Activation of Strigolactone Biosynthesis by the DWARF14-LIKE/KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE2 Pathway in Mycorrhizal Angiosperms, but Not in Arabidopsis, a Non-mycorrhizal Plant

Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones that regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. SLs also improve symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere. Recent studies have shown that the DWARF14-LIKE (D14L)/KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) family, paralogs of the SL receptor D14, are required for AMF colonization in several flowering plants, including rice. In this study, we found that (-)-GR5, a 2'S-configured enantiomer of a synthetic SL analog (+)-GR5, significantly activated SL biosynthesis in rice roots via D14L. This result is consistent with a recent report, showing that the D14L pathway positively regulates SL biosynthesis in rice. In fact, the SL levels tended to be lower in the roots of the d14l mutant under both inorganic nutrient-deficient and -sufficient conditions. We also show that the increase in SL levels by (-)-GR5 was observed in other mycorrhizal plant species. In contrast, the KAI2 pathway did not upregulate the SL level and the expression of SL biosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis, a non-mycorrhizal plant. We also examined whether the KAI2 pathway enhances SL biosynthesis in the liverwort Marchantia paleacea, where SL functions as a rhizosphere signaling molecule for AMF. However, the SL level and SL biosynthetic genes were not positively regulated by the KAI2 pathway. These results imply that the activation of SL biosynthesis by the D14L/KAI2 pathway has been evolutionarily acquired after the divergence of bryophytes to efficiently promote symbiosis with AMF, although we cannot exclude the possibility that liverworts have specifically lost this regulatory system.

The D14 and KAI2 Orthologs of Gymnosperms Sense Strigolactones and KL Mimics, Respectively, and the Signals Are Transduced to Control Downstream Genes

Strigolactones (SLs), lactone-containing carotenoid derivatives, function as signaling molecules in the rhizosphere, inducing symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal. In addition, as a class of plant hormones, SLs control plant growth and development in flowering plants (angiosperms). Recent studies show that the ancestral function of SLs, which precede terrestrialization of plants, is as rhizosphere signaling molecules. SLs were then recruited as a class of plant hormones through the step-by-step acquisition of signaling components. The D14 gene encoding the SL receptor arose by gene duplication of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), the receptor of karrikins and KAI2 ligand (KL), an unknown ligand, in the common ancestor of seed plants. KL signaling targets SMAX1, a repressor protein. On the other hand, the SL signaling targets SMXL78 subclade repressors, which arose by duplication of SMAX1 in angiosperms. Thus, gymnosperms contain the SL receptor D14 but not SMXL78, the SL signaling-specific repressor proteins. We studied two gymnosperm species, ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) and Japanese umbrella pine (Sciadopitys verticillata), to clarify whether SLs are perceived and the signals are transduced in gymnosperms. We show that D14 and KAI2 of ginkgo and Japanese umbrella pine specifically perceive an SL analog and KL mimic, respectively. Furthermore, our results suggest that both SL signaling and KL signaling target SMAX1, and the specific localization of the receptor may result in the specificity of the signaling in gymnosperms.

DIENELACTONE HYDROLASE LIKE PROTEIN1 negatively regulates the KAI2-ligand pathway in Marchantia polymorpha

Karrikins are smoke-derived butenolides that induce seed germination and photomorphogenesis in a wide range of plants.1,2,3 KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), a paralog of a strigolactone receptor, perceives karrikins or their metabolized products in Arabidopsis thaliana.4,5,6,7 Furthermore, KAI2 is thought to perceive an unidentified plant hormone, called KAI2 ligand (KL).8,9 KL signal is transduced via the interaction between KAI2, MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2), and SUPPRESSOR of MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 1 LIKE family proteins (SMXLs), followed by the degradation of SMXLs.4,7,10,11,12,13,14 This signaling pathway is conserved both in A. thaliana and the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha.14 Although the KL signaling pathway is well characterized, the KL metabolism pathways remain poorly understood. Here, we show that DIENELACTONE HYDROLASE LIKE PROTEIN1 (DLP1) is a negative regulator of the KL pathway in M. polymorpha. The KL signal induces DLP1 expression. DLP1 overexpression lines phenocopied the Mpkai2a and Mpmax2 mutants, while dlp1 mutants phenocopied the Mpsmxl mutants. Mutations in the KL signaling genes largely suppressed these phenotypes, indicating that DLP1 acts upstream of the KL signaling pathway, although DLP1 also has KL pathway-independent functions. DLP1 exhibited enzymatic activity toward a potential substrate, suggesting the possibility that DLP1 works through KL inactivation. Investigation of DLP1 homologs in A. thaliana revealed that they do not play a major role in the KL pathway, suggesting different mechanisms for the KL signal regulation. Our findings provide new insights into the regulation of the KL signal in M. polymorpha and the evolution of the KL pathway in land plants.

Control of vegetative reproduction in Marchantiapolymorpha by the KAI2-ligand signaling pathway

In vegetative reproduction of Marchantia polymorpha (M. polymorpha), propagules, called gemmae, are formed in gemma cups. Despite its significance for survival, control of gemma and gemma cup formation by environmental cues is not well understood. We show here that the number of gemmae formed in a gemma cup is a genetic trait. Gemma formation starts from the central region of the floor of the gemma cup, proceeds to the periphery, and terminates when the appropriate number of gemmae is initiated. The MpKARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (MpKAI2)-dependent signaling pathway promotes gemma cup formation and gemma initiation. The number of gemmae in a cup is controlled by modulating the ON/OFF switch of the KAI2-dependent signaling. Termination of the signaling results in the accumulation of MpSMXL, a suppressor protein. In the Mpsmxl mutants, gemma initiation continues, leading to the formation of a highly increased number of gemmae in a cup. Consistent with its function, the MpKAI2-dependent signaling pathway is active in gemma cups where gemmae initiate, as well as in the notch region of the mature gemma and midrib of the ventral side of the thallus. In this work, we also show that GEMMA CUP-ASSOCIATED MYB1 works downstream of this signaling pathway to promote gemma cup formation and gemma initiation. We also found that the availability of potassium affects gemma cup formation independently from the KAI2-dependent signaling pathway in M. polymorpha. We propose that the KAI2-dependent signaling pathway functions to optimize vegetative reproduction by adapting to the environment in M. polymorpha.

Haptic feedback intervention decreases the spatial margin when older adults walk through a narrow space

BACKGROUND

The ability to avoid obstacles efficiently and safely is important for older adults to prevent injuries from tripping and falling. It is important to find an optimal spatial margin between the body and an obstacle considering both safety and efficiency. One side of finding the optimal margin is to decrease the margin in terms of motor efficiency. In this study, we tested whether fingertip-contact intervention to obtain haptic feedback information to perceive the relationship between body and the environment could immediately improve spatial perception and collision avoidance behavior (an instantaneous effect).

METHODS

Twenty-seven older adults (12 males and 15 females) participated in the experiment. In the intervention of the fingertip-contact group, they lightly touched the edge of a door with both fingertips while walking. The test task before and after the intervention involved grasping a horizontal bar and passing through a narrow opening. As dependent variables, we measured the spatial margin and the collision rate.

RESULTS

The fingertip-contact group showed a significant decrease in the spatial margin after the intervention. On the other hand, there was no significant improvement in the collision rate after the intervention but rather a decrease only in the control group.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained in this study indicate that touching obstacles with the fingertips had an instantaneous effect, leading to efficient movement learning, although a possible side effect of an increased collision rated was also found. The proposed intervention might promote an efficiency-based strategy due to learning the spatial relationship between the body and the environment, and it may suppress the excessive avoidance of older adults.

Diversity in the characteristics of spontaneous ruptured aortic plaques

Background

Spontaneous ruptured aortic plaques (SRAPs) act as emboli for systemic organs because SRAPs might contain CCs which cause inflammation besides mechanical obstruction. The purpose of the study is to clarify the difference of the characteristics of representative SRAPs, puff rupture and puff-chandelier rupture sampled by non-obstructive general angioscopy. (NOGA)

Methods

A total of 177 puff-chandelier ruptures which blown out spontaneously and glittered against the light of the angioscopic fiber and 105 puff ruptures which did not glitter were sampled by NOGA in patients having or suspected coronary artery disease. Sampled plaques were analyzed two kinds of methods, conventional Hematoxylin-eosin stain and methods without solvents. Samples were diagnosed if the component of atheroma was detected with either method. The percentage of content of CCs, the number of CCs, the longer and shorter diameters were compared between blood sampled from puff and puff-chandelier rupture.

Results

Samples were diagnosed as atheroma 56% of puff-chandelier rupture and 27% of puff- rupture. (p<0.0001) Higher number of CCs was included in puff-chandelier rupture than in puff-rupture. (12,955 [3,977, 25,795] vs. 3,182 [909, 7,273]) The longer and shorter diameters of plaque components of puff rupture were smaller than those of puff-chandelier rupture. (p=0.0259 and p=0.0286, respectively.) CCs were tended to be included puff-chandelier rupture than puff-rupture. (53% vs. 16%, respectively; p<0.0001) Visible debris was obtained only 13% of puff rupture and 26% of puff-chandelier rupture.

Conclusions

Diversity of SRAPs were shown as that puff rupture had less CCs and more fibrin than puff-chandelier rupture, suggesting that potentially less inflammation and more fibrinolytic.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

An ancestral function of strigolactones as symbiotic rhizosphere signals

In flowering plants, strigolactones (SLs) have dual functions as hormones that regulate growth and development, and as rhizosphere signaling molecules that induce symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Here, we report the identification of bryosymbiol (BSB), an SL from the bryophyte Marchantia paleacea. BSB is also found in vascular plants, indicating its origin in the common ancestor of land plants. BSB synthesis is enhanced at AM symbiosis permissive conditions and BSB deficient mutants are impaired in AM symbiosis. In contrast, the absence of BSB synthesis has little effect on the growth and gene expression. We show that the introduction of the SL receptor of Arabidopsis renders M. paleacea cells BSB-responsive. These results suggest that BSB is not perceived by M. paleacea cells due to the lack of cognate SL receptors. We propose that SLs originated as AM symbiosis-inducing rhizosphere signaling molecules and were later recruited as plant hormone.

An ancestral function of strigolactones as symbiotic rhizosphere signals

In flowering plants, strigolactones (SLs) have dual functions as hormones that regulate growth and development, and as rhizosphere signaling molecules that induce symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Here, we report the identification of bryosymbiol (BSB), an SL from the bryophyte Marchantia paleacea. BSB is also found in vascular plants, indicating its origin in the common ancestor of land plants. BSB synthesis is enhanced at AM symbiosis permissive conditions and BSB deficient mutants are impaired in AM symbiosis. In contrast, the absence of BSB synthesis has little effect on the growth and gene expression. We show that the introduction of the SL receptor of Arabidopsis renders M. paleacea cells BSB-responsive. These results suggest that BSB is not perceived by M. paleacea cells due to the lack of cognate SL receptors. We propose that SLs originated as AM symbiosis-inducing rhizosphere signaling molecules and were later recruited as plant hormone.

Strigolactones (SLs) regulate angiosperm development and promote symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizae. Here the authors show that bryosymbiol, an SL present in bryophytes and angiosperms, promotes AM symbiosis in Marchantia paleacea suggesting an ancestral function of SLs as rhizosphere signals.

Percutaneous coronary intervention on combined VA-ECMO and IMPELLA (ECPELLA) support may reduce myocardial damage in cardiogenic shock patients with STEMI who required mechanical circulatory support

Background

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is an effective therapeutic modality for patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) including STEMI. The VA-ECMO maintains end-organ perfusion, however, it significantly increases damaged left ventricular (LV) afterload. Combined treatment of VA-ECMO and a micro-axial Impella pump, ECPELLA, simultaneously provides systemic circulatory support and LV loading reduction (LV unloading). Studies in ischemic animal models displayed that LV unloading reduced myocardial size. However, it remains unknown whether LV unloading effect by ECPELLA during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can reduce myocardial damage in human STEMI patients with severe cardiogenic shock.

Purpose

This study was to assess whether PCI on ECPELLA support can reduce myocardial damage in STEMI patients with severe cardiogenic shock.

Methods

Sixteen consecutive patients with STEMI and lethal CS (SCAI stage E) were enrolled. All patients suffered from cardiac arrest. Fifteen patients (94%) underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation using VA-ECMO. From October 2018 to November 2019, PCI was carried out on VA-ECMO support and the mechanical circulatory support (MCS) modality during PCI was switched to ECPELLA since December 2019. There were 8 patients who underwent PCI on ECPELLA support (ECPELLA-PCI) and 8 patients who underwent PCI on single VA-ECMO support (ECMO-PCI). All patients in ECMO-PCI group were escalated to ECPELLA after PCI. Therefore, the difference between groups was timing of LV unloading, i.e., pre-PCI or post-PCI condition. We assessed total MCS flow during PCI, and peak and time course changes in CK-MB levels from days 0 to 3.

Results

There were no significant differences in age, rate of male sex, body surface area, shockable rhythm, serum lactate levels, and door to MCS time. Patients in ECPELLA-PCI had significantly longer door to recanalization time (73min in ECPELLA vs. 49min in VA-ECMO, p<0.05), and higher total MCS flow during PCI (3.1 L/min/sqM vs. 2.0 L/min/sqM, p<0.05). Peak and the area under the curves (AUC) from day 0 to day 3 of CK-MB in ECPELLA-PCI were significantly lower than ECMO-PCI group (peak CK-MB 120 vs. 524 IU/L and CK-MB AUC 143 vs. 464 IU/L*Day, respectively, p<0.05). While all patients received red blood cell (RBC) and plasma (PL) transfusions, ECPELLA-PCI required larger amount of RBC and PL transfusions (p<0.05).

Conclusion

The ECPELLA-PCI appeared to reduce myocardial damage shown by peak and AUC of CK-MB levels. Lager amount of blood transfusion is a major drawback of this treatment modality. Further studies are necessary whether ECPELLA-PCI is an effective revascularization approach for myocardial damage reduction with favorable mid- and long-term outcome in patients with STEMI with severe cardiogenic shock.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Total MCS FLow and Ttoal MCS flow indexPeak CK-MB and CK-MB AUC

OPERA tau neutrino charged current interactions

The OPERA experiment was designed to discover the vτ appearance in a vμ beam, due to neutrino oscillations. The detector, located in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory, consisted of a nuclear photographic emulsion/lead target with a mass of about 1.25 kt, complemented by electronic detectors. It was exposed from 2008 to 2012 to the CNGS beam: an almost pure vμ beam with a baseline of 730 km, collecting a total of 1.8·1020 protons on target. The OPERA Collaboration eventually assessed the discovery of vμ→vτ oscillations with a statistical significance of 6.1 σ by observing ten vτ CC interaction candidates. These events have been published on the Open Data Portal at CERN. This paper provides a detailed description of the vτ data sample to make it usable by the whole community.

Lipid exchanges drove the evolution of mutualism during plant terrestrialization

Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves plant nutrition in most land plants, and its contribution to the colonization of land by plants has been hypothesized. Here, we identify a conserved transcriptomic response to AMF among land plants, including the activation of lipid metabolism. Using gain of function, we show the transfer of lipids from the liverwort Marchantia paleacea to AMF and its direct regulation by the transcription factor WRINKLED (WRI). Arbuscules, the nutrient-exchange structures, were not formed in loss-of-function wri mutants in M. paleacea, leading to aborted mutualism. Our results show the orthology of the symbiotic transfer of lipids across land plants and demonstrate that mutualism with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was present in the most recent ancestor of land plants 450 million years ago.

Combined use of VA-ECMO and IMPELLA (ECPELLA) as a possible strategy to improve outcomes in patients who underwent E-CPR

Background

Extracorporeal Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (E-CPR) is an effective tool for patients with refractory cardiac arrest (CA). Since VA-ECMO provides strong afterload, IABP is often used to increase left ventricular load. Recently, in Japan, the effectiveness of VA-ECMO in combination with IMPELLA, a forward flow mechanical circulatory support device (ECPELLA) is gaining attention.

Purpose

We investigated usefulness of ECPELLA in patients with refractory CA.

Method

We reviewed 133 patients that had E-CPR from January 2012 through January 2020 {mean age: 67±15 years, male 65%, Out of hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) 35%, Acute coronary Syndrome (ACS) 54%}. We divided these patients into ECMO with IMPELLA (ECPELLA group), ECMO with IABP (IABP group) and ECMO alone (ECMO alone group). The primary endpoint is 30-day survival and good neurological prognosis defined as CPC (cerebral performance categories) 1 or 2.

Result

During the study period, of the 133 patients, there were 20 in the ECPELLA group, 78 in the IABP group, 35 in the ECMO alone group. There were no significant differences in age in all three groups. There were more males, shockable rhythm, OHCA and ACS in the ECPELLA and IABP groups compared to the ECMO alone group. But there was no significant difference between the ECPELLA and IABP groups. Compared with other groups, ECPELLA had the shortest time from cardiac arrest to ECMO placement. Regarding endpoints, the rate of 30-day survival and favorable neurological prognosis were higher in the ECPELLA group, followed by the IABP group and then the ECMO alone group. (ECPELLA: 55% vs. IABP: 23% vs. ECMO alone: 9%; P=0.0009, ECPELLA: 35% vs. IABP: 13% vs. ECMO alone: 9%; P=0.04) Next, Kaplan Meier analysis was performed to analyze 30-day all-cause mortality. The ECPELLA group had a significantly higher survival rate (P=0.01 by log-rank test). Multivariate cox proportional hazard analysis including the age, OHCA, shockable rhythm, ACS, Collapse-to-ECMO under 60 min revealed that the age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.28 (10 years increase), 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.53, P=0.004) and Collapse-to-ECMO under 60 min (HR, 0.37, 95% CI, 0.21–0.68, P=0.001) or ECPELLA (HR, 0.46, 95% CI, 0.20–0.694, P=0.03) were significantly associated with mortality.

Conclusion

ECPELLA used with E-CPR is an effective tool to improve mortality and neurologic status.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

P867Detecting cholesterol crystals in coronary artery disease

Background

Cholesterol crystals (CCs) have been recognized as only ghost images. Recently, free monolayer and multilayer CCs besides atheromatous materials from aortic ruptured plaque, obtained using nonobstructive angioscopy, were demonstrated using polarized light microscopy.

Purpose

The aim of the study was to detect free CCs from coronary slow flow.

Methods

A total of 86 patients with coronary artery disease underwent angioscopy with coronary artery sampling. Blood in the coronary artery with and without temporary slow flow was sampled. The blood sample was spread onto a filter paper, and the filter paper was rinsed with distilled water (filter paper-rinse method). The rinse water was scanned using polarized light microscopy, and CCs were detected. The dimensions of CCs from the coronary artery and aortic ruptured plaques were measured for 100 randomly selected samples. The lengths and widths of the CCs were measured.

Results

CCs were obtained in 31 of 86 patients (36.0%). CCs were detected in 38.4% of patients with acute coronary syndrome and in 31.9% of patients with stable angina. CCs were detected 47.1% with slow flow and in 25% without slow flow.

Cholesterol Crystals in Coronary Artery

Conclusions

CCs from the coronary artery can be successfully obtained by using our original method. CCs were detected in patients with clinically stable angina and in those without coronary artery slow flow.

P1830The Relationship between Spontaneous Ruptured Aortic Plaques/Injuries and Cardiovascular

Background

Non-obstructive general angioscopy has enabled to demonstrate high incidence of various types of spontaneous ruptured aortic plaques/injuries (SRAPIs).

Purpose

The aim of the study is to clarify the relationship between SRAPI and cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods

A total of 439 consecutive patients who had or suspected coronary artery disease were performed angioscopy and were screened SRAPI from ascending aorta to iliac artery. The incidence and the number of SRAPI were analyzed. Association between the total number of total SRAP and patients' characteristics were analyzed.

Results

The total number of SRAPI detected was 2211, 10 [4,22](median [IQR]) per patient.

The numbers of high incidence of representative SRAPI, such as erosion, intramural bleeding, puff-chandelier rupture, puff rupture, fissure, flap, bleeding from fissure, and subintimal bleeding were 327, 313, 268, 262, 224, 167, 120, and 91, respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicated that age, smoking, HbA1c, and coronary heart disease significantly affected the numbers of overall SRAPI (Table).

Conclusions

SRAPIs were associated with cardiovascular risk factors.

P1831Prediction of cardiovascular events by atheromatous plaques detected by non-obstructive general angioscopy: two-year results of EAST-NOGA Registry

Background

Non-obstructive general angioscopy (NOGA) has revealed the intimal damages or atheromatous plaques as well as its spontaneous rupture of the aorta. Recent study revealed that plaque debris or different size of cholesterol crystals were detected in the blood above the spontaneous ruptured aortic plaque observed by NOGA and these plaque materials might cause the peripheral organ damages as the embolic source. These various morphological changes may cause the acute aortic events or atheroembolic events on the peripheral organs, such as brain, kidney, peripheral artery and so on.

Purpose

EAST-NOGA (Evaluation of AtheroSclerotic and rupture events by Non-Obstructive General Angioscopy) is a multi-center prospective observational study to assess the relationship between the findings of NOGA and future cardiovascular events.

Methods

Five hundred and seventy-seven patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease who underwent NOGA study. The major cerebrocardiovascular events including cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal cerebral infarction, and acute aortic syndrome were accumulated during the 2-year follow-up after NOGA study.

Results

The median number of aortic atheromatous plaques was 6 [IQR: 3–12]. A total of 514 patients were followed up (89.1%). The mean follow-up duration was 757±120 days. Major adverse cardiovascular events developed in 23 (4.5%) during 2 years follow-up. Patients with MACE and cerebral infarction, had significantly greater number of aortic atheromatous plaques (11 [5–19] vs. 6 [3–11], p<0.001, 12 [4–20] vs. 6 [3–12], p=0.014, respectively). In a univariate analysis, the number of aortic atheromatous plaques and ruptured plaque were significant predictors of MACE (HR: 1.09 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.14, p<0.001) and (HR: 1.12, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.23, p=0.02). In a multivariate logistic analysis, the number of aortic atheromatous plaques is one of the independent predictors of MACE (HR 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.10, p=0.032).

Conclusion

The number of atheromatous plaques identified by NOGA has a significant relation to the onset of cerebral infarction, which suggest the atheromatous plaque were vulnerable and ruptured spontaneously, then cause the aortogenic cerebral infarction. The NOGA study would be useful for predicting the futured atheroembolic events.

Acknowledgement/Funding

None

Antithrombin III Binding to Surface Immobilized Heparin and Its Relation to F Xa Inhibition

The mode of F Xa inhibition was investigated on a thromboresistant surface with end-point attached partially depoly-merized heparin of an approximate molecular weight of 8000. Affinity chromatography revealed that one fourth of the heparin used in surface coating had high affinity for antithrombin III (AT). The heparin surface adsorbed AT from both human plasma and solutions of purified AT. By increasing the ionic strength in the AT solution the existence of high and low affinity sites could be shown. The uptake of AT was measured and the density of available high and low affinity sites was found to be in the range of 5 HTid 11 pic.omoles/cmf, respectively Thus the estimated density of biologically active high and low ailmity heparm respectively would be 40 and 90 ng/cm2 The heparin coating did not take up or exert F Xa inhibition by itself. With AT adsorbed on both high and low affinity heparin the surface had the capacity to inhibit several consecutive aliquots of F Xa exposed to the surface. When mainly high affinity sites were saturated with AT the inhibition capacity was considerably lower. Tt was demonstrated that the density of AT on both high and low affinity heparin determines the F Xa inhibition capacity whereas the amount of AT on high affinity sites limits the rate of the reaction. This implies that during the inhibition of F Xa there is a continuous surface-diffusion of AT from sites of a lower class to the high affinity sites where the F Xa/AT complex is formed and leaves the surface. The ability of the immobilized heparin to catalyze inhibition of F Xa is likely to be an important component for the thromboresistant properties of a heparin coating with non-compromized AT binding sequences.

Final Results of the OPERA Experiment on ν_{τ} Appearance in the CNGS Neutrino Beam

The OPERA experiment was designed to study ν_{μ}→ν_{τ} oscillations in the appearance mode in the CERN to Gran Sasso Neutrino beam (CNGS). In this Letter, we report the final analysis of the full data sample collected between 2008 and 2012, corresponding to 17.97×10^{19} protons on target. Selection criteria looser than in previous analyses have produced ten ν_{τ} candidate events, thus reducing the statistical uncertainty in the measurement of the oscillation parameters and of ν_{τ} properties. A multivariate approach for event identification has been applied to the candidate events and the discovery of ν_{τ} appearance is confirmed with an improved significance level of 6.1σ. |Δm_{32}^{2}| has been measured, in appearance mode, with an accuracy of 20%. The measurement of the ν_{τ} charged-current cross section, for the first time with a negligible contamination from ν[over ¯]_{τ}, and the first direct evidence for the ν_{τ} lepton number are also reported.

DS02R1: Improvements to Atomic Bomb Survivors' Input Data and Implementation of Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02) and Resulting Changes in Estimated Doses

Individual dose estimates calculated by Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02) for the Life Span Study (LSS) of atomic bomb survivors are based on input data that specify location and shielding at the time of the bombing (ATB). A multi-year effort to improve information on survivors' locations ATB has recently been completed, along with comprehensive improvements in their terrain shielding input data and several improvements to computational algorithms used in combination with DS02 at RERF. Improvements began with a thorough review and prioritization of original questionnaire data on location and shielding that were taken from survivors or their proxies in the period 1949-1963. Related source documents varied in level of detail, from relatively simple lists to carefully-constructed technical drawings of structural and other shielding and surrounding neighborhoods. Systematic errors were reduced in this work by restoring the original precision of map coordinates that had been truncated due to limitations in early data processing equipment and by correcting distortions in the old (WWII-era) maps originally used to specify survivors' positions, among other improvements. Distortion errors were corrected by aligning the old maps and neighborhood drawings to orthophotographic mosaics of the cities that were newly constructed from pre-bombing aerial photographs. Random errors that were reduced included simple transcription errors and mistakes in identifying survivors' locations on the old maps. Terrain shielding input data that had been originally estimated for limited groups of survivors using older methods and data sources were completely re-estimated for all survivors using new digital terrain elevation data. Improvements to algorithms included a fix to an error in the DS02 code for coupling house and terrain shielding, a correction for elevation at the survivor's location in calculating angles to the horizon used for terrain shielding input, an improved method for truncating high dose estimates to 4 Gy to reduce the effect of dose error, and improved methods for calculating averaged shielding transmission factors that are used to calculate doses for survivors without detailed shielding input data. Input data changes are summarized and described here in some detail, along with the resulting changes in dose estimates and a simple description of changes in risk estimates for solid cancer mortality. This and future RERF publications will refer to the new dose estimates described herein as "DS02R1 doses."

New Determination Method of Flowability and Demolding Properties in Polyurethane Rigid Molded Foams

This paper describes a method of determinating the flowability and demolding property of molded polyurethane rigid foams by the dynamic viscoelasticity spectrometer. In response to periodic stimulations, the dynamic viscoelasticity gives us much physical information of polymers, including flowability and demolding properties. The flowability and demolding property can be determined from viscoelasticities and blowing pressures during the foaming process, which are measured with the newly developed apparatus. With this newly developed apparatus we show measurement examples on many kinds of systems, such as variation of base polyols (different functionalities) and blowing agent (CFC-11, HCFC-141b and cyclopentane), etc..

Development of Micro Cellular Open Cell Rigid Polyurethane Foams

With the increasing concern over the threat of ozone depletion and global warming, the rigid polyurethane foam insulation industry is facing a majorchallenge of selecting alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Under the present situation, however, the effective means of solving this problem haven't been taken yet. Moreover, with more concern with the saving of energy worldwide, there is hope of insulators with higher performance.

This paper reports on a micro cellular open cell polyurethane foam, which is very effective as a core material for evacuated insulators. In addition, thermal insulation panels with high performance are developed by utilizing the open cell foam as a core material.

The evacuated insulators, so-called "vacuum insulation panels," have an insulation effectiveness four times better than those of the conventional rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams (thermal conductivity is 0.005 W/mK)and are also very lightweight compared to those made of inorganic substances such as silica powder. The vacuum insulation panels were manufactured by packing the core material and absorbents in a film-like laminated plastic container, which is suitable for holding a vacuum, followed by sealing in the industrial vacuum level (0.01—0.1 mm Hg).

We have developed the micro cellular (100—200,μm) and 100% open cell foam by selecting polyol compositions, modified polyisocyanates, surfactants and cell opening additives.

The micro cellular open cell foam has excellent physical properties such as heat resistance, compressive strength and low shrinkage as well as non-scorch at the stage of slabstock foaming. These properties will be very important for manufacturing the vacuum insulation panels. The open cell foams were blown by using the most conventional and alternative blowing agents in rigid foam systems.

In the near future, we hope that this open cell foam technology will contribute to the development of environmentally friendly and high performance products in the insulation industry.

Postcomparison of [(18) F]-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the brain after short-term bright light exposure and no intervention

OBJECTIVE

Bright light therapy is widely used as the treatment of choice for seasonal affective disorder. Nonetheless, our understanding of the mechanisms of bright light is limited and it is important to investigate the mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to examine the hypothesis that bright light exposure may increase [(18) F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in olfactory bulb and/or hippocampus which may be associated neurogenesis in the human brain.

METHOD

A randomized controlled trial comparing 5-day bright light exposure + environmental light (bright light exposure group) with environmental light alone (no intervention group) was performed for 55 participants in a university hospital. The uptake of [(18) F]FDG in olfactory bulb and hippocampus using FDG positron emission tomography was compared between two groups.

RESULTS

There was a significant increase of uptake in both right and left olfactory bulb for bright light exposure group vs. no intervention group. After adjustment of log-transformed illuminance, there remained a significant increase of uptake in the right olfactory bulb.

CONCLUSION

The present findings suggest a possibility that 5-day bright light exposure may increase [(18) F]FDG in the right olfactory bulb of the human brain, suggesting a possibility of neurogenesis. Further studies are warranted to directly confirm this possibility.

Identification of matrix metalloproteinase-12 as a candidate molecule for prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disease

Obesity is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome, a combination of risk factors that predispose to the development of the cardiometabolic diseases: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prevention of metabolic syndrome requires novel interventions to address this health challenge. The objective of this study was the identification of candidate molecules for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, conditions that underlie type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, respectively. We used an unbiased bioinformatics approach to identify molecules that are upregulated in both conditions by combining murine and human data from a microarray experiment and meta-analyses. We obtained a pool of eight genes that were upregulated in all the databases analysed. This included well known and novel molecules involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Notably, matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12) was highly ranked in all analyses and was therefore chosen for further investigation. Analyses of visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue from obese compared to lean mice and humans convincingly confirmed the up-regulation of MMP12 in obesity at mRNA, protein and activity levels. In conclusion, using this unbiased approach an interesting pool of candidate molecules was identified, all of which have potential as targets in the treatment and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.

A Predictive Model of Plasma Lamotrigine Levels

Introduction: Lamotrigine is one of several mood stabilizers and its effects for the treatment and prevention of depressive episodes, particularly in bipolar disorder, are generally accepted. Although the findings about a therapeutic window of lamotrigine are yet to be determined, it seems important to obtain information on individual pharmacokinetic peculiarities. This study was conducted to formulate the predictive model of plasma lamotrigine levels. Methods: Using the data of 47 patients whose lamotrigine levels, liver function, and renal function were measured, predictive models of lamotrigine levels were formulated by stepwise multiple regression analyses. The predictive power of the models was compared using another dataset of 25 patients. Results: Two models were created using stepwise multiple regression. The first model was: plasma lamotrigine level (μg/mL)=2.308+0.019×lamotrigine dose (mg/day). The second model was: plasma lamotrigine level (μg/mL)=0.08+0.024×lamotrigine dose (mg/day)+4.088×valproate combination (no=0, yes=1). The predictive power of the second model was better than that of the first model. Discussion: The present study proposes a prompt and relatively accurate equation to predict lamotrigine levels.

Discovery of τ Neutrino Appearance in the CNGS Neutrino Beam with the OPERA Experiment

The OPERA experiment was designed to search for ν_{μ}→ν_{τ} oscillations in appearance mode, i.e., by detecting the τ leptons produced in charged current ν_{τ} interactions. The experiment took data from 2008 to 2012 in the CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso beam. The observation of the ν_{μ}→ν_{τ} appearance, achieved with four candidate events in a subsample of the data, was previously reported. In this Letter, a fifth ν_{τ} candidate event, found in an enlarged data sample, is described. Together with a further reduction of the expected background, the candidate events detected so far allow us to assess the discovery of ν_{μ}→ν_{τ} oscillations in appearance mode with a significance larger than 5σ.

A report from the 2013 international symposium: the evaluation of the effects of low-dose radiation exposure in the life span study of atomic bomb survivors and other similar studies

The RERF International Low-Dose Symposium was held on 5-6 December 2013 at the RERF campus in Hiroshima, Japan, to discuss the issues facing the Life Span Study (LSS) and other low-dose studies. Topics included the current status of low-dose risk detection, strategies for low-dose epidemiological and statistical research, methods to improve communication between epidemiologists and biologists, and the current status of radiological studies and tools. Key points made by the participants included the necessity of pooling materials over multiple studies to gain greater insight where data from single studies are insufficient; generating models that reflect epidemiological, statistical, and biological principles simultaneously; understanding confounders and effect modifiers in the current data; and taking into consideration less studied factors such as the impact of dose rate. It is the hope of all participants that this symposium be used as a trigger for further studies, especially those using pooled data, in order to reach a greater understanding of the health effects of low-dose radiation.

Prognostic implications of CEBPA mutations in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA) mutations are a favorable prognostic factor in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients; however, few studies have examined their significance in pediatric AML patients. Here we examined the CEBPA mutation status and clinical outcomes of pediatric AML patients treated in the AML-05 study. We found that 47 (14.9%) of the 315 evaluable patients harbored mutations in CEBPA; 26 cases (8.3%) harbored a single mutation (CEBPA-single) and 21 (6.7%) harbored double or triple mutations (CEBPA-double). After excluding core-binding factor-AML cases, patients harboring CEBPA mutations showed better overall survival (OS; P=0.048), but not event-free survival (EFS; P=0.051), than wild-type patients. Multivariate analysis identified CEBPA-single and CEBPA-double as independent favorable prognostic factors for EFS in the total cohort (hazard ratio (HR): 0.47 and 0.33; P=0.02 and 0.01, respectively). CEBPA-double was also an independent favorable prognostic factor for OS (HR: 0.30; P=0.04). CEBPA-double remained an independent favorable factor for EFS (HR: 0.28; P=0.04) in the normal karyotype cohort. These results suggest that CEBPA mutations, particularly CEBPA-double, are an independent favorable prognostic factor in pediatric AML patients, which will have important implications for risk-stratified therapy.

Kosterlitz-Thouless-type transition in a charge ordered state of the layered organic conductor α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3

The current-voltage characteristics in the charge order state of the two-dimensional organic conductor α-(BEDT-TTF)(2)I(3) exhibit power law behavior at low temperatures. The power law is understood in terms of the electric-field-dependent potential between electrons and holes, which are thermally excited from the charge order state. The power law exponent steeply changes from 1 to 3 in the range from 30 to 45 K with decreasing temperature, thereby suggesting the occurrence of a Kosterlitz-Thouless-type transition; many (few) unbound electron-hole pairs are thermally excited above (below) the transition. The effects of the finite size and interlayer coupling on the power law behavior are discussed.

An in vitro chemosensitivity test for solid human tumors using collagen gel droplet embedded cultures

In vitro chemosensitivity testing using a collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST), was conducted with several types of solid cancer. The overall evaluable rate was 80% (443/554), including 76% for lung (n=243), 78% for breast (n=110), 87% for gastric (n=62), 83% for colorectal (n=107) cancers and 88% for 32 metastatic brain tumors. The in vitro sensitivity of breast, gastric and colorectal cancers to mitomycin C (MMC), cisplatin (CDDP), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and doxorubicin (DXR) was similar to the efficacy rates reported for each drug. This was also observed with lung cancer, the sensitivity of which to MMC, CDDP, vindesine (VDS) and etoposide (VP-16) was similar to the clinical efficacy. The clinical response to chemotherapy was compared with the results of in vitro chemosensitivity testing in Il patients: the clinical correlation was 91%, with a 80% true positive and 100% true negative rate. These results suggest that the CD-DST may be clinically useful by allowing the prediction of clinical response in various solid cancers.