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Schroers M, Reiser K, Alexander T, Zablotski Y, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Saliva Malondialdehyde Concentration of Dogs With and Without Periodontal Disease. J Vet Dent 2024:8987564241248042. [PMID: 38693764 DOI: 10.1177/08987564241248042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The study investigated whether malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker for oxidative stress, can be used as a viable parameter in dog saliva for the diagnosis or early detection of periodontal disease (PD). Saliva MDA concentrations were measured preoperatively in dogs diagnosed with PD during dental prophylaxis and compared with those of dentally healthy dogs. 35 dogs were included in the study. The average MDA concentration was 270 ng/ml (range 27-633) in the dogs without PD (n = 10) and 183 (36-833) ng/ml (ng/ml) in the dogs with PD (n = 25). The maximum MDA concentration in the study group (PD ≥1) was 833 ng/ml, which was significantly higher than in the study group (PD = 0) (p<0.05). The study showed that salivary MDA concentrations could not distinguish between healthy dogs and those with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schroers
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
| | - K Reiser
- Tierklinik Gessertshausen, Munich, Germany
| | - T Alexander
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
| | - Y Zablotski
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
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Tian J, Ishibashi K, Ishibashi K, Reiser K, Grebe R, Biswal S, Gehlbach P, Handa JT. Advanced glycation endproduct-induced aging of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid: a comprehensive transcriptional response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11846-51. [PMID: 16081535 PMCID: PMC1182551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504759102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation is a trigger for the onset of age-related disease. To evaluate AGE-induced change in the ocular fundus, 5-mo-old C57BL/6 mice were given low-dose D-galactose (D-gal) for 8 wk and evaluated by AGE fluorescence, electroretinography (ERG), electron microscopy, and microarray analysis for 20 wk. Although AGE fluorescence was increased in D-gal-treated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid compared with controls at all time points, ERG showed no AGE-induced functional toxicity. Progressive ultrastructural aging in the RPE-choroid was associated temporally with a transcriptional response of early inflammation, matrix expansion, and aberrant lipid processing and, later, down-regulation of energy metabolism genes, up-regulation of crystallin genes, and altered expression of cell structure genes. The overall transcriptome is similar to the generalized aging response of unrelated cell types. A subset of transcriptional changes is similar to early atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by matrix expansion and lipid deposition. These changes suggest an important contribution of a single environmental stimulus to the complex aging response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Tian
- Michael Panitch Macular Degeneration Laboratory, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Ida H, Ishibashi K, Reiser K, Hjelmeland LM, Handa JT. Ultrastructural aging of the RPE-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex in the D-galactose-treated mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45:2348-54. [PMID: 15223816 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.03-1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Low-dose D-galactose treatment in mice induces accelerated aging due to advanced glycation endproduct (AGEs) formation. The purpose of this study was to identify ultrastructural aging in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris. METHODS Five-month-old C57Bl6 mice were injected daily with D-galactose or control buffer for 8 weeks. Eighteen-month-old mice were also treated with control buffer for 8 weeks. Eyes were prepared for electron microscopy and AGE-specific fluorescence at ex = 370 nm/em = 440 nm and ex = 330 nm/ex = 390 nm. RESULTS D-Galactose treatment induced AGE-specific fluorescence in lens and RPE/choroid compared to buffer-treated controls. In D-galactose-treated animals, the RPE had dilated and fewer basolateral infoldings. Bruch's membrane had alterations that included significant thickening, sub-RPE and prominent outer collagenous layer deposits, and choriocapillaris basement membrane duplication/splitting and thickening. The choriocapillaris endothelium displayed fenestration loss. CONCLUSIONS Ultrastructural aging to the RPE-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris developed in mice treated with low-dose D-galactose. These changes could contribute to age-related changes that promote early age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ida
- Department of Ophthalmology, UC Davis, California, USA
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Abstract
Modifications of the comet assay have been introduced to measure crosslinks by determining the reduction of induced DNA migration. Our previous results indicated that the modified protocol of the alkaline comet assay is a sensitive tool for the detection of formaldehyde-induced DNA-protein crosslinks. But results for mitomycin C and cisplatin suggested that the modified protocol is not well suited for the evaluation of DNA-DNA crosslinkers. We now used the comet assay to investigate in V79 cells the effect of potassium chromate (K(2)CrO(4)), another DNA-protein crosslinker, to see whether the results obtained for formaldehyde can be generalized. However, chromate did not reduce spontaneous or radiation-induced DNA migration in the alkaline (pH 13) comet assay but led to a small but significant induction of DNA migration. A crosslinking effect of chromate could also not be detected with the alkaline comet assay after postincubation of cells in normal medium after chromate treatment to enable repair of other (migration-inducing) lesions that might mask the crosslinking effect. Exposure of slides to proteinase K further increased DNA migration of chromate-treated cells, thus indicating the presence of DNA-protein crosslinks. In contrast to the alkaline comet assay, a "neutral" version at pH 9 was suited to demonstrate reduced induction of DNA migration after gamma-irradiation of chromate-treated cells. The crosslinking effect was seen immediately at the end of the chromate treatment as well as after a 3h postincubation period. Using the "neutral" protocol in combination with proteinase K, we were able to demonstrate the presence of DNA-protein crosslinks as the probable cause for the migration-reducing effect. Further investigations will have to show whether this protocol can be recommended as a universal approach for the detection of DNA-protein crosslinks and also of DNA-DNA crosslinks with the comet assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Merk
- Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Abteilung Humangenetik, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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Temmel AF, Toth J, Marks B, Jäger S, Berger U, Reiser K, Horak F. Rhinoresistometry versus rhinomanometry--an evaluation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1998; 110:612-5. [PMID: 9816631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Allergic nasal hyperreactivity is a common problem and many patients suffer from daily symptoms. Rhinomanometry is so far the only well established clinical method for objective assessment of nasal patency, although several expressions of nasal patency have been reported. Universal standardisation was achieved in 1983 in Brussels by Clement et al. [1], but many specialists are looking for a system giving more information on the functional aspects of the nose. A new development arising from active anterior rhinomanometry is rhinoresistometry. We tested this equipment, which has been introduced with new software for calculation and graphic presentation. 24 adult volunteers with proven allergy to grass pollen were examined immediately after long-term challenge in the Vienna Challenge Chamber [3] and 15 minutes after decongestion by application of 5% ephedrine solution. The similarity and differences between rhinomanometry and rhinoresistometry, as well as the value of the additional parameters are pointed out. Our data indicate that rhinoresistometry is a rapid, reproducible and non-invasive technique, which gives extended information in comparison to classic rhinomanometry. The results correlate very well with the findings obtained by the standard method. This pilot study demonstrates the benefit of the new parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Temmel
- Universitätsklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, AKH, Vienna, Austria
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Kliebsch U, Reiser K, Brenner H. [Reliability of expert assessment in disability evaluation within the scope of disability insurance]. Gesundheitswesen 1997; 59 Suppl 1:34-41. [PMID: 9235127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of the law on the statutory nursing care insurance in Germany ("Pflegeversicherung") in 1995, new benefits are provided for the most severely disabled people. Provision of benefits is contingent on a standardised examination performed by the medical service of the German statutory health insurance system (MDK). Results of the first study on the inter-rater reliability of this standardised examination are presented in this paper. The study population consisted of 218 elderly people (age range 60-99) living in 4 nursing homes in Munich. They were assessed by 2 senior medical students and 2 nurses using the standardised questionnaire of the MDK. Inter-rater reliability was assessed by means of kappa coefficients. Reliability was assessed with regard to the summary judgement of disability and the rating of single items (with regard to limitations in activities of daily living, mental status or the prognosis). Inter rater reliability was higher for the overall assessment of disability (kappa = 0.71 between medical students, kappa = 0.66 between nurses) than for most of the single items of the questionnaire such as "need of assistance with dressing" (kappa = 0.57 between medical students, kappa = 0.66 between nurses) or "ability to move" (kappa = 0.58 between medical students, kappa = 0.67 between nurses). Kappa-coefficients were particularly low for variables concerning prognosis of participants and for the mental status item "self-disorientation" (kappa = 0.19 between medical students, kappa = 0.23 between nurses). These patterns were consistently observed for the 2 rater groups (student-student, nurse-nurse). Between the 2 rater groups there was no substantial difference in reliability. However, there was a trend for higher agreement within the group of nurses. Although the overall reliability of the assessment of disability is relatively high in comparison to many other diagnostic procedures (such as x-ray readings), efforts should be made towards further improvement of this standardised examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kliebsch
- Abteilung Epidemiologie der Universität Ulm
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Gillis C, Pool RR, Meagher DM, Stover SM, Reiser K, Willits N. Effect of maturation and aging on the histomorphometric and biochemical characteristics of equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:425-30. [PMID: 9099392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess tendon morphology and non-reducible crosslink concentration, and associations of these findings with horse age and previously reported mechanical and ultrasonographic findings. SAMPLE POPULATION Superficial digital flexor tendon samples were obtained from 23 horses aged 2 to 23 years. The tendons had undergone ultrasonography and were submitted to biomechanical testing in the physiologic range prior to sample acquisition. PROCEDURE Samples were sectioned in a transverse plane; then dorsal, palmar, central, lateral, and medial regions were evaluated for fascicle cross-sectional area (CSA), septal width, and vessel density (the product of vessel numbers and vessel CSA per field). Contiguous samples were analyzed for collagen crosslinking. RESULTS Central fascicles were significantly larger than fascicles in other tendon regions. Fascicle CSA decreased significantly with increasing age. Because total tendon CSA is unrelated to increasing age, fascicle numbers appeared to increase with increasing age. Regional or age effects on septal width were not found. There was no age or regional effect on vessel numbers, density, or fractional area. Fascicle CSA was positively correlated with total tendon CSA; fascicle CSA was negatively correlated with elastic modulus. Hydroxypiridinium concentration tended to increase with increasing horse age; this effect was associated with a positive correlation between hydroxypiridinium values and elastic modulus. CONCLUSIONS Equine superficial digital flexor tendon undergoes an increase in structural organization and an increase in nonreducible crosslinks with maturation and aging. These changes are associated with an increase in elastic modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gillis
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Reiser K, Summers P, Medrano JF, Rucker R, Last J, McDonald R. Effects of elevated circulating IGF-1 on the extracellular matrix in "high-growth" C57BL/6J mice. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:R696-703. [PMID: 8853393 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.3.r696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Collagen biosynthesis was analyzed in C57BL/6J mice homozygous for the high-growth locus. Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were significantly elevated in high-growth mice at all ages studied (3 wk-6 mo); IGF-binding proteins were also elevated. Skin biopsies were obtained from mice aged 3, 6, and 9 wk under halothane anesthesia. Mice were killed at 6 mo of age. Collagen, expressed per weight of tissue, was significantly increased in all tissues from high-growth mice, as was collagen cross-linking, expressed as moles of cross-link per mole of collagen. Expression of types I and III collagen, lysyl oxidase, and lysyl hydroxylase was increased in all tissues analyzed. There was a preferential increase in type III expression relative to type I expression. Rate and extent of accumulation of collagen in granulation tissue were measured in polyvinyl alcohol sponges implanted subcutaneously; collagen accumulation was significantly greater in the high-growth mice. These results suggest that 1) elevated circulating IGF-1 may increase collagen deposition both in normal tissue as well as in granulation tissue by increasing collagen gene expression, 2) IGF-1 may increase collagen cross-linking by stimulating expression of lysyl oxidase, and 3) the preferential increase in dihydroxylated cross-links observed in high-growth mice may be due to the stimulation of lysyl hydroxylase expression by IGF-1. In summary, elevated levels of IGF-1 appear to affect collagen both quantitatively and qualitatively, primarily through their effects on gene expression of collagen and of those enzymes responsible for posttranslational modifications of collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Reiser K. Burning the midnight oil. Newsweek 1996; 127:12. [PMID: 10156929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Rucker RB, Romero-Chapman N, Wong T, Lee J, Steinberg FM, McGee C, Clegg MS, Reiser K, Kosonen T, Uriu-Hare JY, Murphy J, Keen CL. Modulation of lysyl oxidase by dietary copper in rats. J Nutr 1996; 126:51-60. [PMID: 8558325 DOI: 10.1093/jn/126.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase levels were estimated in rat tissues using an enzyme-linked immunosorption assay (ELISA) and a functional assay standardized against known amounts of purified lysyl oxidase. High concentrations of lysyl oxidase (> or = 150 micrograms/g of tissue or packed cells) were detected in connective tissues, such as tendon and skin. Values for aorta, kidney, lung and liver ranged from 30 to 150 micrograms/g of tissue; values for skeletal muscle and diaphragm were < 30 micrograms/g tissue. Purified rat skin lysyl oxidase catalyzed the release of 50-100 Bq of tritium per micrograms enzyme in assays that used 3H-elastin-rich substrates. In dense connective tissues, good agreement was obtained for the values from ELISA and those derived from measurements of functional activity in aorta, lung, skin and tendon (r2 > 0.9). When egg white-based experimental diets containing 2 or 10 micrograms/g added copper were fed to weanling rats, values for skin lysyl oxidase functional activity in the group fed 2 micrograms/g added copper were one-third to one-half the values for skin lysyl oxidase functional activity in rats fed 10 micrograms/g copper. This reduction in lysyl oxidase activity, however, had minimal effect on indices of collagen maturation in rat skin, e.g., collagen solubility in neutral salt and dilute acid or the levels of acid stable cross-links. Moreover, copper deficiency did not influence the steady-state levels of lysyl oxidase specific mRNA in rat skin or the apparent amounts of lysyl oxidase in rat skin as determined by ELISA. These observations underscore that the concentration of lysyl oxidase is relatively high in dense corrective tissues, and although decreasing dietary copper influences functional activity, there is little apparent effect on the production of lysyl oxidase protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Rucker
- Department of Nutrition (College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences), University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Reiser K, McGee C, Rucker R, McDonald R. Effects of aging and caloric restriction on extracellular matrix biosynthesis in a model of injury repair in rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995; 50A:B40-7. [PMID: 7814778 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/50a.1.b40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of aging and caloric restriction on collagen deposition in a model of wound healing. Polyvinyl alcohol sponges were implanted in Fischer 344 rats aged 6, 10, or 24 months. Sponges were removed after 7, 10, or 14 days and analyzed for hydroxyproline content and for enzymatic crosslinks. Aging was associated with a decrease in collagen accumulation as well as a delay in reaching peak rates of collagen accumulation. Levels of enzymatic crosslinks were increased in granulation tissue from old animals relative to young animals. Caloric restriction (60% of ad libitum intake) maintained only during the 2-week experimental period did not affect collagen accumulation, but did result in decreased levels of the difunctional crosslink dihydroxylysinonor-leucine (DHLNL) in sponges implanted for 10 days, but not 14 days. Caloric restriction initiated 4 months before sponges were implanted resulted in decreased collagen accumulation and decreases in DHLNL at all implantation times. These studies suggest that: (1) aging affects total collagen production as well as rate of collagen production in response to injury; (2) aging is not associated with impaired crosslinking in granulation tissue; (3) chronic caloric restriction is associated with decreased collagen production and decreased levels of DHLNL; (4) the adverse effects of chronic caloric restriction on wound healing may have a greater impact on wound healing in old animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis
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Sebag J, Nie S, Reiser K, Charles MA, Yu NT. Raman spectroscopy of human vitreous in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35:2976-80. [PMID: 8206715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have demonstrated increased nonenzymatic glycation in vitreous from patients with diabetic retinopathy. The present study reports the use of Raman spectroscopy as a novel approach for investigating these molecular changes in human vitreous and experimental tissues. METHODS Near-infrared laser-excited Fourier-transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy (RS) was performed on vitreous specimens obtained at surgery from seven patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and from 10 controls. Measurements were also obtained from samples of control and glycated (in vitro) rat tail tendon collagen and demineralized chick bone collagen. RESULTS Spectroscopy of vitreous samples from patients with diabetic retinopathy revealed two prominent peaks at 1604 cm-1 and 3057 cm-1, corresponding to aromatic C = C and C-H stretching vibrations in pi-conjugated and aromatic molecules. The peak at 1604 cm-1 was threefold higher in vitreous from patients with diabetes than from controls. Spectra obtained from experimental tissues provided evidence suggesting that the results obtained in human vitreous may be due to nonenzymatic glycation and not to the lysyl oxidase pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that human vitreous obtained from subjects with diabetes may be distinguished from control vitreous by FT-RS and that the peaks characterizing the diabetic samples are possibly due to nonenzymatic glycation. Raman spectroscopy may provide a useful method to elucidate the molecular events underlying these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebag
- University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles
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Gacheru S, McGee C, Uriu-Hare JY, Kosonen T, Packman S, Tinker D, Krawetz SA, Reiser K, Keen CL, Rucker RB. Expression and accumulation of lysyl oxidase, elastin, and type I procollagen in human Menkes and mottled mouse fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 301:325-9. [PMID: 8096378 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Menkes syndrome in humans is an X-linked disorder characterized in part by abnormal copper transport, cellular copper sequestration, and defective crosslinking of collagen and elastin. A decrease in the functional activity of lysyl oxidase, a cuproenzyme, is thought in part to be responsible for the decreased crosslinking of collagen and elastin. It has also been suggested that low levels of lysyl oxidase activity may occur secondarily to disturbances in intracellular copper translocation and consequently impaired incorporation of copper into lysyl oxidase. Herein, we examine the expression and accumulation of selected extracellular matrix proteins in fibroblasts from a Menkes patient, as well as fibroblasts from the tortoiseshell (MoTo/y) mouse. The MoTo mutation is an allele of the mottled (Mo) locus, which is considered to be a murine analog of the human Menkes locus. In both Menkes and tortoiseshell fibroblasts, levels of lysyl oxidase mRNA transcripts were less than 15% of levels for corresponding controls. The level of elastin mRNA transcripts was also markedly lower in both cell lines in comparison to controls. In contrast, the levels of procollagen Type I mRNA were similar or enhanced in Menkes and MoTo/y fibroblasts compared to their respective controls. Consequently, we conclude that the connective tissue defects associated with Menkes syndrome and those occurring in mottled mouse mutants involve more than abnormal copper utilization in the formation of lysyl oxidase holoenzyme. Based on the present studies in cell culture, the production of essential enzymes and matrix proteins, such as lysyl oxidase and elastin, appear to be altered at the level of transcription or mRNA turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gacheru
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616-8669
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Abstract
Vitreous changes in diabetes can exacerbate proliferative diabetic retinopathy. These changes may be due to the effects of diabetes on vitreous collagen. Vitreous samples from 19 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 23 patients without diabetes were analyzed for collagen crosslinks, as well as for the early glycation products, glucitolyllysine and glucitolylhydroxylysine. Fluorometry was performed to measure advanced glycation end products. Vitreous collagen derived from diabetic patients was found to have significantly higher levels of the crosslink dihydroxylysinonorleucine (3.15 vs 1.24 mol/mol collagen, P<.01) than that of control subjects. Early glycation products were elevated in diabetic vitreous (1.65 vs 0.54 mol/mol collagen, P<.05). Levels of advanced glycation end products were 20 times higher in diabetic vitreous compared with the vitreous of controls. These diabetes-induced alterations of human vitreous may be of particular importance given the role of vitreous in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebag
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Popp W, Horak F, Jäger S, Reiser K, Wagner C, Zwick H. Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) pollen: a frequent cause of allergic sensitization in urban children. Allergy 1992; 47:380-3. [PMID: 1456408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the incidence of allergic sensitization and the risk factors underlying sensitization in 214 urban children exposed to horse chestnut pollen. By means of the Phadezym RAST, we found IgE specific to horse chestnut pollen in 12.6% of the urban children, whereas it occurred in only 1.9% of control subjects recruited from a rural area. Reports of allergic symptoms in spring during the horse chestnut pollen load coincided with the presence of specific IgE in 5.1% of the urban group as against 1.4% of the recruited from the rural area. Environmental factors other than those related to urban living and higher horse chestnut pollen counts had no significant impact on allergic sensitization. Increased total IgE levels (greater than 100 kU/l), however, and the sensitization to pollen of other species significantly raised the odds for sensitization to chestnut pollen. They were highest in highly atopic children with sensitization to pollen, especially to that of plane trees (OR = 73.9). These results suggest the relevance of horse chestnut pollen because of the high allergic sensitization rate among urban children, and they should also be borne in mind when it comes to the planting of trees in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Popp
- Ludwig Boltzmann Forschungsstelle für Umweltpneumologie, Pulmonary Department, KH der Stadt Wien-Lainz, Austria
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Abstract
Knowledge regarding the steps and mechanisms related to the intra- and interchain cross-linking of collagen and elastin has evolved steadily during the past 30 years. Recently, effort has been directed at identifying the location and types of cross-links that are found in collagen and elastin. There are two major groups of cross-links: those initiated by the enzyme lysyl oxidase and those derived from nonenzymatically glycated lysine and hydroxylysine residues. The formation of enzymatic cross-links depends on specific enzymes, amino acid sequences, and quaternary structural arrangements. The cross-links that are derived nonenzymatically occur more adventitiously and are important to pathobiological processes. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating the pathways of synthesis for several of the enzymatically mediated cross-links, as well as possible mechanisms regulating the specificity of cross-linking. Although less is known about the chemistry of cross-links arising from nonenzymatically glycated residues, recent progress has also been made in understanding possible biosynthetic pathways and control mechanisms. This review focuses on such progress and hopes to underscore the biological importance of collagen and elastin cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis
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Zwick H, Popp W, Wagner C, Reiser K, Schmöger J, Böck A, Herkner K, Radunsky K. Effects of ozone on the respiratory health, allergic sensitization, and cellular immune system in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:1075-9. [PMID: 1952434 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/144.5.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the lasting effects of high ozone concentrations under environmental conditions, we examined the respiratory health, pulmonary function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, allergic sensitization, and lymphocyte subpopulations of 10- to 14-yr-old children. A total of 218 children recruited from an area with high ozone concentrations (Group A) were tested against 281 children coming from an area with low ozone concentrations (Group B). As to subjective complaints, categorized as "usually cough with or without phlegm," "breathlessness," and "susceptibility to chest colds," there was no difference between the two groups. The lung function parameters were similar, but in Group A subjects' bronchial hyperresponsiveness occurred more frequently and was found to be more severe than in Group B (29.4 versus 19.9%, p less than 0.02; PD20 2,100 +/- 87 versus 2,350 +/- 58 micrograms, p less than 0.05). In both groups the number of children who had been suffering from allergic diseases and sensitization to aeroallergens, found by means of the skin test, was the same. Comparison of the total IgE levels showed no difference at all between the two groups. As far as the white blood cells are concerned, the total and differential cell count was the same, whereas lymphocyte subpopulations showed readily recognizable changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zwick
- Pulmonary Department, Krankenhaus Lainz, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Abstract
We investigated the influence of grass and birch pollen load on specific IgE response, skin prick test reactivity, and manifest allergic disorders of the eyes and respiratory tract. The study population was two groups of 200 children each, matched in sex and age, who were domiciled in areas with high and low pollen load, respectively. In the children from the area with high pollen load, the grass pollen load was 1.7 times higher than in the other and only specific IgE to grass pollen was found to be present more frequently (23.5% as against 12.5%; P less than 0.01). In the same area, the birch pollen load was 2.8 times higher, which caused specific IgE in 10.5% as against 3.5% of the other group (P less than 0.01) as well as positive skin prick test in 9.0% as against 3.5% (P less than 0.05). Reports of subjective complaints were rare among the group with high pollen load but the total number did not amount to a statistically significant increase. There was no difference between the two groups concerning sensitization and allergy to house dust mite. This suggests that the influence of the pollen load is strongest on the development of specific IgE, and less on skin test reactivity and manifest allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zwick
- Pulmonary Department, KH der Stadt Wien-Lainz, Austria
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20
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Abstract
Accelerated proteolysis of tropoelastin and elastin occurs in the arteries of chicks rendered nutritionally copper-deficient. The process results in part from decreased elastin crosslinking. Repletion of copper-deficient chicks with copper causes a deposition of elastin that is proteinase resistant. Resistance to proteolysis is conferred within 48 h of dietary copper repletion. Deposition of aorta elastin to near normal values occurs after 3-4 days in copper-repleted chicks. Moreover, elastolysis was enhanced when the content of dehydrolysinonorleucine in elastin was abnormally low. The chemical modification of lysyl residue in elastin by citroconylation, however, did not influence the rate of elastolysis. We have shown previously that tropoelastin messenger RNA activity and synthesis are not influenced by dietary copper deprivation (1986, Biochem. J. 236, 17-23). Rather, as demonstrated herein, the decrease in elastin content in arteries of copper-deficient birds appears to be more the result of enhanced degradation. Restoration of normal crosslinking restores deposition and imparts resistance to elastolysis. Moreover, serum appears to be a good source of elastolytic proteinases when the elastin substrate is partially or abnormally crosslinked.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tinker
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
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21
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Abstract
Mice fed a chemically defined diet devoid of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) grew poorly, failed to reproduce, and became osteolathyritic. Moreover, severely affected mice had friable skin, skin collagen that was readily extractable into neutral salt solutions, and decreased lysyl oxidase. The identification of functional defects in connective tissue and the growth retardation associated with PQQ deprivation suggest that PQQ plays a fundamental role as a growth factor or vitamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Killgore
- Department of Nutrition, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
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22
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Greve C, Opsahl W, Reiser K, Abbott U, Kenney C, Benson D, Rucker R. Collagen crosslinking and cartilage glycosaminoglycan composition in normal and scoliotic chickens. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 967:275-83. [PMID: 3142529 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(88)90020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The amounts of lysine-derived crosslinks in collagens from tendon, cartilage, intervertebral disc, and bone and changes in the composition of sternal cartilage glycosaminoglycans were estimated in two lines of chickens, a control-isogenic line and a line that develops scoliosis. In the scoliotic line, scoliosis first appears at 3-4 weeks and progressively increases in severity and incidence so that 90% of the birds express the lesion by week 10. We have reported previously that cartilage, tendon, and bone collagens from scoliotic birds are more soluble than corresponding collagens from normal birds. Herein, collagen crosslinking and altered proteoglycan metabolism are examined as possible mechanisms for the differences in collagen solubility. At 1 week of age there were fewer reducible crosslinking amino acids (hydroxylysinonorleucine, dihydroxylysinonorleucine, and lysinonorleucine) in collagens from sternal cartilage and tendon in the scoliotic line than in the isogenic line. However, by week 3 and at weeks 5 or 7 values were similar in both groups. The amounts of hydroxypyridinium in vertebral bone and intervertebral disc collagen were also similar in both groups of birds. Consequently, differences in collagen crosslinking do not appear to be a persistent developmental defect underlying the expression of scoliosis in the model. However, differences were observed in cartilage proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans from the scoliotic line that were not present in cartilage from the isogenic line. The average molecular weight of the uronide-containing glycosaminoglycans was 30% less in the scoliotic line than in the isogenic line, i.e., 12,000 compared to 18,000. The size distribution of cartilage proteoglycans from the scoliotic line also differed from that of proteoglycans from the isogenic line.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Greve
- Department of Nutrition (College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences), University of California, Davis 95616
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23
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Reiser K. Occupational medicine: silicosis and cancer risk. West J Med 1985; 143:509. [PMID: 18749852 PMCID: PMC1306382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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24
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Krumpe PE, Knudson RJ, Parsons G, Reiser K. The aging respiratory system. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1:143-75. [PMID: 3913497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, the effects of old age on lung structure and function are discussed. Changes in lung morphology and biochemistry are correlated with changes in lung mechanics and gas exchange, as well as with the respiratory system's adaptability to the stresses of exercise and sleep. The effects of aging on the lungs' defense mechanisms are related to pulmonary diseases of the elderly.
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25
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Reiser K, Whitcomb C, Robinson K, MacKenzie MR. T and B lymphocytes in patients with Down's syndrome. Am J Ment Defic 1976; 80:613-9. [PMID: 134638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down's syndrome are thought to have abnormalities of immune function. Studies to quantify the number of peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes and serum immunoglobulins in 12 individuals and 12 sex and age matched control subjects were performed. Hepatitis B antigen and antihyroglobulin antibodies as markers of possible immune dysfunction were determined. The numbers of circulating T and B cells, and the level of serum immunoglobulins in children with Down's syndrome did not differ from nonretarded control children. Circulating hepatitis B antigen and antihyroglobulin antibodies were not present. These studies indicated that quantitative abnormalities of T and B cells are not present in children with Down's syndrome. The data did not exclude the existence of qualitative abnormalities.
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26
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Gardner B, Reiser K. NRA chapters--a grass roots movement. J Rehabil 1975; 41:37-8. [PMID: 1097686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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