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Wassenaar TM, Wheatley CM, Beale N, Nichols T, Salvan P, Meaney A, Atherton K, Diaz-Ordaz K, Dawes H, Johansen-Berg H. The effect of a one-year vigorous physical activity intervention on fitness, cognitive performance and mental health in young adolescents: the Fit to Study cluster randomised controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:47. [PMID: 33789683 PMCID: PMC8011147 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity (PA) may positively stimulate the brain, cognition and mental health during adolescence, a period of dynamic neurobiological development. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) or vigorous PA interventions are time-efficient, scalable and can be easily implemented in existing school curricula, yet their effects on cognitive, academic and mental health outcomes are unclear. The primary aim of the Fit to Study trial was to investigate whether a pragmatic and scalable HIIT-style VPA intervention delivered during school physical education (PE) could improve attainment in maths. The primary outcome has previously been reported and was null. Here, we report the effect of the intervention on prespecified secondary outcomes, including cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance, and mental health in young adolescents. Methods The Fit to Study cluster randomised controlled trial included Year 8 pupils (n = 18,261, aged 12–13) from 104 secondary state schools in South/Mid-England. Schools were randomised into an intervention condition (n = 52), in which PE teachers delivered an additional 10 min of VPA per PE lesson for one academic year (2017–2018), or into a “PE as usual” control condition. Secondary outcomes included assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run), cognitive performance (executive functions, relational memory and processing speed) and mental health (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and self-esteem measures). The primary intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis used linear models and structural equation models with cluster-robust standard errors to test for intervention effects. A complier-average causal effect (CACE) was estimated using a two-stage least squares procedure. Results The HIIT-style VPA intervention did not significantly improve cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance (executive functions, relational memory or processed speed), or mental health (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed no significant moderation of intervention effects by sex, socioeconomic status or baseline fitness levels. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness were not significantly related to changes in cognitive or mental health outcomes. The trial was marked by high drop-out and low intervention compliance. Findings from the CACE analysis were in line with those from the ITT analysis. Conclusion The one-academic year HIIT-style VPA intervention delivered during regular school PE did not significantly improve fitness, cognitive performance or mental health, but these findings should be interpreted with caution given low implementation fidelity and high drop-out. Well-controlled, large-scale, school-based trials that examine the effectiveness of HIIT-style interventions to enhance cognitive and mental health outcomes are warranted. Trial registration ISRCTN registry, 15,730,512. Trial protocol and analysis plan for primary outcome prospectively registered on 30th March 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03286725. Secondary measures (focus of current manuscript) retrospectively registered on 18 September 2017. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01113-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wassenaar
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - C M Wheatley
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - N Beale
- Department of Sport Health Sciences and Social Work, Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - T Nichols
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - P Salvan
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - A Meaney
- Department of Sport Health Sciences and Social Work, Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - K Atherton
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - K Diaz-Ordaz
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - H Dawes
- Department of Sport Health Sciences and Social Work, Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - H Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Bosanquet K, Adamson J, Atherton K, Bailey D, Baxter C, Beresford-Dent J, Birtwistle J, Chew-Graham C, Clare E, Delgadillo J, Ekers D, Foster D, Gabe R, Gascoyne S, Haley L, Hamilton J, Hargate R, Hewitt C, Holmes J, Keding A, Lewis H, McMillan D, Meer S, Mitchell N, Nutbrown S, Overend K, Parrott S, Pervin J, Richards DA, Spilsbury K, Torgerson D, Traviss-Turner G, Trépel D, Woodhouse R, Gilbody S. CollAborative care for Screen-Positive EldeRs with major depression (CASPER plus): a multicentred randomised controlled trial of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess 2018; 21:1-252. [PMID: 29171379 DOI: 10.3310/hta21670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression in older adults is common and is associated with poor quality of life, increased morbidity and early mortality, and increased health and social care use. Collaborative care, a low-intensity intervention for depression that is shown to be effective in working-age adults, has not yet been evaluated in older people with depression who are managed in UK primary care. The CollAborative care for Screen-Positive EldeRs (CASPER) plus trial fills the evidence gap identified by the most recent guidelines on depression management. OBJECTIVES To establish the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of collaborative care for older adults with major depressive disorder in primary care. DESIGN A pragmatic, multicentred, two-arm, parallel, individually randomised controlled trial with embedded qualitative study. Participants were automatically randomised by computer, by the York Trials Unit Randomisation Service, on a 1 : 1 basis using simple unstratified randomisation after informed consent and baseline measures were collected. Blinding was not possible. SETTING Sixty-nine general practices in the north of England. PARTICIPANTS A total of 485 participants aged ≥ 65 years with major depressive disorder. INTERVENTIONS A low-intensity intervention of collaborative care, including behavioural activation, delivered by a case manager for an average of six sessions over 7-8 weeks, alongside usual general practitioner (GP) care. The control arm received only usual GP care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items score at 4 months post randomisation. Secondary outcome measures included depression severity and caseness at 12 and 18 months, the EuroQol-5 Dimensions, Short Form questionnaire-12 items, Patient Health Questionnaire-15 items, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 items, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2 items, a medication questionnaire, objective data and adverse events. Participants were followed up at 12 and 18 months. RESULTS In total, 485 participants were randomised (collaborative care, n = 249; usual care, n = 236), with 390 participants (80%: collaborative care, 75%; usual care, 86%) followed up at 4 months, 358 participants (74%: collaborative care, 70%; usual care, 78%) followed up at 12 months and 344 participants (71%: collaborative care, 67%; usual care, 75%) followed up at 18 months. A total of 415 participants were included in primary analysis (collaborative care, n = 198; usual care, n = 217), which revealed a statistically significant effect in favour of collaborative care at the primary end point at 4 months [8.98 vs. 10.90 score points, mean difference 1.92 score points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85 to 2.99 score points; p < 0.001], equivalent to a standard effect size of 0.34. However, treatment differences were not maintained in the longer term (at 12 months: 0.19 score points, 95% CI -0.92 to 1.29 score points; p = 0.741; at 18 months: < 0.01 score points, 95% CI -1.12 to 1.12 score points; p = 0.997). The study recorded details of all serious adverse events (SAEs), which consisted of 'unscheduled hospitalisation', 'other medically important condition' and 'death'. No SAEs were related to the intervention. Collaborative care showed a small but non-significant increase in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) over the 18-month period, with a higher cost. Overall, the mean cost per incremental QALY for collaborative care compared with usual care was £26,016; however, for participants attending six or more sessions, collaborative care appears to represent better value for money (£9876/QALY). LIMITATIONS Study limitations are identified at different stages: design (blinding unfeasible, potential contamination), process (relatively low overall consent rate, differential attrition/retention rates) and analysis (no baseline health-care resource cost or secondary/social care data). CONCLUSION Collaborative care was effective for older people with case-level depression across a range of outcomes in the short term though the reduction in depression severity was not maintained over the longer term of 12 or 18 months. Participants who received six or more sessions of collaborative care did benefit substantially more than those who received fewer treatment sessions but this difference was not statistically significant. FUTURE WORK RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations for future research include investigating the longer-term effect of the intervention. Depression is a recurrent disorder and it would be useful to assess its impact on relapse and the prevention of future case-level depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN45842879. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 21, No. 67. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy Adamson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Katie Atherton
- Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Della Bailey
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn Chew-Graham
- Research Institute, Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Emily Clare
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network (Mental Health) North East and North Cumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jaime Delgadillo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Primary Care Mental Health Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - David Ekers
- Mental Health Research Group, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Research and Development Department, Tees, Esk & Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Deborah Foster
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rhian Gabe
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Lesley Haley
- Research and Development Department, Tees, Esk & Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Jahnese Hamilton
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network (Mental Health) North East and North Cumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - John Holmes
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ada Keding
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Helen Lewis
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Dean McMillan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Shaista Meer
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Sarah Nutbrown
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Karen Overend
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Jodi Pervin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - David A Richards
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | | | - Dominic Trépel
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Simon Gilbody
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
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Christian WJR, DiazDelaO FA, Atherton K, Patterson EA. An experimental study on the manufacture and characterization of in-plane fibre-waviness defects in composites. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180082. [PMID: 29892446 PMCID: PMC5990776 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new method has been developed for creating localized in-plane fibre waviness in composite coupons and used to create a large batch of specimens. This method could be used by manufacturers to experimentally explore the effect of fibre waviness on composite structures both directly and indirectly to develop and validate computational models. The specimens were assessed using ultrasound, digital image correlation and a novel inspection technique capable of measuring residual strain fields. To explore how the defect affects the performance of composite structures, the specimens were then loaded to failure. Predictions of remnant strength were made using a simple ultrasound damage metric and a new residual strain-based damage metric. The predictions made using residual strain measurements were found to be substantially more effective at characterizing ultimate strength than ultrasound measurements. This suggests that residual strains have a significant effect on the failure of laminates containing fibre waviness and that these strains could be incorporated into computational models to improve their ability to simulate the defect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F. A. DiazDelaO
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - E. A. Patterson
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Lewis H, Adamson J, Atherton K, Bailey D, Birtwistle J, Bosanquet K, Clare E, Delgadillo J, Ekers D, Foster D, Gabe R, Gascoyne S, Haley L, Hargate R, Hewitt C, Holmes J, Keding A, Lilley-Kelly A, Maya J, McMillan D, Meer S, Meredith J, Mitchell N, Nutbrown S, Overend K, Pasterfield M, Richards D, Spilsbury K, Torgerson D, Traviss-Turner G, Trépel D, Woodhouse R, Ziegler F, Gilbody S. CollAborative care and active surveillance for Screen-Positive EldeRs with subthreshold depression (CASPER): a multicentred randomised controlled trial of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess 2018; 21:1-196. [PMID: 28248154 DOI: 10.3310/hta21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to reduce the burden of illness and personal suffering associated with depression in older adults have focused on those with more severe depressive syndromes. Less attention has been paid to those with mild disorders/subthreshold depression, but these patients also suffer significant impairments in their quality of life and level of functioning. There is currently no clear evidence-based guidance regarding treatment for this patient group. OBJECTIVES To establish the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a low-intensity intervention of collaborative care for primary care older adults who screened positive for subthreshold depression. DESIGN A pragmatic, multicentred, two-arm, parallel, individually randomised controlled trial with a qualitative study embedded within the pilot. Randomisation occurred after informed consent and baseline measures were collected. SETTING Thirty-two general practitioner (GP) practices in the north of England. PARTICIPANTS A total of 705 participants aged ≥ 75 years during the pilot phase and ≥ 65 years during the main trial with subthreshold depression. INTERVENTIONS Participants in the intervention group received a low-intensity intervention of collaborative care, which included behavioural activation delivered by a case manager for an average of six sessions over 7-8 weeks, alongside usual GP care. Control-arm participants received only usual GP care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was a self-reported measure of depression severity, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items PHQ-9 score at 4 months post randomisation. Secondary outcome measures included the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions, Short Form questionnaire-12 items, Patient Health Questionnaire-15 items, Generalised Anxiety Disorder seven-item scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale two-item version, a medication questionnaire and objective data. Participants were followed up for 12 months. RESULTS In total, 705 participants were randomised (collaborative care n = 344, usual care n = 361), with 586 participants (83%; collaborative care 76%, usual care 90%) followed up at 4 months and 519 participants (74%; collaborative care 68%, usual care 79%) followed up at 12 months. Attrition was markedly greater in the collaborative care arm. Model estimates at the primary end point of 4 months revealed a statistically significant effect in favour of collaborative care compared with usual care [mean difference 1.31 score points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 1.95 score points; p < 0.001]. The difference equates to a standard effect size of 0.30, for which the trial was powered. Treatment differences measured by the PHQ-9 were maintained at 12 months' follow-up (mean difference 1.33 score points, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.10 score points; p = 0.001). Base-case cost-effectiveness analysis found that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was £9633 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). On average, participants allocated to collaborative care displayed significantly higher QALYs than those allocated to the control group (annual difference in adjusted QALYs of 0.044, 95% bias-corrected CI 0.015 to 0.072; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Collaborative care has been shown to be clinically effective and cost-effective for older adults with subthreshold depression and to reduce the proportion of people who go on to develop case-level depression at 12 months. This intervention could feasibly be delivered in the NHS at an acceptable cost-benefit ratio. Important future work would include investigating the longer-term effect of collaborative care on the CASPER population, which could be conducted by introducing an extension to follow-up, and investigating the impact of collaborative care on managing multimorbidities in people with subthreshold depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN02202951. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 21, No. 8. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lewis
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Joy Adamson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Katie Atherton
- Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Della Bailey
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | - Emily Clare
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Clinical Research Network (Mental Health) North East and North Cumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jaime Delgadillo
- Primary Care Mental Health Service, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - David Ekers
- Mental Health Research Group, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Deborah Foster
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rhian Gabe
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Lesley Haley
- Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Clinical Research Network North East and North Cumbria, Research and Development Department, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | | | - John Holmes
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ada Keding
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Jahnese Maya
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Clinical Research Network (Mental Health) North East and North Cumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dean McMillan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Shaista Meer
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jodi Meredith
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Sarah Nutbrown
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Karen Overend
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - David Richards
- Department of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | | | - Dominic Trépel
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | - Simon Gilbody
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
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Gilbody S, Lewis H, Adamson J, Atherton K, Bailey D, Birtwistle J, Bosanquet K, Clare E, Delgadillo J, Ekers D, Foster D, Gabe R, Gascoyne S, Haley L, Hamilton J, Hargate R, Hewitt C, Holmes J, Keding A, Lilley-Kelly A, Meer S, Mitchell N, Overend K, Pasterfield M, Pervin J, Richards DA, Spilsbury K, Traviss-Turner G, Trépel D, Woodhouse R, Ziegler F, McMillan D. Effect of Collaborative Care vs Usual Care on Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults With Subthreshold Depression: The CASPER Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2017; 317:728-737. [PMID: 28241357 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is little evidence to guide management of depressive symptoms in older people. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a collaborative care intervention can reduce depressive symptoms and prevent more severe depression in older people. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial conducted from May 24, 2011, to November 14, 2014, in 32 primary care centers in the United Kingdom among 705 participants aged 65 years or older with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) subthreshold depression; participants were followed up for 12 months. INTERVENTIONS Collaborative care (n=344) was coordinated by a case manager who assessed functional impairments relating to mood symptoms. Participants were offered behavioral activation and completed an average of 6 weekly sessions. The control group received usual primary care (n=361). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was self-reported depression severity at 4-month follow-up on the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; score range, 0-27). Included among 10 prespecified secondary outcomes were the PHQ-9 score at 12-month follow-up and the proportion meeting criteria for depressive disorder (PHQ-9 score ≥10) at 4- and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS The 705 participants were 58% female with a mean age of 77 (SD, 7.1) years. Four-month retention was 83%, with higher loss to follow-up in collaborative care (82/344 [24%]) vs usual care (37/361 [10%]). Collaborative care resulted in lower PHQ-9 scores vs usual care at 4-month follow-up (mean score with collaborative care, 5.36 vs with usual care, 6.67; mean difference, -1.31; 95% CI, -1.95 to -0.67; P < .001). Treatment differences remained at 12 months (mean PHQ-9 score with collaborative care, 5.93 vs with usual care, 7.25; mean difference, -1.33; 95% CI, -2.10 to -0.55). The proportions of participants meeting criteria for depression at 4-month follow-up were 17.2% (45/262) vs 23.5% (76/324), respectively (difference, -6.3% [95% CI, -12.8% to 0.2%]; relative risk, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.61-1.27]; P = .25) and at 12-month follow-up were 15.7% (37/235) vs 27.8% (79/284) (difference, -12.1% [95% CI, -19.1% to -5.1%]; relative risk, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.46-0.91]; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among older adults with subthreshold depression, collaborative care compared with usual care resulted in a statistically significant difference in depressive symptoms at 4-month follow-up, of uncertain clinical importance. Although differences persisted through 12 months, findings are limited by attrition, and further research is needed to assess longer-term efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN02202951.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gilbody
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England2Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - Helen Lewis
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - Joy Adamson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - Katie Atherton
- Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, England
| | - Della Bailey
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | | | | | - Emily Clare
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Clinical Research Network (Mental Health) North East and North Cumbria, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
| | | | - David Ekers
- Mental Health Research Group, University of Durham, Durham, England8Tees Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Clinical Research Network North East and North Cumbria, Research and Development Department, Middlesbrough, England
| | - Deborah Foster
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - Rhian Gabe
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - Samantha Gascoyne
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - Lesley Haley
- Tees Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Clinical Research Network North East and North Cumbria, Research and Development Department, Middlesbrough, England
| | - Jahnese Hamilton
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Clinical Research Network (Mental Health) North East and North Cumbria, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
| | - Rebecca Hargate
- Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, England
| | - Catherine Hewitt
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - John Holmes
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Ada Keding
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | | | - Shaista Meer
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Natasha Mitchell
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - Karen Overend
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | | | - Jodi Pervin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - David A Richards
- Institute of Health Research, Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, England
| | - Karen Spilsbury
- School of Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | | | - Dominic Trépel
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - Rebecca Woodhouse
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England
| | - Friederike Ziegler
- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
| | - Dean McMillan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, England2Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, England
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Atherton K, Young B, Salmon P. Understanding the information needs of people with haematological cancers. A meta-ethnography of quantitative and qualitative research. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2017; 26. [DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Atherton
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Institute of Psychology, Health and Society; Brownlow Hill Liverpool UK
| | - B. Young
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Institute of Psychology, Health and Society; Brownlow Hill Liverpool UK
| | - P. Salmon
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Institute of Psychology, Health and Society; Brownlow Hill Liverpool UK
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Atherton K, Lazar A, Wulff K, Nobre K, Zeman A, Butler C. Slow wave sleep is detrimental for memory consolidation in transient epileptic amnesia. J Neurol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wetherell MA, Atherton K, Grainger J, Brosnan R, Scholey AB. The effects of multitasking on psychological stress reactivity in recreational users of cannabis and MDMA. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:167-76. [PMID: 22389081 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use is associated with psychobiological and neurocognitive deficits. Assessments of the latter typically include tests of memory and everyday cognitive functioning. However, to date, little attention has been paid to effects of drug use on psychological stress reactivity. We report three studies examining the effects of recreational use of cannabis and MDMA on mood and psychological responses to multitasking using a cognitively demanding laboratory stressor that provides an analogue for everyday situations involving responses to multiple stimuli. METHODS The effects of the multitasking framework on mood and perceived workload were assessed in cannabis (N=25), younger (N=18) and older (N=20) MDMA users and compared with non-target drug controls. RESULTS Compared with respective control groups, cannabis users became less alert and content, and both MDMA groups became less calm following acute stress. Unexpectedly, the stressor increased ratings of calm in cannabis users. Users also scored higher than their controls with respect to ratings of resources needed to complete the multitasking framework. CONCLUSIONS These findings show, for the first time, that recreational use of cannabis and MDMA, beyond the period of intoxication, can negatively influence psychological responses to a multitasking stressor, and this may have implications for real-life situations which place high demands on cognitive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wetherell
- Health in Action: Stress Research Group, Department of Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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Power C, Atherton K, Thomas C. Maternal smoking in pregnancy, adult adiposity and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:643-8. [PMID: 20400081 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish whether maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in mid-adulthood and whether associations are explained by postnatal influences. METHODS Participants were 8815 men and women in the 1958 British birth cohort, with data on CVD risk factors measured at 45 y. Maternal smoking was recorded at birth. RESULTS Offspring of smokers had a higher adult BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, HbA1c and triglycerides on average than offspring of non-smokers; females had lower HDL cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol was unrelated to maternal smoking. Associations were abolished after adjustment for postnatal influences across life, except for BMI and waist circumference: offspring of smokers had a BMI greater by 0.83 kg/m(2) on average than offspring of non-smokers and a 1.8 cm larger waist circumference. Mean BMI and waist circumference increased with number of cigarettes that the mother smoked, but were not elevated in offspring whose mother had quit smoking before or early in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Adults exposed to tobacco in utero had a more adverse CVD risk profile in mid-adulthood which appeared to reflect a lifetime accumulation of postnatal influences; whereas their higher BMI and central adiposity may be due in part to intrauterine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Power
- UCL Institute of Child Health, UK.
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Power C, Atherton K, Manor O. Co-occurrence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease by social class: 1958 British birth cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 62:1030-5. [PMID: 19008367 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2007.068817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To establish whether social differences in multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease are due to a greater strength of association (higher correlation) between risk factors in less advantaged groups. METHODS Co-occurrence of five risk factors (smoking, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, obesity, diabetes) in 3614 British 45-year-old men and 3560 women in the manual and non-manual social groups. RESULTS 4.0% of women in manual groups had >or=3 risk factors compared with 1.7% in non-manual groups: 6.2% and 3.4% respectively for men. There was a higher than expected percentage of the population, overall, with >or=3 risk factors assuming independence between risk factors; correspondingly, there was a slightly lower than expected proportion with one factor. However, patterns of observed to expected ratios were consistent in manual and non-manual groups and did not differ by the number of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Higher prevalence of multiple risk factors in manual groups was due to the higher prevalence of individual factors rather than a greater tendency of those with an individual risk factor to have additional risks. Strategies to reduce multiple risk factors in less advantaged groups would help to lessen their health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Macfarlane GJ, Norrie G, Atherton K, Power C, Jones GT. The influence of socioeconomic status on the reporting of regional and widespread musculoskeletal pain: results from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 68:1591-5. [PMID: 18952642 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.093088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine to what extent the reporting of pain in adulthood varies by adult socioeconomic status, whether there are additional long-term effects of socioeconomic status in childhood and whether any such relationships are mediated through adult psychological ill health. METHODS A prospective cohort study (the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study) was conducted. Participants were recruited, at birth, in 1958 and were followed-up throughout childhood and adulthood, most recently at 45 years when information was collected on regional and widespread pain, and various potential mediating factors. RESULTS The prevalence of shoulder, forearm, low back, knee and chronic widespread pain at 45 years generally increased with lower adult social class. Persons in the lowest social class (compared to the highest) experienced nearly a threefold increase in the risk of chronic widespread pain: relative risk: 2.9 (95% CI 1.8 to 4.6). The strength of association varied between 1.5 and 2.0 for regional pains. Childhood social class also demonstrated a relationship with most regional pains and chronic widespread pain. With the exception of forearm pain, the magnitude of effect of childhood social status on reporting of pain in adulthood was less than that of adult social status. On multivariable analysis these relationships were partly explained by poor adult mental health, psychological distress, adverse life events and lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasise the importance and potential impact of measures to reduce social adversity, which will have the effect of improving musculoskeletal health in adult life and other major causes of morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Macfarlane
- Aberdeen Pain Research Collaboration (Epidemiology Group), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Atherton K, Berry DJ, Parsons T, Macfarlane GJ, Power C, Hypponen E. Vitamin D and chronic widespread pain in a white middle-aged British population: evidence from a cross-sectional population survey. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 68:817-22. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Atherton K, Fuller E, Shepherd P, Strachan DP, Power C. Loss and representativeness in a biomedical survey at age 45 years: 1958 British birth cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008; 62:216-23. [PMID: 18272736 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2006.058966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A biomedical survey of the 1958 British birth cohort at age 45 years provides a baseline for future studies of chronic disease. The extent and nature of bias in this sample was examined. METHODS Follow-up of all births in Great Britain in one week in March 1958. At 45 years the sample was compared with the surviving cohort on characteristics recorded at birth and seven years, and in adulthood (42 years). RESULTS Sample attrition to age 45 years was chiefly through avoidable (35.8%) than unavoidable loss through death or emigration (13.7%). 11 971 individuals were invited to participate at 45 years. Of 9377 participants (78.3%), most consented to, and had valid values for, physical and mental measurements, survey questionnaires, and blood and saliva sampling; 8302 (88.5%) provided a blood sample. Groups moderately underrepresented in the 45-year sample included those with externalizing or internalizing behaviours, poor reading or math scores, and shorter stature. For example, 8.8% of the 45-year sample had been poor readers at age seven years compared with 11.1% of the total surviving cohort; for shorter stature the figures were 7.2% versus 8.4%, respectively. There was also underrepresentation of some minority groups (non-whites, births in households with no male head and children in social care). Most bias was present before the 45-year survey. CONCLUSION The 45-year sample remains broadly representative of the surviving cohort, but specific biases may need to be taken into account in future research. Renewed efforts to re-engage all cohort members will improve the representativeness and value of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Atherton
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the aetiological influences of persistent neck pain following a motor vehicle collision and to construct a model for use in the emergency department for identifying patients at high risk of persistent symptoms. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. Patients recruited from hospital emergency departments were sent a questionnaire to gather information on various exposures. They were followed up at 1, 3, and 12 months to identify those with persistent symptoms. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Persistent neck pain (pain at 1, 3, and 12 months after collision). RESULTS The baseline survey included 765 patients. Subsequently, 480 completed a questionnaire at each follow up time point, of whom 128 (27%) reported neck pain on each occasion. Few collision specific factors predicted persistent neck pain. In contrast, a high level of general psychological distress, pre-collision history of widespread body pain, type of vehicle, whiplash associated symptoms, and initial neck disability best predicted the persistence of symptoms. Furthermore, these factors, in combination, accounted for more than a fivefold increase in the risk of persistent neck pain. CONCLUSION The greatest predictors of persistent neck pain following a motor vehicle collision relate to psychological distress and aspects of pre-collision health rather than to various attributes of the collision itself. With these factors, and those relating to initial injury severity, it is possible to identify a subgroup of patients presenting with neck pain with the highest risk of persistent symptoms. Thus, it is possible to identify whiplash patients with a poor prognosis and to provide closer follow up and specific attention to management in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Atherton
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Harbottle A, Daly AK, Atherton K, Campbell FC. Role of glutathione S-transferase P1, P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 in acquired doxorubicin resistance. Int J Cancer 2001; 92:777-83. [PMID: 11351295 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
While P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) are known to be important in acquired doxorubicin resistance, the role of glutathione S-transferases (GST) remains unclear. Our study assessed roles of these 3 factors in a human drug-sensitive carcinoma cell line (HEp2), a subclone made resistant by prolonged incubation in doxorubicin (HEp2A), and HEp2 cells stably transfected with human GSTP1. Drug-resistant HEp2A cells showed greater total GST activity, GSTP class enzyme expression, Pgp expression, MRP1 transcript expression, drug efflux and at least 13-fold greater resistance to doxorubicin than the parent HEp2 cell line. GSTM class enzyme expression was similar in both cell types, while GSTA class enzymes were not detected. In the resistant HEp2A cells, cytotoxicity was markedly enhanced by the Pgp/MRP inhibitor verapamil at low doxorubicin concentrations. The GST inhibitor curcumin also enhanced cytotoxicity in HEp2A cells when the Pgp/MRP efflux barrier had been reversed by verapamil or overcome by high doxorubicin concentrations. In addition, curcumin had a chemosensitising effect at low doxorubicin concentrations in HEp2 cells. Stable transfection of HEp2 cells with human GSTP1 increases doxorubicin resistance 3-fold over control cells. Our study indicates involvement of GSTP enzymes as well as efflux mechanisms in the acquired doxorubicin-resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harbottle
- Department of Surgical Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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De Maeyer E, Skup D, Prasad KS, De Maeyer-Guignard J, Williams B, Meacock P, Sharpe G, Pioli D, Hennam J, Schuch W, Atherton K. Expression of a chemically synthesized human alpha 1 interferon gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:4256-9. [PMID: 6181502 PMCID: PMC346649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.14.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of Escherichia coli containing a chemically synthesized human alpha 1 interferon (IFN-alpha 1) gene, under control of the lac promoter, make a product with biological properties indistinguishable from those of the natural IFN-alpha 1 [antiviral activity, acid stability, species crossreactivity, inactivation by antisera directed against leukocyte or Namalwa cell interferon, and stimulation of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase activity]. Similar levels of IFN synthesis were obtained when the expression unit (lac promoter plus synthetic IFN-alpha 1 gene) was transplanted into the obligate methylotroph Methylophilus methylotrophus.
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