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Michailidis E, Huber AD, Ryan EM, Ong YT, Leslie MD, Matzek KB, Singh K, Marchand B, Hagedorn AN, Kirby KA, Rohan LC, Kodama EN, Mitsuya H, Parniak MA, Sarafianos SG. 4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with multiple mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24533-48. [PMID: 24970894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.562694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) is a nucleoside analog that, unlike approved anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, has a 3'-OH and exhibits remarkable potency against wild-type and drug-resistant HIVs. EFdA triphosphate (EFdA-TP) is unique among nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors because it inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) with multiple mechanisms. (a) EFdA-TP can block RT as a translocation-defective RT inhibitor that dramatically slows DNA synthesis, acting as a de facto immediate chain terminator. Although non-translocated EFdA-MP-terminated primers can be unblocked, they can be efficiently converted back to the EFdA-MP-terminated form. (b) EFdA-TP can function as a delayed chain terminator, allowing incorporation of an additional dNTP before blocking DNA synthesis. In such cases, EFdA-MP-terminated primers are protected from excision. (c) EFdA-MP can be efficiently misincorporated by RT, leading to mismatched primers that are extremely hard to extend and are also protected from excision. The context of template sequence defines the relative contribution of each mechanism and affects the affinity of EFdA-MP for potential incorporation sites, explaining in part the lack of antagonism between EFdA and tenofovir. Changes in the type of nucleotide before EFdA-MP incorporation can alter its mechanism of inhibition from delayed chain terminator to immediate chain terminator. The versatility of EFdA in inhibiting HIV replication by multiple mechanisms may explain why resistance to EFdA is more difficult to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Michailidis
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Andrew D Huber
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology and
| | - Emily M Ryan
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Yee T Ong
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Maxwell D Leslie
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kayla B Matzek
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Bruno Marchand
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Ariel N Hagedorn
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Karen A Kirby
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Eiichi N Kodama
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan, Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV/AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Michael A Parniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211,
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Singh K, Marchand B, Rai DK, Sharma B, Michailidis E, Ryan EM, Matzek KB, Leslie MD, Hagedorn AN, Li Z, Norden PR, Hachiya A, Parniak MA, Xu HT, Wainberg MA, Sarafianos SG. Biochemical mechanism of HIV-1 resistance to rilpivirine. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38110-23. [PMID: 22955279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.398180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rilpivirine (RPV) is a second generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NNRTI) that efficiently inhibits HIV-1 resistant to first generation NNRTIs. Virological failure during therapy with RPV and emtricitabine is associated with the appearance of E138K and M184I mutations in RT. Here we investigate the biochemical mechanism of RT inhibition and resistance to RPV. We used two transient kinetics approaches (quench-flow and stopped-flow) to determine how subunit-specific mutations in RT p66 or p51 affect association and dissociation of RPV to RT as well as their impact on binding of dNTP and DNA and the catalytic incorporation of nucleotide. We compared WT with four subunit-specific RT mutants, p66(M184I)/p51(WT), p66(E138K)/p51(E138K), p66(E138K/M184I)/p51(E138K), and p66(M184I)/p51(E138K). Ile-184 in p66 (p66(184I)) decreased the catalytic efficiency of RT (k(pol)/K(d)(.dNTP)), primarily through a decrease in dNTP binding (K(d)(.dNTP)). Lys-138 either in both subunits or in p51 alone abrogated the negative effect of p66(184I) by restoring dNTP binding. Furthermore, p51(138K) reduced RPV susceptibility by altering the ratio of RPV dissociation to RPV association, resulting in a net reduction in RPV equilibrium binding affinity (K(d)(.RPV) = k(off.RPV)/k(on.RPV)). Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics hybrid molecular modeling revealed that p51(E138K) affects access to the RPV binding site by disrupting the salt bridge between p51(E138) and p66(K101). p66(184I) caused repositioning of the Tyr-183 active site residue and decreased the efficiency of RT, whereas the addition of p51(138K) restored Tyr-183 to a WT-like conformation, thus abrogating the Ile-184-induced functional defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalendra Singh
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Durk RC, Singh K, Cornelison CA, Rai DK, Matzek KB, Leslie MD, Schafer E, Marchand B, Adedeji A, Michailidis E, Dorst CA, Moran J, Pautler C, Rodriguez LL, McIntosh MA, Rieder E, Sarafianos SG. Inhibitors of foot and mouth disease virus targeting a novel pocket of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15049. [PMID: 21203539 PMCID: PMC3006429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus that infects cloven-hoofed animals and leads to severe losses in livestock production. In the case of an FMD outbreak, emergency vaccination requires at least 7 days to trigger an effective immune response. There are currently no approved inhibitors for the treatment or prevention of FMDV infections. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a luciferase-based assay we screened a library of compounds and identified seven novel inhibitors of 3Dpol, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of FMDV. The compounds inhibited specifically 3Dpol (IC50s from 2-17 µM) and not other viral or bacterial polymerases. Enzyme kinetic studies on the inhibition mechanism by compounds 5D9 and 7F8 showed that they are non-competitive inhibitors with respect to NTP and nucleic acid substrates. Molecular modeling and docking studies into the 3Dpol structure revealed an inhibitor binding pocket proximal to, but distinct from the 3Dpol catalytic site. Residues surrounding this pocket are conserved among all 60 FMDV subtypes. Site directed mutagenesis of two residues located at either side of the pocket caused distinct resistance to the compounds, demonstrating that they indeed bind at this site. Several compounds inhibited viral replication with 5D9 suppressing virus production in FMDV-infected cells with EC50 = 12 µM and EC90 = 20 µM). Significance We identified several non-competitive inhibitors of FMDV 3Dpol that target a novel binding pocket, which can be used for future structure-based drug design studies. Such studies can lead to the discovery of even more potent antivirals that could provide alternative or supplementary options to contain future outbreaks of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Durk
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ceili A. Cornelison
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Devendra K. Rai
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kayla B. Matzek
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maxwell D. Leslie
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Schafer
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruno Marchand
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Adeyemi Adedeji
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Dorst
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Moran
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christie Pautler
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark A. McIntosh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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