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Filgueira CS, Nicolov E, Hood RL, Ballerini A, Garcia-Huidobro J, Lin JZ, Fraga D, Webb P, Sabek OM, Gaber AO, Phillips KJ, Grattoni A. Sustained zero-order delivery of GC-1 from a nanochannel membrane device alleviates metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1776-1783. [PMID: 27460601 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess the sustained, low-dose and constant administration of the thyroid receptor-β (TRβ)-selective agonist GC-1 (sobetirome) from a novel nanochannel membrane device (NMD) for drug delivery. As it known to speed up metabolism, accomplish weight loss, improve cholesterol levels and possess anti-diabetic effects, GC-1 was steadily administered by our NMD, consisting of an implantable nanochannel membrane, as an alternative to conventional daily administration, which is subject to compliance issues in clinical settings. SUBJECTS/METHODS Diet-induced obese C57BL/J6 male mice were fed a very high-fat diet (VHFD) and received NMD implants subcutaneously. Ten mice per group received capsules containing GC-1 or phosphate-buffered saline (control). Weight, lean and fat mass, as well as cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and glucose, were monitored for 24 days. After treatment, plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine were compared. mRNA levels of a panel of thermogenic markers were examined using real-time PCR in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Adipose tissue, liver and local inflammatory response to the implant were examined histologically. Pancreatic islet number and β-cell area were assessed. RESULTS GC-1 released from the NMD reversed VHFD-induced obesity and normalized serum cholesterol and glycemia. Significant reductions in body weight and fat mass were observed within 10 days, whereas reductions in serum cholesterol and glucose levels were seen within 7 days. The significant decrease in TSH was consistent with TRβ selectivity for GC-1. Levels of transcript for Ucp1 and thermogenic genes PGC1a, Cidea, Dio2 and Cox5a showed significant upregulation in WAT in NMD-GC-1-treated mice, but decreased in BAT. Although mice treated by NMD-GC-1 showed a similar number of pancreatic islets, they exhibited significant increase in β-cell area. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the NMD implant achieves steady administration of GC-1, offering an effective and tightly controlled molecular delivery system for treatment of obesity and metabolic disease, thereby addressing compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Filgueira
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Nicolov
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R L Hood
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Ballerini
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - J Garcia-Huidobro
- Deparment of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Z Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Fraga
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Webb
- Genomic Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - O M Sabek
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - A O Gaber
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - K J Phillips
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Grattoni
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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Gregory SG, Sekhon M, Schein J, Zhao S, Osoegawa K, Scott CE, Evans RS, Burridge PW, Cox TV, Fox CA, Hutton RD, Mullenger IR, Phillips KJ, Smith J, Stalker J, Threadgold GJ, Birney E, Wylie K, Chinwalla A, Wallis J, Hillier L, Carter J, Gaige T, Jaeger S, Kremitzki C, Layman D, Maas J, McGrane R, Mead K, Walker R, Jones S, Smith M, Asano J, Bosdet I, Chan S, Chittaranjan S, Chiu R, Fjell C, Fuhrmann D, Girn N, Gray C, Guin R, Hsiao L, Krzywinski M, Kutsche R, Lee SS, Mathewson C, McLeavy C, Messervier S, Ness S, Pandoh P, Prabhu AL, Saeedi P, Smailus D, Spence L, Stott J, Taylor S, Terpstra W, Tsai M, Vardy J, Wye N, Yang G, Shatsman S, Ayodeji B, Geer K, Tsegaye G, Shvartsbeyn A, Gebregeorgis E, Krol M, Russell D, Overton L, Malek JA, Holmes M, Heaney M, Shetty J, Feldblyum T, Nierman WC, Catanese JJ, Hubbard T, Waterston RH, Rogers J, de Jong PJ, Fraser CM, Marra M, McPherson JD, Bentley DR. A physical map of the mouse genome. Nature 2002; 418:743-50. [PMID: 12181558 DOI: 10.1038/nature00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A physical map of a genome is an essential guide for navigation, allowing the location of any gene or other landmark in the chromosomal DNA. We have constructed a physical map of the mouse genome that contains 296 contigs of overlapping bacterial clones and 16,992 unique markers. The mouse contigs were aligned to the human genome sequence on the basis of 51,486 homology matches, thus enabling use of the conserved synteny (correspondence between chromosome blocks) of the two genomes to accelerate construction of the mouse map. The map provides a framework for assembly of whole-genome shotgun sequence data, and a tile path of clones for generation of the reference sequence. Definition of the human-mouse alignment at this level of resolution enables identification of a mouse clone that corresponds to almost any position in the human genome. The human sequence may be used to facilitate construction of other mammalian genome maps using the same strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Gregory
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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Bentley DR, Deloukas P, Dunham A, French L, Gregory SG, Humphray SJ, Mungall AJ, Ross MT, Carter NP, Dunham I, Scott CE, Ashcroft KJ, Atkinson AL, Aubin K, Beare DM, Bethel G, Brady N, Brook JC, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Burrows C, Butler AP, Carder C, Catanese JJ, Clee CM, Clegg SM, Cobley V, Coffey AJ, Cole CG, Collins JE, Conquer JS, Cooper RA, Culley KM, Dawson E, Dearden FL, Durbin RM, de Jong PJ, Dhami PD, Earthrowl ME, Edwards CA, Evans RS, Gillson CJ, Ghori J, Green L, Gwilliam R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harper GL, Heathcott RW, Holden JL, Holloway E, Hopkins BL, Howard PJ, Howell GR, Huckle EJ, Hughes J, Hunt PJ, Hunt SE, Izmajlowicz M, Jones CA, Joseph SS, Laird G, Langford CF, Lehvaslaiho MH, Leversha MA, McCann OT, McDonald LM, McDowall J, Maslen GL, Mistry D, Moschonas NK, Neocleous V, Pearson DM, Phillips KJ, Porter KM, Prathalingam SR, Ramsey YH, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Rogers J, Rogers LJ, Sarafidou T, Scott DJ, Sharp GJ, Shaw-Smith CJ, Smink LJ, Soderlund C, Sotheran EC, Steingruber HE, Sulston JE, Taylor A, Taylor RG, Thorpe AA, Tinsley E, Warry GL, Whittaker A, Whittaker P, Williams SH, Wilmer TE, Wooster R, Wright CL. The physical maps for sequencing human chromosomes 1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20 and X. Nature 2001; 409:942-3. [PMID: 11237015 DOI: 10.1038/35057165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We constructed maps for eight chromosomes (1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20, X and (previously) 22), representing one-third of the genome, by building landmark maps, isolating bacterial clones and assembling contigs. By this approach, we could establish the long-range organization of the maps early in the project, and all contig extension, gap closure and problem-solving was simplified by containment within local regions. The maps currently represent more than 94% of the euchromatic (gene-containing) regions of these chromosomes in 176 contigs, and contain 96% of the chromosome-specific markers in the human gene map. By measuring the remaining gaps, we can assess chromosome length and coverage in sequenced clones.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Contig Mapping
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- X Chromosome
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Dávila-Román VG, Phillips KJ, Daily BB, Dávila RM, Kouchoukos NT, Barzilai B. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography and epiaortic ultrasound for assessment of atherosclerosis of the thoracic aorta. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28:942-7. [PMID: 8837572 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(96)00263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine the role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and epiaortic ultrasound in the detection of atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta is a major risk factor for perioperative stroke and systemic embolism in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS Forty-four patients underwent prospective evaluation of the ascending aorta with two ultrasound techniques-epiaortic ultrasound and biplane TEE-and by palpation. The severity of atherosclerosis was graded on a four-point scale as normal, mild, moderate or severe. RESULTS A comparison of results with biplane TEE and those with epiaortic ultrasound yielded a kappa value of 0.12 (95% confidence interval 0 to 0.25), indicating poor correlation between the two. Compared with epiaortic ultrasound, biplane TEE significantly underestimated the severity of ascending aortic atherosclerosis, and this underestimation was more marked in the distal ascending aorta (p < 0.0001). When compared with epiaortic ultrasound and biplane TEE, palpation of the ascending aorta significantly underestimated the presence and severity of atherosclerosis (p < 0.0001 for both). CONCLUSIONS Epiaortic ultrasound is more accurate than TEE for identification of atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta, but both ultrasound techniques are superior to palpation. Epiaortic ultrasound and TEE provide complementary information regarding thoracic aortic atherosclerosis. Modification of surgical technique on the basis of results of intraoperative epiaortic ultrasound and TEE in elderly patients undergoing cardiac procedures may prevent atheroembolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Dávila-Román
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Abstract
Two patients with new mitral valve bioprostheses required implantation of Bio-Medicus centrifugal pumps (Bio-Medicus, Minneapolis, MN) for circulatory support and had evidence of prosthetic valve thrombosis 1 and 4 days later. Both patients died of thromboembolic complications despite surgical removal of the thrombus. Thrombosis is a rare early complication of bioprosthetic valves and in these cases was probably related to low transvalvular flow due to the use of circulatory assist devices. We discuss possible strategies for avoiding and managing this catastrophic complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Hagley
- Division of Cardiology, Jewish Hospital at Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Phillips KJ, Young MR, Singh S. Intensity correlation functions of the laser with multiplicative white noise. Phys Rev A 1991; 44:3239-3249. [PMID: 9906325 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Snyder HW, Phillips KJ, Hardy WD, Zuckerman EE, Essex M, Sliski AH, Rhim J. Isolation and characterization of proteins carrying the feline oncornavirus-associated cell-membrane antigen. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1980; 44 Pt 2,:787-99. [PMID: 6253213 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1980.044.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Addition of bovine insulin to thymocytes from adrenalectomized rats resulted in stimulation of [U-14C]glucose conversion to 14CO2. A significant enhancement of 14CO2 formation by insulin occurred by 30 min of incubation, and was consistently observed at an insulin concentration of 10(-8) M. The response to insulin was similar at 0.55 and 1.1 mM glucose, and was obtained at three cell concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 X 10(8) cells/ml). The incorporation of [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material was significantly increased by 10(-6) and 10(-8) M insulin. Cycloheximide, at a level of 2.5 X 10(-5) M, suppressed [3H]leucine incorporation by 93% and inhibited the stimulation of 14CO2 formation by insulin. We conclude that insulin can enhance the formation of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glucose by thymocytes in vitro, and that this response may require the synthesis of one or more proteins.
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