Atomic diffusion in liquid gallium and gallium-nickel alloys probed by quasielastic neutron scattering and molecular dynamic simulations

The atomic mobility in liquid pure gallium and a gallium-nickel alloy with 2 at% of nickel is studied experimentally by incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering. The integral diffusion coefficients for all-atom diffusion are derived from the experimental data at different temperatures. DFT-basedab-initiomolecular dynamics (MD) is used to find numerically the diffusion coefficient of liquid gallium at different temperatures, and numerical theory results well agree with the experimental findings at temperatures below 500 K. Machine learning force fields derived fromab-initiomolecular dynamics (AIMD) overestimate within a small 6% error the diffusion coefficient of pure gallium within the genuine AIMD. However, they better agree with experiment for pure gallium and enable the numerical finding of the diffusion coefficient of nickel in the considered melted alloy along with the diffusion coefficient of gallium and integral diffusion coefficient, that agrees with the corresponding experimental values within the error bars. The temperature dependence of the gallium diffusion coefficientDGa(T)follows the Arrhenius law experimentally for all studied temperatures and below 500 K also in the numerical simulations. However,DGa(T)can be well described alternatively by an Einstein-Stokes dependence with the metallic liquid viscosity following the Arrhenius law, especially for the MD simulation results at all studied temperatures. Moreover, a novel variant of the excess entropy scaling theory rationalized our findings for gallium diffusion. Obtained values of the Arrhenius activation energies are profoundly different in the competing theoretical descriptions, which is explained by different temperature-dependent prefactors in the corresponding theories. The diffusion coefficient of gallium is significantly reduced (at the same temperature) in a melted alloy with natural nickel, even at a tiny 2 at% concentration of nickel, as compared with its pure gallium value. This highly surprising behavior contradicts the existing excess entropy scaling theories and opens a venue for further research.

The influence of fears of perceived legal consequences on general practitioners' practice in relation to defensive medicine - a cross-sectional survey in Germany

BACKGROUND

Medical decisions are influenced by a variety of factors also by legal requirements and feelings of uncertainty, which results in the term defensive medicine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of fears of perceived legal consequences on the practice of defensive medicine from the perspective of German general practitioners (GPs).

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was performed from April to May 2022. GPs were invited via an e-mail newsletter of the Institute for Continuing Education in Family Medicine in the German Association of General Practitioners and via an online platform of the German College of General Practitioners and Family Physicians. The evaluation of legal fears, the general assessment of defensive medicine and reasons for and the frequency of defensive medical measures were surveyed in this study. Beside descriptive analyses, a stepwise linear regression analysis was used to explore potential associations between for the primary outcome variable 'fears of legal consequences' on the practice of defensive medicine.

RESULTS

413 general practitioners with an average age of 50 years (51% female) responded. The majority rated their fears of legal consequences as low to average whereas for almost a third (27%, n = 113) the fears were strong to very strong. Regarding legal fears, the physician-patient-relationship played a fairly to very large role for 48% (n = 198) of the respondents. One third estimated the probability of being sued civilly in the next 10 years as rather high to very high. 47% (n = 193) of the participants assumed that the risk of being sued could mostly to very much be reduced by defensive medicine. Legal self-protection was for 38% of the responders (n = 157) quite frequently to very frequently a reason for acting defensively. Consequently, half of the respondents stated that they performed unnecessary laboratory tests at least once per week and 40% indicated that they referred patients for radiological diagnostics without medical indication once per month.

CONCLUSIONS

As legal fears have an influence on medical practice and legal self-protection being a frequent reason for defensive behaviour, understanding and knowledge of the law should be improved by legal education at university and further training of post-graduate trainees and practicing physicians should be implemented. Additionally, a more in-depth enlightenment of society about the phenomenon of Protective and Defensive Medicine and its consequences could be a possibility to decrease the perceived fears of legal consequences on the physicians' side.

Job satisfaction and work stress among physicians in Norway and Germany-A cross-sectional study

PURPOSE

Physicians' health and wellbeing are important albeit often neglected quality indicators of health care systems. The aims of the study were to compare job satisfaction and work stress among doctors in Germany and Norway, and to identify predictors for job satisfaction.

METHODS

All active physicians in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (N = 13,304) and a nationwide sample of Norwegian physicians (N = 2,316) were surveyed in a cross-sectional design in 2021. Response rates of German and Norwegian physicians were n = 4,385 (33%) and n = 1,639 (70.8%), respectively. In addition to age, sex, and work-hours, the main outcome measures were the validated Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS) and the short form of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (ERI).

RESULTS

There were significant differences between Norwegian and German physicians in job satisfaction but with small effect sizes. All effort scores of German physicians were significantly higher and four of seven reward scores significantly lower than for their Norwegian colleagues. The proportion of German physicians in the state of a gratification crisis was significantly higher (67%) than in their Norwegian colleagues (53%). In both countries, physicians with a gratification crisis scored significantly lower on all items of job satisfaction. There were only minor gender differences in job satisfaction and effort-reward balance. Age, effort, and reward accounted for 46% of the explained variance of job satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

Lower job satisfaction and reward in some areas and higher perceived effort of physicians in Germany than in Norway are still in favor of Norwegian working conditions, but the differences seem to diminish. The high proportions of gratification crises in both countries warrants appropriate measures for prevention and health promotion.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on professional life and well-being in German physicians: A cross-sectional study

This study assessed perceptions of German physicians' regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on work-related issues as well as mental and physical health. Almost three quarters of the physicians felt stressed by the increased quantity (69%) and quality (73%) of the work and felt physically (68%) or mentally exhausted (71%). Also about three-quarters of physicians reported the pandemic having a strong impact on family life. A higher proportion feared to infect their family more than being infected themselves (66% vs 50%). Mental health scores were significantly lower in physicians compared to the general population. In female physicians, these findings were even more pronounced. Stressful work conditions and feelings of isolation were the most important predictors for mental health scores (R2 = 0.37), and also for motivation to work (R2 = 0.20). Preventive measures to strengthen resilience and optimize work organization are warranted to alleviate the toll of the pandemic on physicians.

Attitudes and Viewpoints Toward Prevention Trials in Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevention studies use biomarkers to determine risk in asymptomatic study participants. This involves multifaceted implications. Determinants regarding participation in these trials are therefore of particular relevance. We used semistructured individual interviews to interview uninvolved persons ( n = 10), relatives of Alzheimer’s patients ( n = 10), and patients with mild cognitive impairment ( n = 5) and analyzed the interviews using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. We discovered various factors to be positive motivations for participation; the most significant inhibiting factor was concern about negative psychological effects. These motivations and concerns should be specifically addressed in the study design of AD prevention trials. The fears and concerns expressed highlight the importance of a good methodological and ethical framework to increase participant acceptance.

Encountering uncertainty and complexity in decision-making: an observational study of clinical reasoning among medical and interprofessional groups of health care students

Poor teamwork and clinical decisions have a major impact on patient outcomes and safety. Clinical decision-making rarely occurs under ideal conditions, but complex health care environments make this particularly challenging for new graduate health professionals as beginner practitioners. Recent evidence indicates that effective collaboration also enhances quality of clinical decisions for patients with complex needs. However, collaborative decision-making is not standard in educational curricula, where clinical decision-making is usually taught in profession-specific courses emphasizing individual rationality and cognition. The aim of this study was to gain detailed insights into the practice of clinical decision-making by small groups of medical and other health care students. A qualitative observational study design was used. Students (n = 45) took part in a short role-play of a hospital clinical ethics committee meeting discussing three complex patient cases, considering clinical and ethical aspects of care, and made a group decision about priorities for treatment. Audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim and inductively analyzed based on Strauss's "Theoretical Coding" approach. Coding and interpretation of transcripts resulted in three key themes: a) values/beliefs as a basis for negotiation; b) encountering obstacles; c) overcoming obstacles. All groups benefited from shared knowledge, assisting each other in dealing with uncertainty and perceived emotional burden. In small groups, they were able to overcome challenges and fulfil a goal potentially beyond many of them as individuals. Provision of learning opportunities where students learn to share expertise and decision-making responsibilities has the potential to optimize their learning in preparation for challenges in future practice.

Experiences with long-term care for geriatric patients by an interprofessional outpatient care approach - a qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Outpatient care for geriatric patients is complex and requires the collaboration of different professions for supporting long-term care. Care and case management (CCM) could provide support with that. The long-term care of geriatric patients could be optimized with an interprofessional, cross-sectoral CCM. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the experiences and attitudes of those involved in the care with regard to the interprofessional design of the care for geriatric patients.

METHODS

A qualitative study design was used. Focus group interviews were conducted with those involved in the care (general practitioners (GP), health care assistants (HCA) as well as care and case managers (CM)). The interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed by qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

Overall, ten focus groups were conducted in the five practice networks with n = 46 participants (n = 15 GP, n = 14 HCA and n = 17 CM). The participants evaluated the care they received from a CCM positively. The HCA and the GP were the primary points of contact for the CM. The close collaboration with the CM was experienced to be rewarding and relieving. Through their home-visitations, the CM gained a deep insight into the homelives of their patients and were thus able to accurately reflect the gaps in the care back to the family physicians.

CONCLUSIONS

The different health care professionals involved in this type of care experience that an interprofessional and cross-sectoral CCM is able to optimally support the long-term care of geriatric patients. The different occupational groups involved in the care benefit from this type of care arrangement as well.

Certainty in Uncertain Times: Dental Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND

The restrictions concerning social contact due to the COVID-19 pandemic implied a rethinking of teaching methods at universities in general, and for practice-oriented teaching such as dental education in particular. This qualitative study aimed to assess aspects of feelings of certainty and uncertainty during this specific education process, incorporating the perspectives of teaching staff and dental students.

METHODS

Qualitative methods based on interviews were used for data collection. Dental students from different academic years (second, third, fourth, and fifth) and teaching staff responsible for the content and implementation of courses within the dental curriculum were recruited. The data analysis was performed by qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 39 dental students and 19 teaching staff participated. When students and staff dealt positively with this specific situation, certainty was achieved. The availability of presentations and clear communication enhanced feelings of certainty. The participants often felt unsure about how to handle such a challenging situation and felt insecure when planning for the semester. The students missed contact with other students and argued that the information policy on their dental studies was not transparent enough. In addition, dental students and teaching staff were nervous about the risk of infection from COVID-19, especially in practical courses with patient contact.

CONCLUSIONS

The COVID-19 pandemic situation leads to a rethinking of dental education. Feelings of certainty can be strengthened by clear and transparent communication as well as training in online teaching methods. To reduce uncertainty, it is crucial to establish channels for information exchange and feedback.

How Do Health Care Professionals Perceive a Holistic Care Approach for Geriatric Patients? A Focus Group Study

BACKGROUND

Geriatric patients require holistic care in order to meet their complex care needs. The project RubiN (Continuous Care in a Regional Network) provides case and care management (CCM) for older people to address these needs in a primary care setting in Germany. This study aimed to explore the experiences of health care professionals who provided CCM for geriatric patients.

METHODS

Focus group interviews with general practitioners (GPs), health care assistants (HCAs), and case managers (CMs) were conducted. Transcribed data were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

Ten focus group discussions (n = 15 GPs, n = 14 HCAs, n = 17 CMs) were conducted. The different health care professionals emphasized the importance of a holistic care approach to geriatric care. Moreover, the GPs stated that the CMs supported the patients in organizing their care. A CCM could help encourage patients to remain at their own homes, which would have an effect on patients' quality of life and satisfaction.

CONCLUSION

A well-functioning and effective cooperation between those health professionals involved is a prerequisite for a trustful relationship in the holistic care of older people. This creates a feeling of security for all people involved in the care process.

Determinants of the implementation of artificial intelligence-based screening for diabetic retinopathy-a cross-sectional study with general practitioners in Germany

Objective

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) may lead to irreversible damage to the eye and cause blindness if diagnosed in its advanced stages. Artificial intelligence (AI) may support screening and contribute to a timely diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors that might influence the success of implementing AI-supported devices for DR screenings in general practice.

Methods

A questionnaire with modules on attitudes toward digital solutions, technical factors, perceived patient perspectives, and sociodemographic data was constructed and 2100 general practitioners (GPs) in Germany were invited to participate via a personal letter.

Results

Two hundred nine physicians participated in the survey (10% response rate, mean age = 54 years, 46% women). Acquisition costs (mean = 1.37), remuneration (mean = 1.46), and running costs (mean = 1.40) were considered particularly relevant in the context of AI-based screening tools. GPs indicated that a mean of €27.00 (SD = 19) was considered to be an appropriate reimbursement for an AI-based screening for DR in their practice. Less relevant factors were availability of a smartphone used in the practice (mean = 2.53) and time until the examination result was available (mean = 2.29). Important technical factors were practicability of the device (mean = 1.27), unproblematic installation of any necessary software (mean = 1.34), and the integrability into the practice information system (mean = 1.44). Considering the patient welfare, physicians rated the accuracy of the examination, omission of pupil dilation, and the duration of the examination as the most important factors. Participants ranked the factors broadening the scope of care, strengthening the primary care (PC) range, and signs of modern medical practice as the most important factors for making an AI-based screening tool attractive for their practice.

Conclusions

These findings serve as a basis for a successful implementation of AI-assisted screening devices in PC and might facilitate early screenings for ophthalmological diseases in general practice. The most relevant barriers that need to be overcome for a successful implementation of such tools include clarification of the costs and reimbursement policies.

Covid-19: teaching and learning in practical courses under special regulations - a qualitative study of dental students and teachers

BACKGROUND

The coronavirus pandemic led to a lockdown of public life. For universities, this meant suspensions or corresponding adaptations of practical courses. In Germany, Kiel Dental Clinic received special permission to start practical courses under appropriate hygiene conditions. The study aimed at recording the experiences and associated challenges of course implementation under the special regulations from the perspective of students and teachers.

METHODS

Qualitative guided interviews were conducted with students and teachers at Kiel in the summer semester 2020. Students (4th, 6th, 8th, 10th semesters) were recruited and lecturers responsible for conducting the practical courses within the dental clinic's four departments. Evaluation was carried out by means of qualitative content analysis, whereby deductive procedures were supplemented by inductive ones.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine students and 19 lecturers took part. The flow of information at the start of the course was welcomed by students and teachers across the board. The lack of or limited adjustment to the scope tended to be assessed positively by students. The majority of both groups suspected there had been no reduction in learning, and learning had been improved due to the smaller group sizes. Regarding the necessary conditions for conducting the course, positive and negative aspects became apparent.

CONCLUSION

Students and teachers felt very relief to start the practical courses under special conditions although the implementation was very challenging for both groups. The structural and content-related course adaptations required a high degree of flexibility on the part of students and lecturers alike, but also meant that courses were able to be conducted without serious deficits in learning gains.

Bridging the Gap Between Competencies and Uncertainties in Postgraduate Training in Family Medicine: Results and Psychometric Properties of a Self-Assessment Questionnaire

PURPOSE

One of the reasons for postgraduate trainees not to choose working in a rural area is uncertainty related to the lack of competencies. The aim of this study was to investigate the concept of uncertainty by measuring competencies and to examine the psychometric properties of an instrument that measures competencies related to uncertainty in the self-assessment of postgraduate trainees in family medicine.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A questionnaire was created based on pre-existing instruments. It was distributed to participants of postgraduate training seminars in the federal states of Baden-Württemberg and Schleswig-Holstein, Germany in 2016. Descriptive statistics and a partial correlation analysis were calculated for measuring the degree of association between year of postgraduate training and items' responses. Psychometric properties were assessed by calculating descriptive item analysis, factor analysis and internal consistency.

RESULTS

The response rate was 85% (105/124). More than one-fifth of the participants stated to show only seldom or sometimes the following skills: ability to balance work and life (N=25, 24%), letting a mild disorder run its own way (N=24, 23%) and ability to conduct interventions that decreased aggression from the patient (N=22, 21%). More than half of the participants felt (very) insecure in performing routine child check-ups, the application of a below elbow backslab and the partial removal of a toenail. Nine out of 21 items showed positive statistically significant correlation between level of competence and progress in training. Factor analysis led to a final instrument with 12 items (Cronbach's α=0.736) and a three-factor-structure: "doctor well-being and resilience", "communication" and "skills".

CONCLUSION

In order to reduce uncertainty with all its consequences, a focus on teaching of competencies regarding the physicians' well-being and resilience, communication and skills has to be continued in postgraduate training.

The predictive validity of admission criteria for the results of clinical competency assessment with an emphasis on family medicine in the fifth year of medical education: an observational study

BACKGROUND

In many countries, the number of applicants to medical schools exceeds the number of available places. This offers the need, as well as the opportunity to medical schools to select those applicants most suitable for later work as a doctor. However, there is no generally accepted definition of a 'good doctor'. Clinical competencies may serve as surrogates. The aim of this study was to compare medical students in Germany selected based either on their pre-university grade point average alone or based on the result of a university-specific selection procedure regarding their clinical competencies with an emphasis on family medicine in the later years of training.

METHODS

We used the 'Allgemeinarztbarometer Ausbildung' (Undergraduate Family Medicine Barometer), an instrument developed to assess clinical competencies with an emphasis on family medicine, to compare students in the pre-university grade point average admission-quota and the university-specific selection procedure admission-quota in the fifth year of training. Students were judged by their supervising general practitioners after a two-week practical course. Competencies were rated on a five-point Likert-scale (1 = 'totally agree' i.e. the student is very competent to 5 = 'totally disagree' i.e. the student is not competent at all).

RESULTS

We included 94 students (66% female). Students in the university-specific selection procedure quota (n = 80) showed better mean scores in every item of the Undergraduate Family Medicine Barometer. We found a statistically significant difference between the two groups for the item assessing communication skills (M [university-specific selection procedure quota] = 1.81, SD = 0.84 vs. M [pu-GPA quota] = 2.38, SD = 0.96; t[91] = -2.23, p = .03; medium effect size). Logistic regression revealed no statistically significant age or gender contribution.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the small sample-size, our results indicate, that students selected via an university-specific selection procedure show better communicative competencies in the later years of training.

Suspension of face-to-face teaching and ad hoc transition to digital learning under Covid-19 conditions - a qualitative study among dental students and lecturers

BACKGROUND

In mid-March 2020, the coronavirus pandemic led to a national lockdown in Germany. Face-to-face teaching was cancelled in universities for the 2020 summer semester. Teaching moved online with no prior IT testing and lecturer training. The study analyses experiences of the suspension of face-to-face teaching and the move to digitalised learning for students and lecturers of dentistry at Kiel.

METHODS

In summer 2020, qualitative guided interviews were conducted with students (4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th semesters), and lecturers. Deductive and inductive qualitative content analysis of the results was carried out.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine students (69% female) and 19 lecturers (32% female) were interviewed. Reactions to the changes in teaching were observed. Feelings ranged from an essentially positive attitude, through insecurity and uncertainty to a failure to fully appreciate the situation. The loss of social contact was lamented. Digitalisation was associated with technological challenges and additional work. However, it also fostered learning independent of time and place, and encouraged autonomy. Negative aspects of digitalisation included a lack of feedback and loss of interaction.

CONCLUSION

The introduction of ad hoc digitalisation challenged both students and lecturers alike. Dealing with lockdown and the changes in teaching and studying required significant flexibility.

Experiences of family caregivers regarding a community-based care- and case-management intervention. A qualitative study

Family caregivers play an essential role in healthcare for elderly people in primary care settings. The complexity of geriatric patients as well as the fragmentation of healthcare systems can lead to a burden for family caregivers, which can affect their physical and psychological health as well as social relationships, economic productivity and quality of caregiving. Care- and case-management offers a possibility to support, empower and navigate family caregivers through healthcare systems in order to reduce their own burden. The project RubiN (Continuous care in a regional network) was developed to provide regional care- and case-management for outpatient care of the elderly (age >70 years) in a primary care setting in Germany. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore experiences and attitudes of family caregivers of geriatric patients regarding the community-based care- and case-management intervention RubiN. Telephone interviews with a purposeful sample of 21 family caregivers enlisted in all RubiN networks were conducted between March and May 2020 and were followed by qualitative content analysis. The main categories, which emerged were namely: (1) current healthcare situation and (2) experiences with RubiN. Main findings suggest that participants in this study valued the provided support and experienced a sense of relief. However, some participants were disappointed with RubiN and the included support by care- and case-managers. A care- and case-management affected caregiving per se as well as the patient's and family caregiver's well-being. Important aspects contributing to these findings were a continuous relationship, training and expertise of the care- and case-managers. Establishing networks between the patients, family caregivers, care- and case-managers and healthcare providers were key components as well as a good explanation about RubiN itself for family caregivers. Therefore, a community-based care- and case-management can play an important role in detecting, facilitating and preventing family caregiver burden.

Parker Solar Probe Enters the Magnetically Dominated Solar Corona

The high temperatures and strong magnetic fields of the solar corona form streams of solar wind that expand through the Solar System into interstellar space. At 09:33 UT on 28 April 2021 Parker Solar Probe entered the magnetized atmosphere of the Sun 13 million km above the photosphere, crossing below the Alfvén critical surface for five hours into plasma in casual contact with the Sun with an Alfvén Mach number of 0.79 and magnetic pressure dominating both ion and electron pressure. The spectrum of turbulence below the Alfvén critical surface is reported. Magnetic mapping suggests the region was a steady flow emerging on rapidly expanding coronal magnetic field lines lying above a pseudostreamer. The sub-Alfvénic nature of the flow may be due to suppressed magnetic reconnection at the base of the pseudostreamer, as evidenced by unusually low densities in this region and the magnetic mapping.

Measuring care coordination in German primary care - adaptation and psychometric properties of the Medical Home Care Coordination Survey

Background

Continuity of care is associated with many benefits for patients and health care systems. Therefore measuring care coordination - the deliberate organization of patient care activities between two or more participants - is especially needed to identify entries for improvement. The aim of this study was the translation and cultural adaptation of the Medical Home Care Coordination Survey (MHCCS) into German, and the examination of the psychometric properties of the resulting German versions of the MHCCS-P (patient version) and MHCCS-H (healthcare team version).

Methods

We conducted a paper-based, cross-sectional survey in primary care practices in three German federal states (Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Baden-Württemberg) with patients and health care team members from May 2018 to April 2019. Descriptive item analysis, factor analysis, internal consistency and convergent, discriminant and predictive validity of the German instrument versions were calculated by using SPSS 25.0 (Inc., IBM).

Results

Response rates were 43% (n = 350) for patients and 34% (n = 141) for healthcare team members. In total, 300 patient questionnaires and 140 team member questionnaires could be included into further analysis. Exploratory factor analyses resulted in three domains in the MHCCS-D-P and seven domains in the MHCCS-D-H: “link to community resources”, “communication”, “care transitions”, and additionally “self-management”, “accountability”, “information technology for quality assurance”, and “information technology supporting patient care” for the MHCCS-D-H. The domains showed acceptable and good internal consistency (α = 0.838 to α = 0.936 for the MHCCS-D-P and α = 0.680 to α = 0.819 for the MHCCS-D-H).

As 77% of patients (n = 232) and 63% of health care team members denied to have or make written care plans, items regarding the “plan of care” of the original MHCCS have been removed from the MHCCS-D.

Conclusions

The German versions of the Medical Home Care Coordination Survey for patients and healthcare team members are reliable instruments in measuring the care coordination in German primary care practices. Practicability is high since the total number of items is low (9 for patients and 27 for team members).

Facilitators and barriers for the implementation of telemedicine from a local government point of view - a cross-sectional survey in Germany

BACKGROUND

Telemedicine offers additional ways of delivering medical care, e.g., in primary care in rural areas. During the last decades, projects including telemedicine are being implemented worldwide. However, implementation of telemedicine is in some countries, e.g., Germany somewhat slower compared to northern European countries. One important part of successful implementation is to include the citizen perspective. The aims of this study were to explore the perception of representatives of the local government regarding telemedicine in the context of a perceived GP shortage and to tailor future telemedicine offers according to these perceived needs.

METHODS

Considering the multidisciplinary assessment suggested by the Model for Assessment of Telemedicine a questionnaire with 19 questions was developed by identifying determinants of telemedicine out the literature. After pre-testing, the questionnaire was sent to all 2199 mayors from the federal states of Schleswig-Holstein (North Germany) and Baden-Württemberg (South Germany) as representatives of the citizens (cross- sectional study; full population survey). The final questionnaire contained sections for socio-demographic data, telemedicine and perceived GP shortage. All responses from November 2018 until 2019 were included and analyzed descriptively.

RESULTS

The response rate was 32% (N = 699), of which 605 were included in the analysis. A majority of the participants stated they live in a rural area and 46% were in the office for up to 8 years. The mayors had predominantly a positive perception about telemedicine (60%) and 76% of them stated, their community would benefit from telemedicine. A GP shortage was reported by 39% of the participants. The highest risk of telemedicine was seen in misdiagnosing. In case of an emergency situation 291 (45%) of the participants considered data privacy as not as relevant. Mayors from a community with a perceived GP shortage had a more negative perception regarding telemedicine.

CONCLUSION

The acceptance of telemedicine is rapidly rising compared to former studies. Communities with a perceived GP shortage had a more negative perception. Barriers like data security concerns were seen as less important in case of an emergency. The highest risk of telemedicine was seen in misdiagnosing. These findings need to be considered in designing future telemedicine offers.

RubiN - continuous care in regional networks: a study protocol for a prospective controlled trial

Background

The health care situation of geriatric patients is often multifaceted, complex and often overlaps with social living conditions. Due to the lack of cross-sectoral and interprofessional health care geriatric patients often, receive insufficient care. Only a holistic view enables a comprehensive evaluation of the complex health risks, but also the potential to preserve the health of geriatric patients. The implementation of cross-sectoral, multi-professional case management could reduce the gaps in care, improve the autonomy of the geriatric patients in their own homes, and allow them to retain it as long as possible.

The “RubiN” project examines the effects of multi-professional, cross-sectoral and assessment-based case management on the quality of the care of geriatric patients. The results of the study aim to show whether geriatric patients receive better care using case management than patients who receive standard health care. In addition, data on the effects of case management on practices of general practitioners (GP), the satisfaction with the care concept amongst the case managers, patients and relatives will be collected. Furthermore, a health economic analysis will be carried out.

Methods

The project is designed as a prospective controlled study and compares geriatric patients from practice networks in different regions in Germany. Inclusion criteria are: Age ≥ 70 years and care requirements from two different care complexes (identified with the screening instrument ‘Angelina’-questionnaire). The intervention is the use of a geriatric case management, where health care is organised based on patient-specific care requirements. Five practice networks of physicians will implement the intervention (n = 3200 patients) and three practice networks will serve as the control group (n = 1200 patients). The primary endpoint is the ability to manage activities of daily living, measured using the Barthel Index. The patients in the intervention group receive geriatric case management and the patients in the control networks receive standard care (“care as usual”). The analysis of the primary data, which is pseudonymised, occurs according to the intention-to-treat principle. For this purpose, the endpoints will be analysed using a group comparison after 12 months. For the health economic analysis, secondary data from the statutory health insurance providers will be included in the analysis, in addition to the primary data. Data for the analysis of the effects the concept has on the GP practices as well as on the satisfaction of the project participants will be collected with questionnaires and interviews with experts.

Discussion

The implementation of cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary geriatric case management has been a topic of discussion for years, whereby positive effects have already been-shown. This planned study will be the first evaluation of the effect of case management for geriatric patients with a very large sample. In addition, the effects of case management on the GP practices and also on the relatives of the geriatric patients will be shown. It is intended that the study results pave the way for a widespread implementation of this concept.

Trial registration

German Clinical Trials Register, ID: DRKS00016642. Registered on 29 October 2019 - Retrospectively registered.

Identification of semester-specific teaching contents for dental ethics: development, testing and validation of a questionnaire

BACKGROUND

Although medical ethics is an indispensable part of dental education, it has not played a relevant role in the dental curriculum thus far. This study is aimed at developing and validating a questionnaire that identifies semester-specific ethical issues, in order to develop longitudinal ethic modules.

METHODS

March 2018 a workshop on item generation was coordinated, using Delphi method; followed by a cognitive testing with students (2nd, 4th, 10th semesters, n = 12). A pilot test was carried out with students from different semesters (n = 60). The distribution of response frequencies and missing values were determined. The questionnaire used for validation consisted of three dimensions: ethical knowledge, dealing with ethical issues, expectations in terms of teaching. The psychometric examination was carried out by preclinical students (n = 105) and clinical semesters (n = 110) January 2019.

RESULTS

After cognitive testing and piloting, some items were reformulated, so that a questionnaire with 127 items was used for validation. The individual dimensions were assigned to various factors with excellent to acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0.72-0.96).

CONCLUSION

The questionnaire has an acceptable to excellent consistency and suggests that the different dimensions are conclusive. With this questionnaire, ethical issues in dentistry can be mapped and teaching contents identified.

"We are the patients' advocates": Care and case managers' reasons to participate in a geriatric health care project - A qualitative study

INTRODUCTION

Healthcare provision for the multimorbid elderly is complex. Care and Case Managers (CCMs) can help to coordinate and structure outpatient care for these patient groups. This approach will be realized in the project RubiN ("Continuous Care in Regional Networks"), which is funded by the Federal Joint Committee. The aim of the present qualitative study was to explore the motivation to work as a CCM.

METHODS

As part of the qualitative study framework, semi-structured interviews with CCMs were conducted as part of a joint kick-off event. The interviews were focused on the reasons and motivation for participating in the RubiN project. The transcribed interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

Eight of 20 CCMs agreed to take part in the interviews. One of the main motivations for taking part in RubiN was to shift away from working conditions that were perceived as stressful and towards an activity that was experienced as appreciative. The CCMs felt that their professional expertise was recognized by other service providers, and that appreciation of their role increased through their active involvement in the care of geriatric patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Care and Case Management as a practical application with extensive coordination services for geriatric patients may contribute to an increase in appreciation and recognition through establishing a separate area of responsibility and scope as well as working in an interdisciplinary team.

"I Have Such a Great Care" - Geriatric Patients' Experiences with a New Healthcare Model: A Qualitative Study

PURPOSE

Coordinated care is important for the health and well-being of geriatric patients. However, continuity of care is lacking in many countries. Several studies have shown that case management can help to meet these requirements in health care and investigated positive effects. The project RubiN (Regional ununterbrochen betreut im Netz; Continuous care in a regional network) was developed to provide regional care- and case management for outpatient care of the elderly (age >70 years) in a primary care setting. The aim of this qualitative approach was to explore experiences and attitudes of geriatric patients towards the newly developed complex care- and case-management intervention RubiN.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of geriatric patients enlisted in the RubiN intervention networks were conducted. The collected data was transcribed and evaluated using qualitative content analysis. A deductive-inductive approach was used in generating thematic categories.

RESULTS

Forty-four telephone interviews were performed. Two key categories were identified to describe patients' experiences regarding care delivered by a care- and case manager (CCM), namely "role of CCM" and "changes through RubiN". Results demonstrated that care performed by CCMs is perceived positively by geriatric patients. A main finding of this study was that geriatric patients experienced a sense of security through the care provided by CCMs. CCMs were perceived as highly competent people, having all the necessary skills to provide continuity of care.

CONCLUSION

This study illustrates the importance of trust between care provider and care recipient. It also shows that geriatric patients appreciate the continuous, professional care and structural and functional support provided by qualified CCMs.

In vitro fermentation characteristics of tropical legumes and grasses of good and poor nutritional quality and the degradability of their neutral detergent fibre

Context Tropical legumes are commonly assumed to share all positive attributes known from temperate legumes such as lucerne. However, increasing evidence exists on the differences between those forages, particularly in terms of their ruminal degradability. Aims Exploring the 24-h rumen in vitro-fermentation characteristics of tropical legumes, their direct comparison with lucerne, and their interactions with grasses depending on their nutritional quality. Methods Arachis and stylosanthes (tropical legumes), pennisetum and andropogon (tropical grasses), and lucerne (lucerne_21 and lucerne_35, harvested 21 and 35 days after emergence respectively) were used for the study. On the basis of the nitrogen and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration, arachis and pennisetum were classified as of good quality, while stylosanthes and andropogon as of poor quality. The following four incubation series were performed: first, forages alone were incubated under iso-nitrogenous conditions; second, forages were incubated under iso-nitrogenous conditions with supplemented starch; third, NDF extract of each forage was incubated alone; fourth, NDF extract of tropical grasses and legumes was incubated combined in grass:legume proportions of 33:67 and 67:33. Key results When incubated alone, gas production (GP) and total short chain fatty acids were higher for temperate legumes, intermediate for tropical legumes and lowest for tropical grasses. Similar trends were observed for GP when the forages were incubated with starch, but the differences between arachis and lucerne_35 disappeared; short chain fatty acids did not differ among all tropical forages. Moreover, acetate:propionate ratio was highest for tropical legumes, intermediate for temperate legumes, and lowest for tropical grasses. Gas production of NDF extracts was highest for the lucerne samples and lowest for the tropical legumes. Improvements in GP were found when the NDF from the poor-quality grass (andropogon) was combined with the legumes, particularly the good-quality legume (arachis). Conclusions On the basis of the gas production, tropical legumes appear to have lower degradability than do temperate ones, while also showing a different fermentation pattern. Fibre of tropical legumes is less degradable than that of tropical grasses, but when combining both fibre sources, there seems to be a synergistic effect on degradability. Implications The current results give important insights on the fermentation characteristics of tropical legumes, helping better understand their role in ruminants’ nutrition, while giving inputs towards improving their utilisation.

Short report: coaching as an intervention to treat mild form of fear of flying

Fear of flying can lead to restrictions in private but also in professional life. Different treatment approaches are available to handle fear of flying. Of these, coaching could be one possible treatment method. However, evidence is rare and the aim of this study was to evaluate descriptive effect of wingwave® coaching on a mild form of fear of flying. Coaching was delivered twice before the first flight and once after the first flight. The interventions were conducted between December 2016 and May 2017. Four people with fear of flying participated in the study. As measurement tools, satisfaction with life scale and 'Fear of Flying Scale' (FFS) were used at each of the measurement points. The measurement of fear of flying using the FFS measures showed a reduction in all four individuals. The participants also revealed a benefit in the sub-scales Anticipation, Flying and Turbulence. Our study indicates a positive impact of wingwave® coaching on dealing with a mild form of fear of flying.

Plasma Double Layers at the Boundary Between Venus and the Solar Wind

The solar wind is slowed, deflected, and heated as it encounters Venus's induced magnetosphere. The importance of kinetic plasma processes to these interactions has not been examined in detail, due to a lack of constraining observations. In this study, kinetic-scale electric field structures are identified in the Venusian magnetosheath, including plasma double layers. The double layers may be driven by currents or mixing of inhomogeneous plasmas near the edge of the magnetosheath. Estimated double-layer spatial scales are consistent with those reported at Earth. Estimated potential drops are similar to electron temperature gradients across the bow shock. Many double layers are found in few high cadence data captures, suggesting that their amplitudes are high relative to other magnetosheath plasma waves. These are the first direct observations of plasma double layers beyond near-Earth space, supporting the idea that kinetic plasma processes are active in many space plasma environments.

Evaluation of attitudes towards telemedicine as a basis for successful implementation: A cross-sectional survey among postgraduate trainees in family medicine in Germany

BACKGROUND

By comparison with other countries of the European Union Germany is only middle-ranking in terms of telemedicine usage. There is a relevant gap between the legal framework and the actual state of implementation. Healthcare providers play an important role in this implementation process as they are increasingly confronted with the application of telemedical scenarios. Therefore, the aim of this survey was to determine attitudes towards telemedicine of postgraduate trainees in Family Medicine (FM) in Germany.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and October 2016 among postgraduate trainees in FM throughout Germany. The questionnaire covered four topics: attitudes towards telemedicine, barriers for the implementation of telemedicine, assessment of useful telemedical applications and telemedicine scenarios. A descriptive approach was used to analyze the data in order to derive determinants for the implementation of telemedicine.

RESULTS

In total, 388 postgraduate trainees from 13 of the 16 federal states in Germany answered the survey. Seventy-eight percent were female. Participants' mean age was 36 years. The majority of participants believed that only a fraction of the already existing technology in telemedicine is being used (70 %). The largest perceived barrier to telemedicine was data safety concerns. More than half of the participants (54 %) believed that telemedicine would change the doctor-patient relationship. 51 % of the participants were interested in training in telemedicine. In this respect, it is important to note that 27 % of the postgraduate trainees said their willingness to practice in rural areas might be facilitated through the availability of telemedical backup for family physicians.

CONCLUSIONS

Participating trainees in FM in Germany think that the potential for telemedicine is not yet fully exploited. Based on the results of this survey the next steps to be taken for the implementation of telemedicine applications can be addressed.

The usage of over-the-counter products by private insured patients in Germany - a claims data analysis with focus on complementary medicine

Background

An important contribution to well-being of human beings can be observed by the use of self-medication products that is reflected in the constantly growing volume of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. The aim of the current study was to extend the measurement concept for OTCs by exploring the relevance of the peripheral assortment provided by the widely accepted framework of the Anatomical Therapeutical and Chemical (ATC) classification of the WHO.

Methods

The focus was on the prescriptions and drug-related receipts submitted by privately insured persons to 18 private health insurers (PHIs) in Germany from the year 2016. The age- and gender-specific average claims amount per risks of outpatient drug expenditure were used as weights to scale up the relative distributions of the item amounts. The ATC-classification defines the commodity groups and discriminates between the main and the peripheral assortment. A descriptive analysis assessed the OTC frequencies and sum scores of the product groups within the main and peripheral assortment whereby the study group explored and assessed the relevance of each category independently according to the OTCs and integrative medicines.

Results

The analysis included 22.1 Mio. packages from the main assortment and examined 10.1 Mio. packages from the peripheral assortment. The latter was examined thoroughly and the commodity groups “Pharmaceutical food products”, “Medicinal products for special therapy options” and particular “Hygiene and body care products” meet the defined requirements for OTCs relevant for integrative medicines. A high proportion of OTC products from the peripheral assortment was associated with the categories “medicinal products for special therapy options”. Homeopathy and anthroposophy present two special therapy options, which are relevant for the extended OTC measurement.

Conclusions

The analysis of OTC drugs is feasible when the main and the peripheral assortment is available and enable to integrate about 18% of all OTCs, which are neglected by the common ATC-based approach. The presented extended approach may help to identify potential users of OTCs or people in need of OTC use. In case of the highly disputed homeopathy and anthroposophy products, more research among interactions with prescriptions drugs (Rx), nutrition’s and other potentially harmful exposures is recommended.

Which procedures are performed by general internists practicing primary care in Germany? - a cross-sectional study

Background

Due to differences of residency training programs’ emphases – inpatient vs office-based – internal medicine and family medicine residents consistently reported differences in preparedness to care for common adult conditions. Study’s aim was to add knowledge about procedures that a) are performed by general internists working in primary care and b) should be learned during residency in general internists’ appraisal.

Methods

A cross-sectional postal survey was carried out by using a questionnaire that comprised 90 procedures relevant in primary care. Each procedure implied the two questions “Do you perform this procedure in your own practice?” and “How important do you think it is to learn this procedure during residency?” The final questionnaire was sent to 1002 general internists working in primary care in Germany in May 2015. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 24.0 (SPSS inc., IBM). Next to descriptive statistics subgroup analyses were performed using cross tabulation and Chi-square tests for evaluation of differences in the performance of most frequently performed procedures in urban or rural areas as well as by male or female physicians.

Results

Twenty-eight percent of sent questionnaires (276/1002) could be included in analysis. Mean age of participants was 52 years with 13 years of practice experience; 40% were female.

Twenty-nine (32%) of 90 given procedures were performed by at least half of the participants, foremost technical diagnostics, punctures, procedures of the integument and resuscitation. After Bonferroni correction, five of those procedures were performed by more male than female physicians and two procedures by more physicians working in a rural practice than physicians practicing in an urban location. Moreover, 46 (51%) procedures were assessed as important to learn during residency by at least 50% of participants.

Conclusions

General internists working in German primary care perform a narrow scope of procedures offered by primary care physicians. In order to provide best ambulatory care for patients, residency training programs must ensure training in procedures that are necessary for providing high quality care. Therefore, a consensus aligned with patients’ and health-systems’ needs on procedures required for working as a general internist in primary care is necessary.

Is patient loyalty associated with quality of care? Results of a patient survey over primary care in Switzerland

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to evaluate quality of care and to determine which aspects are associated with the willingness to recommend the general practitioner (GP) as a part of patient loyalty.

DESIGN

This was an exploratory study which collected patient data from ambulatory care in the German part of Switzerland between 2013 and 2016.

SETTING

Primary care in Switzerland.

PARTICIPANTS

Included patients from 79 primary care practices who volunteered to participate in the quality management system European Practice Assessment. Patients were afterwards asked to complete the European Task Force on Patient Evaluations of General Practice Care instrument.

INTERVENTIONS

Describing influencing factors of quality of care on recommendation of the GP from the perspective of the patients.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Patient perspective on quality of care.

RESULTS

Survey respondent rate was 81.3%. Over 69% of the respondents were willing to recommend their GP. 'Listening to you' (94.2%) and 'interest in your personal situation' (93.0%) as a part of the domain 'relationship and communication' were rated as the highest quality criteria. The lowest rate was found for 'being able to speak to the GP on the telephone' (30.0%) and 'waiting time in the waiting room' (50.6%). Patient loyalty, in terms of willingness to recommend the GP, was strongly associated with most of the items under the 'relationship and communication' section but also with having more physician's assistants in the practice.

CONCLUSIONS

The results are important for understanding patients' priorities with regard to general practice care. Patient assessment allows us to identify possible areas for quality improvement within the practice and could provide feedback.

Primary care practice assistants' attitudes towards tasking shifting and their perceptions of the challenges of task shifting - Development of a questionnaire

Shifting tasks from medical staff to non-medical staff is a common practice for promoting the efficient use of healthcare resources. The aim of this study was to develop and pilot test a questionnaire that evaluates practice assistants' attitudes towards task shifting and their perceptions of the challenges of task shifting (acronym: ACD questionnaire) and to assess the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The development and pilot testing of the questionnaire occurred from March 2016 to March 2017 and was based on guided and cognitive interviews with practice assistants. Then, an online survey was conducted throughout Germany from June to August 2017 to determine the questionnaire's psychometric properties. A factorial analysis was conducted via principal component analysis, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach's α. The questionnaire included four themes: "working conditions and job satisfaction", "confidence to execute delegated tasks", "excessive demands associated with executing delegated tasks" and "relevance of task shifting for patient care". A total of 274 practice assistants with an average age of 38.2 years participated in the online survey. Each theme included components that showed good to very good reliability (Cronbach's α 0.64-0.91). The ACD questionnaire provides a way, for the first time, to evaluate delegable tasks, including practice assistants' attitudes towards task shifting and their perceptions of the challenges generated by these tasks. The questionnaire also indicates which components of practice assistants' professional training should be intensified.

Quality of health care for refugees - a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this systematic review was to identify quality indicators (QI) developed for health care for refugees.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of international QI databases such as the Agency for Health care Research and Quality in addition to a systematic search in PubMed, Cochrane library and Web of Science, using the terms "refugee" and "quality indicator", complemented by a search in reference lists and grey literature. All papers which included QIs for refugees, especially for health care were included. In a first step all existing QIs were screened for their relevance to refugees. In a second step, all health care QIs were extracted. In a final step, these health care QIs were classified into process, structure and outcome indicators.

RESULTS

Of 474 papers, 23 were selected for a full-text review. Of these 23 publications, 6 contained 115 QIs for health and health care for refugees. The main health care topics identified were reproductive health, health care service and health status.

CONCLUSIONS

Most indicators were indicators for outcome and structure quality, the smallest group were process indicators. Within the area of refugee health care, most QIs that have been found were QIs regarding reproductive health. QI databases do not yet include indicators specifically related to refugees.

Vaccination management for elderly patients in primary care settings - documentation and responsibilities during a vaccination campaign

OBJECTIVE

The aims of the current analysis were to evaluate the vaccination status and attitudes towards vaccinations of elderly patients and to explore effects of a vaccination campaign.

METHODS

The data were raised in primary care settings by a physicians network which collected data during routine care from 697 patients and by the analysis of health insurance claims data from the Kassenärztliche Vereinigung Schleswig-Holstein (KVSH/Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians of the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany), regarding vaccinations in the participating practices before and after a vaccination campaign.

RESULTS

Vaccination documentation for tetanus (57.7%), diphtheria (55.7%) and influenza (55.8%) was available for slightly more than half of the study sample. A lower documentation rate was observed for pertussis (33.1%), pneumococcal vaccination (30.3%) and polio (26.3%). Practice assistants were more responsible for determining the vaccination status than physicians. The attitude regarding influenza and pneumococcal vaccine was positive in 72.9% and 56.9% of patients respectively. After the campaign, rates of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine utilization increased by 13.4% and 62.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Attitudes regarding vaccination were generally positive. Documentation was missing for almost half of the elderly population. The delegation of vaccine management to practice assistants could increase the immunization rate. Moreover, it can be assumed that a campaign might be helpful in increasing vaccination awareness and vaccine coverage.

Job satisfaction and stressors for working in out-of-hours care - a pilot study with general practitioners in a rural area of Germany

BACKGROUND

Challenging work environment, high workload, and increasing physician shortages characterize current rural general practice in Germany and in most European Countries. These factors extend into Out-Of-Hours Care (OOHC). However, little research about potential stressors for general practitioners (GPs) in OOHC settings is available. This pilot study aimed to evaluate workload, different elements of job satisfaction and stressors for GPs in OOHC and to analyze whether these aspects are associated with overall job satisfaction.

METHODS

Cross-sectional survey with a sample of 320 GPs who are working in OOHC was used to measure workload in OOHC, job satisfaction (using the Warr-Cook-Wall scale) and stressors with the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire. In order to assess associations between workload, job satisfaction and stressors at work we performed descriptive analyses as well as multivariable regression analyses.

RESULTS

The response rate was 40.9%. Over 80% agreed that OOHC was perceived as a stressor and 79% agreed that less OOHC improved job satisfaction. Only 42% of our sample were satisfied with their overall job satisfaction. The regression analysis showed that the modification of current OOHC organization was significantly associated with overall job satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that OOHC in the current form is a relevant stressor in daily work of rural GPs in Germany and one of the reasons for a decreasing overall job satisfaction. Strategic changes such as the implementation of structural reforms e.g. reducing frequency of OOHC duties for each GP and improving continuing professional development options related to OOHC are needed to address current workload challenges experienced by GPs providing OOHC in Germany.

Difficult medical encounters and job satisfaction - results of a cross sectional study with general practitioners in Germany

Background

In primary care 15% of patient encounters are perceived as challenging by general practitioners (GP). However it is unknown what impact these encounters have regarding job satisfaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate which encounters are perceived as challenging by German GPs and whether they were associated with job satisfaction.

Methods

A total of 1538 questionnaires were sent to GPs in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. GPs should rate 14 medical conditions and 8 traits of patients on the perceived challenge using a Likert scale (1: ‘not challenging at all’ to 10: ‘extremely challenging’). Job satisfaction was measured with the Warr–Cook–Wall job satisfaction scale. A linear regression analyses were used to explore potential associations between for the primary outcome variable ‘overall job satisfaction’.

Results

Total response was 578 (38%). GPs perceived 16% of their patients as challenging. Psychiatric disorders such as somatization disorder (mean = 7.42), schizophrenia (mean = 6.83) and anxiety disorder (mean = 6.57) were ranked as high challenging while diabetes mellitus type 2 (mean = 4.87) and high blood pressure (mean = 3.22) were ranked as a rather low challenging condition. GPs were mostly satisfied with ‘colleagues’ (mean = 5.80) and mostly dissatisfied with their ‘hours of work’ (mean = 4.20). The linear regression analysis showed no association with challenging medical conditions and traits of patients but only with different aspects of job satisfaction concerning the outcome variable ‘overall job satisfaction’.

Conclusions

Especially psychiatric conditions are perceived as challenging the question arises, in what amount psychiatric competences are gained during the postgraduate specialty training in general practice and if GPs with a mandatory rotation in psychiatry perceive these conditions as less challenging. Interestingly this study indicates that challenging encounter in terms of challenging medical conditions and traits of patients do not affect GP’s job satisfaction.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12875-018-0747-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Mobility concepts and access to health care in a rural district in Germany: a mixed methods approach

Background

Western countries are facing the challenges of an imminent shortage of physicians, especially general practitioners. As a consequence longer travel times to doctors’ practices may arise. This study aimed to investigate the mobility behavior of a rural population in terms of medical consultations.

Methods

An exploratory mixed-methods design was conducted in the Waldshut district of the federal state Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Focus groups and a single telephone-interview with representatives, occupationally affiliated with mobility in the district (e.g. representatives of public transport, nursing-services or the District Office Waldshut), were performed in 2016 and analyzed using Mayring’s structuring content analysis. A questionnaire based on the collected qualitative data was subsequently distributed to a random sample of 1000 adult inhabitants living in the Waldshut district. Quantitative data were analyzed employing descriptive statistics.

Results

Qualitatively, four focus groups and one single telephone-interview with a total of 20 participants were performed. Therein the necessity of reaching a nearby general practitioner and the importance of individual motor traffic was emphasized. Novel mobility modes of ride sharing and telemedicine were controversially discussed as future transport and consultation options, respectively.

Quantitatively, 277 questionnaires (27.7%) were valid and included in our analysis. Mean age was 51 years (SD = 18.5) and 58% (n = 160) were female. Irrespective of the mode of transport 60% (n = 166) expected to reach their general practitioner within 15 min. Using the possibility of multiple answers 47% (n = 192) stated to use a car in order to reach their general practitioner, public transport was used by 5% (n = 19). Nearly 80% (n = 220) could imagine sharing a car with well-known persons for consultations. Turning to a general practitioner via telemedicine was imaginable for 32% (n = 91).

Conclusions

Individual motor car traffic seems to be an important factor in providing accessibility to rural medical care. As a supplementation, web based ride sharing has economic and structural potential for reaching a doctor’s practice. However, familiarity and trustworthiness need to be guaranteed within this flexible transport mode. Furthermore, telemedicine may be a future approach in order to reduce travel time to a doctor’s practice.

Assessment of oral health and cost of care for a group of refugees in Germany: a cross-sectional study

Background

There is a research gap concerning the evaluation of the oral healthcare of refugees. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health of refugees and to estimate the costs of oral care.

Methods

The study was conceptualized as a pilot study. The study participants were refugees who lived either in collective living quarters or at a reception center in a region of the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The cross-sectional design was complemented by dental screening. Data were collected from August 2016 until July 2017. The basic condition of the teeth was evaluated using a convenience sample by a single dentist. The assessment of caries was carried out visually in accordance with the International Caries Detection and Assessment System from code 3 and higher. The DMF-T (decayed, (D), missing, (M), filled (F), teeth (T)) index was calculated. The costs of oral care were analyzed for conservative treatment (filling or extraction) and for prosthetic treatment (missing teeth) in the form of a bridge or crown.

Results

The dental screening was attended by 102 refugees, with a mean age of 28 years. A total of 49% of the study sample suffered from toothache, and the DMF-T index had a mean of 6.89. For 92% of the study sample, treatment was indicated, and a cost estimate of the treatment could be calculated. The average cost of conservative treatment was estimated to be 205.86 EUR, and the average cost of prosthetic treatment was estimated to be 588.0 EUR. The oral healthcare costs of the different treatment procedures were higher for refugees that presented with toothache than for those without toothache, with the exception of prosthetic treatment procedures.

Conclusions

There is a lack of population-based data that survey the oral health status of refugees. Therefore, the current study presents an initial overview regarding the oral health status and the potential costs of oral healthcare of refugees.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12903-018-0535-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Working atmosphere, job satisfaction and individual characteristics of community mental health professionals in integrated care

Working requirements of community mental healthcare professionals in integrated care are complex. There is a lack of research concerning the relation of job satisfaction, working atmosphere and individual characteristics. For the current study, a survey evaluating job satisfaction and working atmosphere of mental healthcare professionals in integrated care was performed. About 321 community mental healthcare professionals were included in the survey; the response rate was 59.5%. The professional background of community mental healthcare professionals included nursing, social work and psychology. Community mental healthcare professionals reported the highest satisfaction with colleagues and the lowest satisfaction with income. Moreover, it could be shown that more responsibility, more recognition and more variety in job tasks lead to an increase of overall job satisfaction. Healthcare for mentally ill patients in the community setting is complex and requires well-structured care with appropriate responsibilities within the team. A co-operative relationship among colleagues as well as clearly defined responsibilities seem to be the key for the job satisfaction of community mental healthcare professionals in integrated care.

Students´ perception of interprofessional education in the bachelor programme "Interprofessional Health Care" in Heidelberg, Germany: an exploratory case study

BACKGROUND

Interprofessional education is receiving increased attention worldwide. This has led to the development of a bachelor programme "Interprofessional Health Care" at the University of Heidelberg, Germany beginning in the winter semester 2011. Aim of this study was to evaluate the students' perception of this innovative programme regarding interprofessional learning.

METHODS

An exploratory case study was conducted. A semi-structured guideline was developed and seven focus groups were performed with the students of the first three cohorts in 2012-2014. Data was transcribed and analyzed using content analysis leading to main categories, one of which was titled "interprofessional learning". This article presents the results focussing on the students' experiences regarding interprofessional education and learning during their first two semesters of the programme.

RESULTS

Four main categories related to interprofessional learning were developed inductively. Students assessed "interprofessional learning" in general as positive and wished to encounter a more intense experience and collaboration with different health professions during their studies. Students reported to benefit from the programme due to a better understanding of other professions and their different perspectives. They described decreased hesitance to approach other health professions in every day practice. Results are in line with the four domains of the Interprofessional Core Competencies.

CONCLUSION

All in all students at an early stage recognized the benefit of interprofessional learning for their studies and their everyday work in practice showing the way forward for the bachelor programme and encouraging more interprofessional encounters with students from other health care programmes.

Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the EUROPEP questionnaire

BACKGROUND

The evaluation of quality of primary health care from the perspective of refugees is very underdeveloped. It depends mainly on the availability of instruments in the language of the refugees. The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and examine the psychometric properties especially the internal consistency and convergent construct validity of the Arabic version of the European Project on Patient Evaluation of General Practice Care (EUROPEP) questionnaire.

METHODS

The German version of the EUROPEP questionnaire was translated into Arabic language. In total, 619 Arabic-speaking people were invited to participate in this study. Refugees who lived in collective living quarters in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein were recruited. The EUROPEP questionnaire is a multidimensional instrument that comprises 23 items, each with a 5-point Likert-type response. Cronbach's alpha, descriptive statistics, and principal component analysis were used to assess a part of psychometric properties. Convergent construct validity was assessed with the validated questionnaire on satisfaction with ambulatory care - quality from the patient perspective (ZAP questionnaire) by using Spearman rank-order correlation test.

RESULTS

A total of 136 questionnaires of refugees were returned (response rate 22%). Of these respondents, 95 participants who had visited a general practitioner were included in the validation study. The exploratory factor analysis extracted four factors, namely, "medical care," "physician-patient relationship," "coordination of care," and "accessibility to care." The internal consistency ranged between α=0.942 for "medical care" and α=0.869 for "coordination of care." The convergent construct validity is supported by a significant positive correlation between the overall score of the EUROPEP questionnaire and the overall score of the ZAP questionnaire (r_rho=0.820; p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

The Arabic version of the EUROPEP questionnaire shows appropriate internal consistency and convergent construct validity. The availability of this instrument in Arabic language encourages further research in the field of outcome quality from refugees' perspective in other health service research projects.

At the dawn of delegation? Experiences and attitudes of general practitioners in Germany - a questionnaire survey

Background

In the future, ‘delegation’ as task shifting from general practitioners (GPs) to non-physicians will be important in primary care. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the attitudes towards the concept of task shifting and to identify predictors of a positive attitude towards task shifting from the perspective of GPs.

Methods

This cross-sectional questionnaire study analysed attitudes towards the concept of task shifting and delegated tasks from the perspective of GPs who were recruited in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein. Descriptive statistics and binary regression analyses were computed to identify potential predictors of a positive attitude towards task shifting.

Results

Out of 1538 questionnaires distributed, 577 GP questionnaires were returned (response rate: 37.5%). A total of 53.2% of the respondents were male, and 37.3% were female. A positive attitude regarding task shifting was shown by 49% of the participating GPs. The highest level of agreement (95.2%) was found for time savings with task shifting, and a lower agreement (39%) was found regarding the lack of clarity concerning the responsibilities and legal aspects with regards to task shifting. The most frequently delegated tasks were recording electrocardiograms and measuring blood glucose levels. A positive attitude towards task shifting was positively associated with higher job satisfaction and a need for qualified staff.

Conclusion

Our sample of GPs for this study was very open-minded towards the concept of task shifting. Germany is just beginning this delegation, but the implementation of task shifting depends on different aspects, such as legal requirements, adequate payment and qualified staff. Finally, there is a need for continuing professional development in primary care teams, especially for non-clinical practice staff.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12875-017-0697-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Knowledge, competencies and attitudes regarding external post-mortem physical examination: A survey among German post-graduate trainees in general practice

Background: The external post-mortem examination (EPME) is an important medical, legal and socio-economic task with far-reaching relevance; however, due to discrepancies between findings from EPMEs and actual cause of death, improvements in accuracy and quality are needed.

Objectives: To investigate knowledge, competencies and attitudes regarding EPME in general practitioner (GP) post-graduate trainees.

Methods: Before four post-graduate training courses on the EPME for general practitioner trainees, organized in 2014 in the German federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg, a questionnaire on the EPME was distributed by the lecturer, completed by the GP post-graduate trainees and returned to the lecturer. The questionnaire consisted of 19 items related to three main categories: knowledge, competencies and attitudes.

Results: Out of 380 GP post-graduate trainees, 128 completed and returned the questionnaire (response rate 33.7%). Less than 18% felt adequately confident in identifying a natural cause of death and less than 5% felt adequately confident in identifying an unnatural cause of death. Only 33% consistently fully uncover the corpse for the EPME.

Conclusion: We found an important uncertainty in GP post-graduate trainees regarding their EPME knowledge and competencies.

Job Profile of Non-Medical Practitioners: A Cross- Sectional Study from the Health Service Perspective

BACKGROUND

The demand for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is rising. The German 'Heilpraktiker' is a non-medical naturopathic practitioner (NMNP) providing CAM. Their numbers are rising constantly; however, little is known about their practices and reasons for consultation and on what kind of treatment they offer.

METHODS

All 1,096 NMNPs in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein were invited to participate in a questionnaire study to gain first insights into their nearly unexplored group setting.

RESULTS

A total of 262 NMNPs responded to the itemized questionnaire; 60 answered the questionnaire suggested for non-responders. Out of the 262 NMNPs, 211 (81%) were female. The average age was 53 years. Analyzing the most frequent reasons for consultation, 68.2% were found to be general and unspecified reasons, followed by psychological causes (64.1%) and musculoskeletal complaints (53.1%). About 68% of the participants treat conditions of pain. The most commonly used group of methods was found to comprise para-medicinal procedures.

CONCLUSIONS

Our analysis gives first insights into the occupational profile of the German NMNPs, their scope of activities and treatment methods. It is a first step towards health service research that might provide a basis for further studies.

[Job Satisfaction of Young Professionals in Health Care]

BACKGROUND

Job satisfaction in health care is currently important in view of workforce shortage in the health care area. The purpose of this study was to evaluate job satisfaction in young health professionals and to identify factors possibly influencing overall job satisfaction.

METHODS

About one year after graduating from vocational training, a total of 579 graduates from various health care professions [Nursing (N), Nursing and Geriatric Nursing; Therapy (TP), Physical therapy and Logopaedics; Diagnostics (D), Diagnostic Radiography and Biomedical Science], were invited to participate in an online-survey. Job satisfaction was assessed with the 10-item Warr-Cook-Wall (WCW) job satisfaction questionnaire. Descriptive analysis of the WCW was performed, and the impact of various factors on job satisfaction was determined by stepwise linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

In total, 189 graduates (N, n=121; TP, n=32; D, n=36) were included in data analysis (32.6% response rate). Overall job satisfaction in all young professionals was 4.9±1.6 (mean±SD) and was slightly higher in TP (5.4±1.4) compared with N (4.7±1.6) and D (5.0±1.5), respectively. Highest satisfaction was identified with "colleagues" and lowest satisfaction with "income" was identified in all professional groups. Colleagues and fellow workers showed the highest score of association regarding overall job satisfaction in regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

As a whole, our data suggest good to very good satisfaction in various WCW items of job satisfaction. "Colleagues" were shown to have a high impact on job satisfaction. To improve the attractiveness of job profiles in health care, the presented results may provide a valuable input regarding workforce shortage.

Quality management: where is the evidence? Developing an indicator-based approach in Kenya

INTRODUCTION

The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda emphasizes the importance of quality of care in the drive to achieve universal health coverage. Despite recent progress, challenges in service delivery, efficiency and resource utilization in the health sector remain.

OBJECTIVE

The Ministry of Health Department of Standards and Regulations sought to operationalize the Kenya Quality Assurance Model for Health. To this end, the European Practice Assessment (EPA) was adapted to the area of Reproductive and Maternal and Neonatal Health.

METHODS

The adaptation process made use of a ten step-modified RAND Corporation/University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Appropriateness Method. The steps included a scoping workshop, definition of five critical domains of quality in the Kenyan context ('People, Management, Clinical Care, Quality & Safety, Interface between inpatients and outpatients care'), a review of policy documents, management and clinical guidelines, grey and scientific literature to identify indicators in use in the Kenyan health system and an expert panel process to rate their feasibility and validity.

RESULTS

The resulting 278 indicators, clustered across the five domains, were broken-down into 29 dimensions and assigned measure specifications. A set of data collection tools were developed to furnish the indicators and piloted at two health facilities. They were subsequently finalized for use in 30 health facilities in 3 counties.

CONCLUSIONS

The integrative and indicator-based aspects of the EPA process could be readily adapted to facilitate the operationalization of a practical quality assurance approach in Kenya.

The FIELDS Instrument Suite for Solar Probe Plus: Measuring the Coronal Plasma and Magnetic Field, Plasma Waves and Turbulence, and Radio Signatures of Solar Transients

NASA's Solar Probe Plus (SPP) mission will make the first in situ measurements of the solar corona and the birthplace of the solar wind. The FIELDS instrument suite on SPP will make direct measurements of electric and magnetic fields, the properties of in situ plasma waves, electron density and temperature profiles, and interplanetary radio emissions, amongst other things. Here, we describe the scientific objectives targeted by the SPP/FIELDS instrument, the instrument design itself, and the instrument concept of operations and planned data products.

Anchoring interprofessional education in undergraduate curricula: The Heidelberg story

The ability of health professionals to collaborate effectively has significant potential impact on patient safety and quality-care outcomes, especially given the increasingly complex and dynamic clinical practice environments of today. Educators of the health professions are faced with an immediate challenge to adapt curricula and traditional teaching methods to ensure graduates are equipped with the necessary interprofessional competencies and (inter)professional values for their future practice. The World Health Organization's "Framework for action in interprofessional education (IPE) and collaborative practice" promotes IPE as a key strategy to enhance patient outcomes by preparing a "collaborative practice-ready health workforce." Logistical and attitudinal barriers can hinder integration of IPE into curricula. Lessons learned through the implementation of a planned change to establish four interprofessional seminars (team communication, medical error communication, healthcare English, and small business management) at Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Germany, are described. A key factor in successfully anchoring IPE seminars in the undergraduate curricula was the structured approach drawing on change management concepts.

Job satisfaction of primary care physicians in Switzerland: an observational study

BACKGROUND

Job satisfaction of physicians is an important issue for performance of a health care system. The aim of the study was to evaluate the job satisfaction of primary care physicians in Switzerland and to explore associations between overall job satisfaction, individual characteristics and satisfaction with aspects of work within the practice separated by gender.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was based on a job satisfaction survey. Data were collected from 176 primary care physicians working in 91 primary care practices. Job satisfaction was measured with the 10-item Warr-Cook-Wall job satisfaction scale. Stepwise linear regression analysis was performed for physicians separated by gender.

RESULTS

The response rate was 92.6%. Primary care physicians reported the highest level of satisfaction with 'freedom of working method' (mean = 6.45) and the lowest satisfaction for 'hours of work' (mean = 5.38) and 'income' (mean = 5.49). Moreover, some aspects of job satisfaction were rated higher by female physicians than male physicians. Within the stepwise regression analysis, the aspect 'opportunity to use abilities' (β = 0.644) showed the highest association to overall job satisfaction for male physicians while for female physicians it was income (β = 0.733).

CONCLUSIONS

The presented results contribute to an understanding of factors that influence levels of satisfaction of female and male physicians. Therefore, research and intervention about job satisfaction should consider gender as well as the stereotypes that come along with these social roles.

Structures and processes necessary for providing effective home treatment to severely mentally ill persons: a naturalistic study

BACKGROUND

Home treatment for severely mentally ill persons is becoming increasingly popular. This research aims to identify structures and processes in home treatment that impact on patient-related outcomes.

METHODS

We analysed 17 networks that provide home treatment to severely mentally ill persons using a naturalistic approach. The networks were similar with regard to central components of home treatment such as case management, 24 h crisis hotline and home visits, but differed in all other aspects such as the multidisciplinary teams, time spent with patients, etc. To determine treatment outcome, patients' psychosocial functioning was measured using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). Structures and processes were assessed using claims data and questionnaires answered by the different networks. Primary outcome was highlighted by the change in HoNOS scores from the start of home treatment compared with 6 months later. We sought to explain this outcome through patient and network characteristics using regression analysis. Data on 3,567 patients was available.

RESULTS

On average, psychosocial functioning improved by 0.84 across networks between t0 and t1. There were more similarities than differences between the networks with regard to the structures and processes that we tested. A univariate regression analysis found staff's prior experience in mental health care and the effort that they invested in their work correlated positively with patient outcome. This needs to be interpreted under considering that univariate analysis does not show causal relationship. A high case load per case manager, increased and longer patient contact and more family intervention were correlated with worse patient outcome, probably indicating that sicker patients receive more care and intervention.

CONCLUSION

Home treatment networks succeed in delivering care tailored to the needs of patients. In order to improve the quality of care in home treatment, this study suggests employing experienced staff who is ready to invest more effort in their patients. Further research needs to consider a longer follow-up time.

[Procedures Performed in General Practice - a Cross-sectional Study]

OBJECTIVE

General practice offers basic medical care to patients. Therefore, general practitioners (GPs) perform a variety of medical procedures. In order to estimate GPs array of services from the perspective of health services research, it is indispensable to know the procedures that are carried out by GPs and identify relevant influencing factors.

METHODS

Based on the results of a selective literature search, the Medical Association's regulations on specialty training and experiences gained so far in developing the competence-based curriculum for general practice, a questionnaire covering 89 procedures was developed and sent to 1 576 general practitioners all over Germany.

RESULTS

The response rate was 42%; 42 of 89 procedures were carried out by at least 50% of the participants. These procedures include the anatomical areas skin, eyes, ears, nose, gastrointestinal tract, urological tract and musculoskeletal system. Significant differences were shown in 25 of the most frequent procedures regarding practices in urban and rural areas, in 9 procedures with regard to the participant's length of occupation in general practice and in 19 procedures regarding male and female participants.

CONCLUSION

This is the first survey that shows which procedures are performed by German GPs and how often they are performed. Factors such as practice location in either rural or urban area, physician's gender and years practiced as GP have been identified as important influences on the spectrum of services provided.