25 Suppl 1:S61-3. [PMID: 9267628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the cat optic nerve a lesion was induced by brief application of pressure. It selectively blocked impulse conduction in large diameter fibres of the retinal ganglion cells. Electrophysiological examination of single optic axons several weeks later demonstrated a gross alteration of the visual properties of the affected BT/Y ganglion cells. It is suggested that the alteration of receptive field properties may reflect the cellular and dendritic response to distant focal injury of the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rose
- Visual Neurosciences Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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20
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Abstract
hct-1 (hippocampal transcript) was detected in a differential screen of a rat hippocampal cDNA library. Expression of hct-1 was enriched in the formation but was also detected in rat liver and kidney, though at much lower levels; expression was barely detectable in testis, ovary, and adrenal. In liver, unlike brain, expression was sexually dimorphic; hepatic expression was greatly reduced in female rats. In mouse, brain expression was widespread, with the highest levels being detected in corpus callosum; only low levels were detected in liver. Sequence analysis of rat and mouse hct-1 cDNAs revealed extensive homologies with cytochrome P450s (CYPs), a diverse family of heme-binding monooxygenases that metabolize a range of substrates including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Among the CYPs, hct-1 is most similar (39% at the amino acid sequence) to cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7) and contains a postulated steroidogenic domain present in other steroid-metabolizing CYPs but clearly represents a type of CYP not previously reported. Genomic Southern analysis suggests that a single gene corresponding to hct-1 is present in mouse, rat, and human. hct-1 is unusual in that, unlike all other CYPs described, the primary site of expression is in the brain. Similarity to CYP7 and other steroid-metabolizing CYPs may argue that hct-1 (CYP7B) plays a role in steroid metabolism in brain, notable because of the documented ability of brain-derived steroids (neurosteroids) to modulate cognitive function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stapleton
- Centre for Genome Research, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Tisminetzky S, Gerotto M, Pontisso P, Chemello L, Prescott LE, Rose KA, Baralle F, Simmonds P, Alberti A. Comparison of genotyping and serotyping methods for the identification of hepatitis C virus types. J Virol Methods 1995; 55:303-7. [PMID: 8609196 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(95)00067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The usefulness of identification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype has recently been investigated for the clinical management of patients infected by HCV. In the present study, the HCV genotype infecting 127 patients was determined by two different methods: HCV genotyping using a dot-blot assay with type-specific probes derived from the 5'-UTR of HCV genome and HCV serotyping using an ELISA system in which type-specific antibodies against the NS4 region were detected. Overall, a good correlation of the two methods was observed, the main discrepancy being 4 patients with sequence-confirmed HCV-2 (2 cases) and HCV-3 (2 cases) genotypes recognized as HCV-1 by serotyping. Mixed infections were not detected by either method. In 19 PCR negative sera, in which the HCV genotype could not be evaluated, no particular serotype profile was observed. In conclusion, the molecular and serological techniques are almost equivalent in determining the viral type, although in individual cases, especially in PCR negative patients, the clinical meaning of the serotyping result remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tisminetzky
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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22
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Abstract
Insulin has recently been reported to stimulate glucose transport in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). This observation suggests a role for this hormone in hypertension associated with insulin resistance. To determine whether VSMC glucose transport abnormalities exist in a state of insulin resistance, we studied basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in VSMC derived from Zucker lean (normotensive, insulin sensitive) and obese (hypertensive, insulin resistant) rats. Basal glucose transport, as measured by tracer quantities of [3H]2-deoxyglucose, was 4.2 +/- 0.8 and 7.4 +/- 0.9 fmol/10(6) cells/min for lean and obese cells, respectively (P < .05). Kinetic analyses utilizing variable concentrations of unlabeled 2-deoxyglucose in the media revealed that increased transport in the obese rat was due to an increased Vmax of the transporter system: Vmax = 5.9 +/- 0.8 and 12.1 +/- 1.2 fmol/10(6) cells/min for lean and obese cells, respectively (P < .05); no changes in Km were noted for the two populations: Km = 1.14 +/- 0.24 and 0.96 +/- 0.10 mmol/L. Insulin (10 microU/mL) increased the Vmax of the transporter in both preparations, but greater stimulation was seen in the lean VSMC: 32 +/- 4.8% v 11.5 +/- 2.1% (P < .05). Insulin had no effect on the Km of the transporter in either strain. These data suggest that increased basal glucose transport in obese VSMC may predispose the vessel to increased glucose-mediated events, while blunted insulin-stimulated glucose transport in these cells mirrors insulin-resistant glucose disposal in other tissues of the obese rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Standley
- Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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23
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Standley PR, Rose KA. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 modulation of glucose transport in arterial smooth muscle cells: implication of GLUT-4 in the vasculature. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7:357-62. [PMID: 8031552 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/7.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin modulates many physiological processes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) such as contractility, proliferation, and ion homeostasis. However, hormonal modulation of glucose transport has not been explored in pure populations of these cells. This study demonstrates that insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) increase glucose transport in a7r5 clonal and freshly prepared Sprague-Dawley aortic (SDa) VSMC. In a7r5 cells, physiologic (10(-12) to 10(-9) mol/L) insulin concentrations increase transport by 8% to 15%, whereas supraphysiologic concentrations (10(-9) to 10(-6) mol/L) increase transport by up to 60% (P < .05 v no increase over all concentrations tested). In SDa cells, insulin was more potent, displaying maximum transport stimulation of 70% at 10(-8) mol/L (P < .05 v a7r5 cells). Insulin regulation of glucose transport occurs by a protein synthesis-independent pathway as 10 mumol/L cycloheximide was without effect. Insulin produces these effects within 20 min of treatment, and cytochalasin B (10 mumol/L) inhibits both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport by 93% and 96%, respectively. Stimulation of insulin receptors alone, with 2.5 pg/mL insulin receptor-specific antibody, stimulates glucose transport by 20%, suggesting transport can be stimulated by an IGF-1 receptor independent mechanism. However, IGF-1 is a more potent stimulator of transport in both cell lines studied, with maximal stimulation (10(-8) mol/L IGF-1) of 60% and 80% in a7r5 and SDa cells, respectively (P < .05 v 10(-8) mol/L insulin in both cell lines). Insulin stimulation of glucose transport is specific for [D+]-glucose; [L-]-glucose does not compete for transport.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Standley
- Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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24
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Rose KA. Electrical shock injury. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1994; 17:174-6. [PMID: 8006532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the case of a patient who received an electrical shock injury to the back of his head and was co-managed by a neurologist and a chiropractor. The common manifestations of electrical shock injuries are presented. CLINICAL FEATURES The patient was a 31-yr-old man. His initial symptoms consisted of headaches, dizziness, pain in the suboccipital area, tingling down both arms to the hands, nausea, blurred vision, increased sweating, chest pain, loss of appetite and memory lapses. The patient received a neurological examination, MRI of the brain, EEG, brain stem auditory evoked response and EKG. The neurologist's diagnosis was post-traumatic head syndrome following electrocution. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME He was treated by a neurologist and a chiropractor, with fair results. Chiropractic treatments were directed toward correcting the fixations, fibrotic tissue and joint proprioception in his neck using manipulation, physical therapy and active care exercises. CONCLUSION Electrical shocks commonly cause immediate damage to the heart, nervous system and musculoskeletal system. They can also cause delayed complications days to years later, including cholelithiasis, cataracts and nervous system conditions such as ALS. Chiropractors can play an important role in managing the musculoskeletal manifestations of electrical shock injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rose
- Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, Whittier, CA 90609-1166
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25
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Simmonds P, Rose KA, Graham S, Chan SW, McOmish F, Dow BC, Follett EA, Yap PL, Marsden H. Mapping of serotype-specific, immunodominant epitopes in the NS-4 region of hepatitis C virus (HCV): use of type-specific peptides to serologically differentiate infections with HCV types 1, 2, and 3. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:1493-503. [PMID: 7686182 PMCID: PMC265567 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.6.1493-1503.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of sequence variability between different types of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on the antigenicity of the NS-4 protein was investigated by epitope mapping and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with branched oligopeptides. Epitope mapping of the region between amino acid residues 1679 and 1768 in the HCV polyprotein revealed two major antigenic regions (1961 to 1708 and 1710 to 1728) that were recognized by antibody elicited upon natural infection of HCV. The antigenic regions were highly variable between variants of HCV, with only 50 to 60% amino acid sequence similarity between types 1, 2, and 3. Although limited serological cross-reactivity between HCV types was detected between peptides, particularly in the first antigenic region of NS-4, type-specific reactivity formed the principal component of the natural humoral immune response to NS-4. Type-specific antibody to particular HCV types was detected in 89% of the samples from anti-HCV-positive blood donors and correlated almost exactly with genotypic analysis of HCV sequences amplified from the samples by polymerase chain reaction. Whereas almost all blood donors appeared to be infected with a single virus type (97%), a higher proportion of samples (40%) from hemophiliacs infected from transfusion of non-heat-inactivated clotting factor contained antibody to two or even all three HCV types, providing evidence that long-term exposure may lead to multiple infection with different variants of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Simmonds
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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26
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Cook RB, Rose KA, Brenkert AL, Ryan PF. Systematic comparison of ILWAS, MAGIC, and ETD watershed acidification models: 3. Mass balance budgets for acid neutralizing capacity. Environ Pollut 1992; 77:235-242. [PMID: 15091964 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(92)90082-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three watershed acidification models-ILWAS, MAGIC, and ETD-were quantitatively compared to determine model structural differences by using a combination of input mapping and ANC mass balance budgets. Input mapping is a set of rules and algorithms to ensure that consistent input values were simultaneously derived for all three models. ANC budget analysis under current SO4(2-) deposition and a 70% reduction in SO4(2-) deposition allows examination of the relative importance of biogeochemical processes in affecting predictions of ANC or predicted changes in ANC. Model inputs were based on two dissimilar watersheds having characteristics typical of watersheds in the northeastern US. After mapping inputs, the three models predicted values of outflow ANC fluxes that were similar among the models for each watershed and deposition scenario. Within each watershed, the changes in outflow ANC fluxes between the scenarios were similar for the three models. Terrestrial weathering was the major source of ANC for all three models for both watersheds and deposition scenarios. The contributions of other processes to the ANC of the two watersheds were, under certain conditions, model-specific. Cation exchange was responsible for changes in ANC when deposition decreased for the three models. Other processes responsible for changes in ANC between scenarios were SO4(2-) sorption (for MAGIC) and in-lake weathering (for ETD). The processes responsible for the change in ANC from a change in deposition (cation exchange, SO4(2-) sorption, and in-lake weathering) were different from the processes contributing to the absolute ANC for a given deposition scenario (terrestrial weathering). The budget analysis complements an earlier Monte Carlo analysis that showed that the three models are structurally different and that predictions viewed on a relative scale are more similar than absolute scale predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Cook
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036, USA
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27
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Lang SM, Morris RG, Rose KA, Wyllie AH. Detection of human Ha-ras transcripts in tumor cells by in situ hybridization. Anticancer Res 1989; 9:805-10. [PMID: 2475054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the development of a method for identification of human Ha-ras transcripts in cytological and histological preparations of rodent fibroblasts by RNA-RNA in situ hybridization. Fibroblasts, expressing human Ha- ras at high or a very low level, provide a biological model system to optimize in situ hybridization. For rapid detection we used the radiographic signal from cell smears, in directly overlaid x-ray film. Certain pretreatments of slides are shown to increase nonspecific probe binding. The methods described can be used for rapid detection of oncogene expression in small numbers of cultured cells, without prior extraction and purification of their RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lang
- Department of Pathology, University Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Rose KA, Summers JK, McLean RI, Domotor SL. Radiosilver (Ag-110m) concentrations in Chesapeake Bay oysters maintained near a nuclear power plant: A statistical analysis. Environ Monit Assess 1988; 10:205-218. [PMID: 24248727 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An ongoing biomonitoring program using oysters (Crassostrea virginica) was implemented in 1978 to monitor radionuclide releases from the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant located on Chesapeake Bay. The program involves quarterly removal and replenishment of oysters located in a tray about 0.2 km from the effluent discharge. Radiosilver (Ag-110m) concentrations in tray oysters (pCi/kg ww) were analyzed using ANCOVA-like models with plant releases of Ag-110m in the present and immediately preceding quarters and season of exposure as explanatory variables. Hypothesis testing based on the estimated models and comparison among model predictions under hypothetical release scenarios showed that season of exposure was important in influencing Ag-110m concentrations, with exposure during the Fall and Summer seasons resulting in significantly higher Ag-110m concentrations in tray oysters than exposure during the Winter and Spring seasons. From a management perspective of minimizing Ag-110m concentrations in oysters located near the plant, Winter and Spring are the preferred seasons for plant releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rose
- ESM Operations, Versar, Inc., 9200 Rumsey Road, 21045, Columbia, MD, USA
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Wyllie AH, Rose KA, Morris RG, Steel CM, Foster E, Spandidos DA. Rodent fibroblast tumours expressing human myc and ras genes: growth, metastasis and endogenous oncogene expression. Br J Cancer 1987; 56:251-9. [PMID: 3663473 PMCID: PMC2002208 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1987.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of expression of human c-myc and both mutated (T24) and normal forms of human Ha-ras-1 were studied in an aneuploid rat fibroblast line (208F). Mutated T24 Ha-ras was also studied in a near-diploid cell derived from early passage Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (CHL). In contrast to the parental fibroblasts, cells expressing any of the human oncogenes engendered rapidly growing tumours in immune-suppressed animals. Blood- and lymph-borne metastases were observed from both ras- and myc-expressing cells. In general ras-expressing cells were more aggressive than those expressing myc. In the 208F background, expression of c-myc was associated with an incidence of mitosis similar to that in tumours expressing T24 Ha-ras, but incidence of single cell death by apoptosis was higher. Quantitatively, expression of human oncogene mRNA was constant during growth in vivo, and similar to that sometimes observed in human neoplasms. Of 9 endogenous proto-oncogenes, 7 showed no change in expression from the parental fibroblasts, but c-abl and c-fos were strongly expressed in all cells expressing human ras or myc. Thus these tumorigenic cells, although transfected with single human oncogenes, all expressed oncogenes with both nuclear- and membrane-associated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Wyllie
- Department of Pathology, University Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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Rose KA, Bearden A. Electron paramagnetic resonance saturation studies of P-700+ reaction center chlorophyll in plant photosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980; 593:342-52. [PMID: 6263322 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(80)90071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) power saturation and saturation recovery methods have been used to determine the spin lattice, T1, and spin-spin, T2, relaxation times of P-700+ reaction-center chlorophyll in Photosystem I of plant chloroplasts for 10 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 100 K. T1 was 200 mus at 100 K and increased to 900 mus at 10 K. T2 was 40 ns at 40 K and increased to 100 ns at 10 K. T1 for 40 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 100 K is inversely proportional to temperature, which is evidence of a direct-lattice relaxation process. At T = 20 K, T1 deviates from the 1/T dependence, indicating a cross relaxation process with an unidentified paramagnetic species. The individual effects of ascorbate and ferricyanide on T1 of P-700+ were examined: T1 of P-700+ was not affected by adding 10 mM ascorbate to digitonin-treated chloroplast fragments (D144 fragments). The P-700+ relaxation time in broken chloroplasts treated with 10 mM ferricyanide was 4-times shorter than in the untreated control at 40 K. Ferricyanide appears to be relaxing the P-700+ indirectly to the lattice by a cross-relaxation process. The possibility of dipolar-spin broadening of P-700+ due to either the iron sulfur center A or plastocyanin was examined by determining the spin-packet linewidth for P-700+ when center A and plastocyanin were in either the reduced or oxidized states. Neither reduced center A nor oxidized plastocyanin was capable of broadening the spin-packet linewidth of P-700+ signal. The absence of dipolar broadening indicates that both center A and plastocyanin are located at a distance at least 3.0 nm from the P-700+ reaction center chlorophyll. This evidence supports previous hypotheses that the electron donor and acceptor to P-700 are situated on opposite sides of the chloroplast membrane. It is also shown that the ratio of photo-oxidized P-700 to photoreduced centers A and B at low temperature is 2 : 1 if P-700 is monitored at a nonsaturating microwave power.
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