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Fernando JJ, Biswas R, Biswas L. Non-invasive molecular biomarkers for monitoring solid organ transplantation: A comprehensive overview. Int J Immunogenet 2024; 51:47-62. [PMID: 38200592 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving intervention for individuals with end-stage organ failure. Despite the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy, the risk of graft rejection persists in all viable transplants between individuals. The risk of rejection may vary depending on the degree of compatibility between the donor and recipient for both human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA gene-encoded products. Monitoring the status of the allograft is a critical aspect of post-transplant management, with invasive biopsies being the standard of care for detecting rejection. Non-invasive biomarkers are increasingly being recognized as valuable tools for aiding in the detection of graft rejection, monitoring graft status and evaluating the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we focus on the importance of molecular biomarkers in solid organ transplantation and their potential role in clinical practice. Conventional molecular biomarkers used in transplantation include HLA typing, detection of anti-HLA antibodies, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genotypes, and anti-MHC class 1-related chain A antibodies, which are important for assessing the compatibility of the donor and recipient. Emerging molecular biomarkers include the detection of donor-derived cell-free DNA, microRNAs (regulation of gene expression), exosomes (small vesicles secreted by cells), and kidney solid organ response test, in the recipient's blood for early signs of rejection. This review highlights the strengths and limitations of these molecular biomarkers and their potential role in improving transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffy J Fernando
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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2
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Mathew A, Bhagavaldas MC, Biswas R, Biswas L. Genetic risk factors in ankylosing spondylitis: Insights into etiology and disease pathogenesis. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e15023. [PMID: 38151980 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlin Mathew
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | | | - Raja Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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3
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Jayakumar J, Vinod V, Arumugam T, Sathy BN, Biswas L, Kumar VA, Biswas R. Efficacy of Lysostaphin functionalized silicon catheter for the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128547. [PMID: 38048926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus readily forms biofilms on tissue and indwelling catheter surfaces. These biofilms are resistant to antibiotics. Consequently, effective prevention and treatment strategies against staphylococcal biofilms are actively being pursued over the past two decades. One of the proposed strategies involve the incorporation of antibiotics and antiseptics into catheters, however, a persistent concern regarding the possible emergence of antimicrobial resistance is associated with these medical devices. In this study, we developed two types of silicone catheters: one with Lysostaphin (Lst) adsorbed onto the surface, and the other with Lst functionalized on the surface. To confirm the presence of Lst protein on the catheter surface, we conducted FTIR-ATR and SEM-EDS analysis. Both catheters exhibited hemocompatibility, biocompatibility, and demonstrated antimicrobial and biofilm prevention activities against both methicillin-sensitive and resistant strains of S. aureus. Furthermore, the silicone catheters that were surface-functionalized with Lst showed substantially better and more persistent anti-biofilm effects when compared to the catheters where Lst was surface-adsorbed, both under in vitro static and flow conditions, as well as in vivo in BALB/c mice. These results indicate that surface-functionalized Lst catheters have the potential to serve as a promising new medical device for preventing S. aureus biofilm infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Jayakumar
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Vinod
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Thennavan Arumugam
- Central Lab Animal Facility, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Binulal Nelson Sathy
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - V Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India.
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Kumar S, Biswas L, Pushkaran AC, Kumar RK. BMPR2 mutation and clinical response to imatinib in a case of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2024; 14:e12335. [PMID: 38213946 PMCID: PMC10782117 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) mutation is the most common gene mutation implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We describe, for the first time, an excellent clinical response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in a patient with heritable PAH from BMPR2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shine Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic, Amrita HospitalAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham UniversityKochiKeralaIndia
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita HospitalAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham UniversityKochiKeralaIndia
| | - Anju Choorakottayil Pushkaran
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita HospitalAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham UniversityKochiKeralaIndia
| | - Raman Krishna Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic, Amrita HospitalAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham UniversityKochiKeralaIndia
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5
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Jayakumar J, Vinod V, Biswas L, Kumar V A, Biswas R. Exploring alternative strategies for Staphylococcus aureus nasal decolonization: insights from preclinical studies. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad137. [PMID: 38066697 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Nasal decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus with the antibiotic mupirocin is a common clinical practice before complex surgical procedures, to prevent hospital acquired infections. However, widespread use of mupirocin has led to the development of resistant S. aureus strains and there is a limited scope for developing new antibiotics for S. aureus nasal decolonization. It is therefore necessary to develop alternative and nonantibiotic nasal decolonization methods. In this review, we broadly discussed the effectiveness of different nonantibiotic antimicrobial agents that are currently not in clinical practice, but are experimentally proved to be efficacious in promoting S. aureus nasal decolonization. These include lytic bacteriophages, bacteriolytic enzymes, tea tree oil, apple vinegar, and antimicrobial peptides. We have also discussed the possibility of using photodynamic therapy for S. aureus nasal decolonization. This article highlights the importance of further large scale clinical studies for selecting the most suitable and alternative nasal decolonizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Jayakumar
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Vivek Vinod
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Anil Kumar V
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
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Nadesh R, Menon KN, Biswas L, Mony U, Subramania Iyer K, Vijayaraghavan S, Nambiar A, Nair S. Author Correction: Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome formulation as a biotherapeutic to inhibit growth of drug resistant triple negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11034. [PMID: 37420005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ragima Nadesh
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Krishnakumar N Menon
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ullas Mony
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - K Subramania Iyer
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ajit Nambiar
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Shantikumar Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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Das V, Vinod V, Biswas L, Kumar A, Biswas R. An update on possible alternative therapeutics for future periodontal disease management. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:6902079. [PMID: 36724261 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microbial infections of the gum. At an advanced stage, periodontitis can even destroy the alveolar bone. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Pr. nigrescens are the major pathogens in periodontitis. Scaling and root planning are used together with local or systemic antibiotics to treat periodontitis. The difficulty in complete eradication of periodontal pathogens frequently leads to the relapse of the disease. As not many new antibiotics are available in the market, many researchers are now focusing on developing alternative strategies against periodontal microbes. This review provides an overview of the possible use of bacteriophages, lysins, honey, plant extracts, metallic salts, nanoparticles, and vaccines as alternative therapeutic agents against periodontal infections. The information provided here could help in designing alternative therapeutics for the treatment of periodontal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Das
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, India
| | - Vivek Vinod
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Ponekkara, Cochin 682041, India
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Biswas L, Lieberman J. EXPLORING PARENTAL INTEREST IN IDENTIFYING THE ELICITING DOSE OF PEANUT FOR THEIR PEANUT ALLERGIC CHILD. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.08.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tony AM, Vinod V, Nambiar V, Krishnan S, Biswas L. High Prevalence of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 4G/5G Polymorphism among Patients with Venous Thromboembolism in Kerala, India. Hamostaseologie 2022; 43:126-131. [PMID: 35255511 DOI: 10.1055/a-1733-2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multifactorial clotting disorder in which inherited and environmental factors synergistically contribute to its pathogenesis. The aim of this case-control study was to analyze the prevalence of hereditary thrombophilic risk factors, provoking and non-provoking environmental risk factors in patients with VTE from Kerala, India. We have observed a low prevalence of factor V Leiden (7%), prothrombin G20210A (2%), and prothrombin G20030A (2%) mutations and a high prevalence of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G (52%), PAI-1 4G/4G (24%) genotypes in the VTE patients (n = 147). Deficiency of anticoagulants, antithrombin (3.4%), and protein C (4.1%) was relatively low. None of the risk factors were observed in 17% of the patients. Majority of VTE patients were younger than 50 years with a median age of 43 years. In conclusion, our results indicate a high prevalence of PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism among the VTE patients which is in concordance with previous studies in the Asian population. The PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism could be a potential biomarker for assessing VTE risk, particularly among the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Maria Tony
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Vinod
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Nambiar
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sajitha Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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10
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Biswas L, Götz F. Molecular Mechanisms of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas Interactions in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:824042. [PMID: 35071057 PMCID: PMC8770549 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.824042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that is characterized by recurrent and chronic infections of the lung predominantly by the opportunistic pathogens, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While S. aureus is the main colonizing bacteria of the CF lungs during infancy and early childhood, its incidence declines thereafter and infections by P. aeruginosa become more prominent with increasing age. The competitive and cooperative interactions exhibited by these two pathogens influence their survival, antibiotic susceptibility, persistence and, consequently the disease progression. For instance, P. aeruginosa secretes small respiratory inhibitors like hydrogen cyanide, pyocyanin and quinoline N-oxides that block the electron transport pathway and suppress the growth of S. aureus. However, S. aureus survives this respiratory attack by adapting to respiration-defective small colony variant (SCV) phenotype. SCVs cause persistent and recurrent infections and are also resistant to antibiotics, especially aminoglycosides, antifolate antibiotics, and to host antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, human β-defensin (HBD) 2 and HBD3; and lactoferricin B. The interaction between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus is multifaceted. In mucoid P. aeruginosa strains, siderophores and rhamnolipids are downregulated thus enhancing the survival of S. aureus. Conversely, protein A from S. aureus inhibits P. aeruginosa biofilm formation while protecting both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus from phagocytosis by neutrophils. This review attempts to summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive the competitive and cooperative interactions between S. aureus and P. aeruginosa in the CF lungs that could influence the disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Nadesh R, Menon KN, Biswas L, Mony U, Subramania Iyer K, Vijayaraghavan S, Nambiar A, Nair S. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome formulation as a biotherapeutic to inhibit growth of drug resistant triple negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23435. [PMID: 34873206 PMCID: PMC8648896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a protocol was developed for processing of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome formulation of varying concentration. Its molecular composition was evaluated, and its effectiveness in vitro using breast cancer cell lines, and in vivo in a nude mice breast cancer model was studied to determine its role in suppressing triple negative breast cancer in a dose dependent manner. Because the secretome could have value as an add-on therapy along with a current drug, the effectiveness of the secretome both in monotherapy and in combination therapy along with paclitaxel was evaluated. The results showed significant cell kill when exposed to the secretome above 20 mg/ml at which concentration there was no toxicity to normal cells. 70 mg/ml of SF showed 90 ± 10% apoptosis and significant decrease in CD44+/CD24−, MDR1+ and PDL-1+ cancer cells. In vivo, the tumor showed no growth after daily intra tumor injections at 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml doses whereas substantial tumor growth occurred after saline intra tumor injection. The study concludes that SF is a potential biotherapeutic for breast cancer and could be used initially as an add-on therapy to other standard of care to provide improved efficacy without other adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragima Nadesh
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Krishnakumar N Menon
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ullas Mony
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - K Subramania Iyer
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ajit Nambiar
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Shantikumar Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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12
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Suresh MK, Vasudevan AK, Biswas L, Biswas R. Protective efficacy of Alum adjuvanted Amidase protein vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus infection in multiple mouse models. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1422-1434. [PMID: 34487603 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. No commercial vaccine is available to combat S. aureus infections. In this study, we have investigated the protective immune response generated by S. aureus non-covalently associated cell wall surface protein N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (AM) in combination with Alum (Al) and heat-killed S. aureus (hkSA) using murine models. METHODS AND RESULTS BALB/c mice were immunized with increasing concentrations of AM antigen or hkSA to determine their optimum concentration for vaccination. Fifty micrograms of AM and hkSA each were found to generate maximum anti-AM IgG antibody production. BALB/c mice were immunized next with 50 µg of AM, 50 µg of hKSA and 1 mg Al vaccine formulation. Vaccine efficacy was validated by challenging immunized BALB/c mice with S. aureus Newman and three clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. AM-hkSA-Al-immunized mice generated high anti-AM IgG antibody response with IgG1 and IgG2b as the predominant immunoglobulin subtypes. Increased survival (60%-90%) with decreased clinical disease symptoms was observed in the vaccinated BALB/c mice group. A significantly lower bacterial load and decreased kidney abscess formation was observed following the challenge with S. aureus in the vaccinated BALB/c mice group. Furthermore, the efficacy of AM-hkSA-Al vaccine was also validated using C57 BL/6 and Swiss albino mice. CONCLUSIONS Using murine infection models, we have demonstrated that AM-hkSA-Al vaccine would be effective in preventing S. aureus infections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY AM-hkSA-Al vaccine elicited strong immune response and may be considered for future vaccine design against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha K Suresh
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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13
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Suresh P, Kumar A, Biswas R, Vijayakumar D, Thulasidharan S, Anjaneyan G, Kunoor A, Biswas L. Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection in Tuberculosis Suspects. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1335-1338. [PMID: 34424857 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic pathogens that cause a wide range of illnesses. Here, the species distribution and prevalence of NTM infections in tuberculosis suspects was analyzed. A total of 7,073 specimens from pulmonary and extrapulmonary sites were analyzed, and 709 (10%) were found to be culture positive for mycobacteria. Of these, 85.2% were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and 14.8% as NTM (65.7% rapid growers and 34.3% slow growers). Speciation of the NTM isolates (n = 69) identified 19 NTM species. M. abscessus (33.3%) and M. fortuitum (24.6%) were the most dominant NTM species isolated from the patients, followed by M. porcinum (5.8%) and M. parascrofulaceum (4.3%). We also report peritonitis caused by rapidly growing NTM among the patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and a case of M. senegalense peritonitis. A low prevalence but high species diversity of NTM was detected in our study. The high species diversity of NTM necessitates the need to unequivocally identify mycobacterial isolates for appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasmal Suresh
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Divya Vijayakumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Swathy Thulasidharan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Gopikrishnan Anjaneyan
- Department of Dermatology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Akhilesh Kunoor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Jyotsna AS, Vinayan KP, Biswas L, Haridas S, Roy AG, Suresh P, Kumar A. Eosinophilic Meningitis and Intraocular Infection Caused by Dirofilaria sp. Genotype Hongkong. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1532-1534. [PMID: 33900191 PMCID: PMC8084481 DOI: 10.3201/eid2705.203599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic meningitis caused by human diroflarial infection is rare. We report a case of eosinophilic meningitis and concomitant intraocular dirofilarial infection in India. Sequencing of the mitochondrial genome identified the worm as Dirofilaria sp. genotype Hongkong, a close relative of D. repens nematodes.
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15
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Kumar A, Kunjukutty R, Thaha A, Srikumar S, Madhusoodanan H, David S, Biswas L, Sathyapalan D. Universal screening for SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women using a combination of antigen and RT-PCR testing. Infez Med 2021; 29:294-296. [PMID: 34061799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Radhamany Kunjukutty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Ameena Thaha
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Saranya Srikumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Haritha Madhusoodanan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Sachin David
- Department of Molecular Biology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Dipu Sathyapalan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, India
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16
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Suresh A, Suresh P, Biswas R, Rajanbabu A, Sreedhar S, Biswas L. Prevalence of high-risk HPV and its genotypes-Implications in the choice of prophylactic HPV vaccine. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5188-5192. [PMID: 33851736 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types varies geographically between various countries and different parts of the same country. The efficacy of the HPV vaccines is dependent on the prevalent HPV types. Here, we have studied the prevalence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) and its genotypes in women in our population. Cervical samples of 2443 women were screened for the presence of hrHPV using the careHPV system. To determine the HPV genotypes, viral DNA was isolated from the hrHPV-positive samples, nested PCR was used to amplify the L1 hypervariable region, and was subjected to Sanger sequencing. The prevalence of hrHPV was found to be 2%. HPV16 (52%), HPV33 (40%), HPV18 (4%), HPV31 (2%), and HPV66 (2%) genotypes were found in this study. In Kerala, HPV16 and HPV33 genotypes were found to be significantly higher compared with the other HPV types detected. As the bivalent (Cervarix) and quadrivalent (Gardasil-4) vaccines offer limited cross-protection against HPV33, nonavalent (Gardasil 9) vaccine would be more effective in preventing cervical carcinoma in Kerala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Suresh
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Parasmal Suresh
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Anupama Rajanbabu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Sarala Sreedhar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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Kumar A, Sreedhar A, Biswas L, Prabhat S, Suresh P, Asokan A, Tomy RM, Vinod V, Lakshmanan B, Nambiar A, Biswas R. Candidatus Dirofilaria Hongkongensis Infections in Humans During 2005 to 2020, in Kerala, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:2046-2049. [PMID: 33844649 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We tried to determine the epidemiology and species of human dirofilariasis observed at two tertiary care hospitals in Kerala. We searched the hospital database to identify cases of dirofilariosis from January 2005 to March 2020. Along with human isolates, one dog Dirofilaria isolate was also subjected to PCR and sequencing of pan filarial primers cytochrome oxidase subunits 1 and 12S rDNA. We documented 78 cases of human dirofilariosis. The orbit, eyelid, and conjunctiva were the most commonly affected sites. Molecular characterization identified one dog and five human isolates as Candidatus Dirofilaria Hongkongensis. A rare case of subconjunctival infestation by B. malayi was also documented. Human dirofilariosis is a public health problem in the state of Kerala in India, and it is mostly caused by Candidatus Dirofilaria Hongkongensis. We propose that all diroifilaria isolates are subjected to sequencing for identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- 1Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Ani Sreedhar
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre, Angamaly, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Sarga Prabhat
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Parasmal Suresh
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Anisha Asokan
- 1Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Rita Mary Tomy
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre, Angamaly, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Vinod
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- 4Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Ajit Nambiar
- 5Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- 3Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita University, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
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Nair D, Shashindran N, Kumar A, Vinodh V, Biswas L, Biswas R. Comparison of Phenotypic MRSA Detection Methods with PCR for mecA Gene in the Background of Emergence of Oxacillin-Susceptible MRSA. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1190-1194. [PMID: 33689504 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phenotypic methods for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be inaccurate due to heterogeneous expression of resistance and due to environmental factors that influence the expression of resistance. This study aims to compare various phenotypic methods of detection of methicillin resistance with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mecA gene and to detect the presence of oxacillin-susceptible MRSA (OS-MRSA). Materials and Methods: A total of 150 S. aureus isolates were tested using cefoxitin disk diffusion, oxacillin salt agar (OSA), latex agglutination test for penicillin binding protein 2a antigen, chromogenic MRSA ID agar, and mecA PCR. Results: Using PCR as the gold standard, 91 (60.66%) of 150 clinical S. aureus strains were identified as MRSA. Three oxacillin-susceptible (minimum inhibitory concentration ≤2 μg/mL) mecA-positive isolates were classified as OS-MRSA. Among the different phenotypic MRSA detection methods studied, latex agglutination had the highest sensitivity and specificity (98.9% and 98.3%), followed by cefoxitin disk diffusion (95.6% and 98.3%), MRSA ID (97.8% and 83.05%), and OSA (86.81% and 94.92%). Conclusion: The sensitivity of cefoxitin disk diffusion method may be reduced in areas with a high prevalence of OS-MRSA where a combination of cefoxitin disk diffusion test with MRSA ID agar or latex agglutination is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Nair
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Trust Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Nandita Shashindran
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Vinodh
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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19
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Vinoy N, Sheeja N, Kumar S, Biswas L. Class II HLA (DRB1, & DQB1) alleles and IL7R (rs6897932) variants and the risk for Multiple Sclerosis in Kerala, India. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 50:102848. [PMID: 33657520 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants are known to modulate the risk of multiple sclerosis. The main objective of this study was to identify HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles and Non -HLA gene IL7R (rs6897932) variants associated with MS. METHODS Patients attending the MS clinic, diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis as per Mc Donald diagnostic criteria were the subjects in the study. The association of the highly polymorphic HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 loci was determined by high resolution tissue typing and the genotyping of the IL7R (rs6897932) variants was performed by Sanger sequencing in MS patients (n = 81) and healthy individuals (n = 82). RESULTS HLA-DRB1*15:01/15:02 alleles (OR = 3.65; p< 0.0001) and HLA-DQB1*06:02 (OR=4.19, p<0.0001) were found to be positively associated while HLA-DRB1*14:04:01 (OR = 0.21; p = 0.0009) was found to be negatively associated with MS. The most significant predisposing HLA haplotype was found to be DRB1*15:01-DQB1*06:02 (OR=5.69, p<0.0001). Univariate analysis of IL7R SNP (rs6897932) showed no significant association with MS in our population whereas analysis of HLA-DRB1 alleles and IL7R (rs6897932) genotypes showed significant association between the HLA-DRB1*15:01/15:02 and the IL7R (rs6897932) CC genotype (OR = 3.58, p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION HLA-DRB1*15:01, 15:02 and DQB1*06:02 are the predisposing alleles while HLA-DRB1*14:04 is the protective allele for MS in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navia Vinoy
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Neethu Sheeja
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India.
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India.
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20
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Kannan A, Biswas L, Kumar A, Kurian J, S Nair A, Suresh P, Sadasivan S, Biswas R. Improving Diagnosis of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Using Hepatitis C Core Antigen Testing in a Resource-Poor Setting. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e02532020. [PMID: 33605377 PMCID: PMC7891558 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0253-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: We compared the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen test with the HCV RNA assay to confirm anti-HCV results to determine whether the HCV core antigen test could be used as an alternative confirmatory test to the HCV RNA test. METHODS: Sera from 156 patients were analyzed for anti-HCV and HCV core antigen using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Architect i2000SR) and for HCV RNA using the artus HCV RG RT-PCR Kit (QIAGEN) in a Rotor-Gene Q instrument. RESULTS: The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the HCV core antigen assay compared to the HCV RNA test were 77.35%, 100%, 100%, and 89.38%, respectively. HCV core antigen levels showed a good correlation with those from HCV RNA quantification (r =0.872). However, 13 samples with a viral load of less than 4000 IU/mL were negative in the HCV core antigen assay. All gray-zone reactive samples were also RNA positive and were positive on repeat testing. CONCLUSIONS: The Architect HCV core antigen assay is highly specific and has an excellent positive predictive value. At the present level of sensitivity (77%), the study is still relevant in a low-income setting in which most of the HCV-positive patients would go undiagnosed, since HCV RNA testing is not available and/or not affordable. HCV core antigen testing can also help determine the true burden of infection in a population, considering the fact that almost 50% of the anti-HCV positive cases are negative for HCV RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayswarya Kannan
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Ponekara, Kochi , Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jessy Kurian
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Molecular biology laboratory, Ponekara, Kochi , Kerala, India
| | - Anjaly S Nair
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Parasmal Suresh
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Ponekara, Kochi , Kerala, India
| | - Shine Sadasivan
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Gastroenterology, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Ponekara, Kochi , Kerala, India
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21
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Jayakumar J, Kumar VA, Biswas L, Biswas R. Therapeutic applications of lysostaphin against Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1072-1082. [PMID: 33382154 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, causes diverse community and nosocomial-acquired human infections, including folliculitis, impetigo, sepsis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, implant-associated biofilm infections and contagious mastitis in cattle. In recent days, both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections have increased. Highly effective anti-staphylococcal agents are urgently required. Lysostaphin is a 27 kDa zinc metallo antimicrobial lytic enzyme that is produced by Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus and was first discovered in the 1960s. Lysostaphin is highly active against S. aureus strains irrespective of their drug-resistant patterns with a minimum inhibitory concentration of ranges between 0·001 and 0·064 μg ml-1 . Lysostaphin has activity against both dividing and non-dividing S. aureus cells; and can seep through the extracellular matrix to kill the biofilm embedded S. aureus. In spite of having excellent anti-staphylococcal activity, its clinical application is hindered because of its immunogenicity and reduced bio-availability. Extensive research with lysostaphin lead to the development of several engineered lysostaphin derivatives with reduced immunogenicity and increased serum half-life. Therapeutic efficacy of both native and engineered lysostaphin derivatives was studied by several research groups. This review provides an overview of the therapeutic applications of native and engineered lysostaphin derivatives developed to eradicate S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jayakumar
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - V A Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - L Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - R Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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22
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Kumar A, Prabhakaran A, Sherji S, Biswas L, Ramachandran A, Abraham M, Biswas R. Dirofilarial adult worms can also dance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:1118-1119. [PMID: 33278570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kerala India.
| | - Aswin Prabhakaran
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kerala India
| | - Sanju Sherji
- Department of Radiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kerala India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kerala, India
| | - Arya Ramachandran
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kerala India
| | - Mohan Abraham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kerala India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekara, Kerala, India
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23
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Suresh P, Biswas L, Prasad V, Kumar A, Sivadas S, Khan S, Biswas R. BCG Infection due to MPT64-Negative Strain: A Diagnostic Challenge. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1072-1075. [PMID: 32539913 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
MPT64 is a 24-kDa immunogenic protein that is widely used as a diagnostic marker for the differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) from nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM). Unlike Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine strains with RD2 deletion do not secrete MPT64. Culture isolates from infections due to these strains may be falsely identified as nontuberculous Mycobacterium in the absence of clinical correlation. Here, we present one case each of BCG adenitis and osteitis, both of which were considered as MPT64 card-negative Mycobacterium spp. (i.e., NTM) and were later identified as M. bovis BCG Danish 1331 strain. The first case was a 4-month-old female infant admitted with swollen lymph nodes in the left supraclavicular and the left axillary region of 1 month duration. The second case was of a 1-year-and-5-month-old male child who presented with a limp on the left leg and soft tissue swelling of 1 month duration on the anterolateral aspect of the left knee joint. In both cases, BCG vaccine was administered at birth on the left deltoid region and had healed without any complication. Clinical samples in both cases were positive by Xpert tuberculosis/RIF for MTBC, and cultures grew acid-fast bacilli which were negative by MPT64 assay. The clinical implication of infections due to M. bovis BCG is immense as they are inherently resistant to pyrazinamide, and the presence of disseminated BCG infection in young children is a hallmark of serious immune deficiency which needs to be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasmal Suresh
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Vinitha Prasad
- Department of Paediatrics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Suchitra Sivadas
- Department of Paediatrics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Sadia Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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24
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Biswas L, Lawrence M, Heinan K, Koroulakis D, Berry D. M240 PROGRESSIVE GAIT INSTABILITY AND INTRACRANIAL LESIONS OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY IN STAT1 GOF MUTATION. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.08.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Kumar A, Sathyapalan D, Ramachandran A, Subhash K, Biswas L, Beena KV. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in healthcare workers in a large university hospital, Kerala, India. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:481-483. [PMID: 32949718 PMCID: PMC7493758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India.
| | - D Sathyapalan
- Department of Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - A Ramachandran
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - K Subhash
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - L Biswas
- Centre for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - K V Beena
- Medical Administration, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
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S V, Ganu S, Surendran S, Biswas L, Cb M, Marwaha CV. SAT0538 CLINICAL PROFILE OF AUTOIMMUNE UVEITIS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH HLA B27: A RETROSPECTIVE SINGLE CENTER STUDY. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:Autoimmune uveitis is frequently referred to a rheumatologist for evaluation & treatment. While clinical characteristics of HLA B27 associated uveitis are well documented, scanty information is available on non HLA-B27 associated autoimmune uveitis. We have described the clinical characteristics of our patients of non-B27 uveitis and compare the same with patients of Asian Indian HLAB27 uveitis.Objectives:To describe and compare the clinical characteristics of non HLA-B27 associated autoimmune uveitis.Methods:Retrospective review of records from hospital’s electronic medical record database and included all cases of autoimmune uveitis that were referred to rheumatology from January 2017 and December 2018. Among these, those who did not have HLA B tissue typing record or were HLAB27 positive; were excluded. Pertinent details like age, sex, no. of episodes, unilateral or bilateral, location of uveitis (anterior, posterior or pan uveitis, association of synechiae & vasculitis), baseline CRP & ESR levels along with the HLA B profile(SSP-PCR) & nature of treatment received (systemic steroids, DMARD initiation) were collected. For comparison, clinical features of a HLA B27+ve uveitis series from the same ethnic Asian-Indian population were used1. Subgroup analysis was also done between the common non B27 HLA genotypes. Descriptive statistics were summarized using mean & percentage. Chi square & Fischer’s test was used to compare the groups and subgroups.Results:Out of total 210 patients screened, 17 cases were HLA B27 negative on HLA B tissue typing. The key demographic and clinical features of our patients of autoimmune uveitis not associated with HLA B27 in comparison with the B27 +ve uveitis group are given in table 1.Table 1Comparison of clinical features of our patients versus B27 +ve uveitisNon HLA B27 Autoimmune Uveitis (N=17)Ninan et al (N=25)P valueAge (years) at disease onset 16-35 415 More than 3513 70.009 Onset not known 0 3Sex Male 6210.002 Female11 4Region of uveitis anterior 9240.001 posterior & pan-uveitis 8 1Biochemical parameters CRP (mg/L)6.45 + 8.39N.A- ESR (mm/hr)24.75 + 18.80N.AAssociated complications synechiae formation4 of 174 of 250.69 retinal vasculitis4 of 170 of 17-Recurrent uveitis was seen in 11 out of 17 patients in our patients as compared to 15 out of 22 (p 0.81) in HLA B27 +ve patients.HLA B7 and HLA B35 were the most frequent genotypes (figure 1). Sub group analysis showed that 87.5% of patients with a component of posterior uveitis were HLA B7 or HLA B35 positive. It was noted none of 5 cases of HLA B35 +ve uveitis needed second line DMARD initiation after a tapering course of systemic steroids. There was no other significant difference in the clinical or treatment parameters noted in the subgroup analysis between the HLA genotypes.Conclusion:Autoimmune uveitis not associated with HLA B27 tends to have older age of onset, female predominance, more common involvement of posterior uvea and association of vasculitis than HLAB27 autoimmune uveitis. Among non HLA B27 uveitis, HLA B07 and HLA B35 are the most common serotypes in our Asian south Indian group. Therapeutic stratification for a delayed initiation of second line DMARD therapy needs to be studied further particularly in HLA B35 +ve uveitis.References:[1]Ninan F, Mathew J, Philip SS, John D, Danda D, John SS. Uveitis of spondyloarthritis in Indian subcontinent: a cross sectional study. Int J Adv Med 2017;4:1441-6Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Anbinselvam A, Sidharthan N, Vidyadharan G, Kurian J, Biswas L. Mutation profile of JAK2, EPOR and CALR genes in polycythemia patients. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2020; 82:102414. [PMID: 32070814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2020.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arularasan Anbinselvam
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Neeraj Sidharthan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Geeta Vidyadharan
- Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Jessy Kurian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India.
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Iyer S, Sharma M, Kishore P, Mathew J, Janarthanan R, Reddy R, Wakure A, Vijayaraghavan S, Chetan Mali SM, Varma V, Chaudhari A, Dhake S, Omkumar A, Kurian G, Nair R, Mathew A, Paul Z, Eapen M, Biswas L. First two bilateral hand transplantations in India (Part 4): Immediate post-operative care, immunosuppression protocol and monitoring. Indian J Plast Surg 2019; 50:168-172. [PMID: 29343892 PMCID: PMC5770930 DOI: 10.4103/ijps.ijps_96_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Being able to counter immune-mediated rejection has for decades been the single largest obstacle for the progress of vascular composite allotransplantation (VCA). The human immune system performs the key role of differentiating the 'self ' from the 'non-self '. This, although is quintessential to eliminate or resist infections, also resists the acceptance of an allograft which it promptly recognises as 'non-self'. Materials and Methods: Pre-operative evaluation of the recipient evaluation included immunological assessment in the form of panel reactive antibodies (PRA), human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing, donor-specific antibody detection assays (DSA) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays (CDC). Induction immunosuppression was by thymoglobulin and the maintenance by the standard triple-drug therapy. Results: Both the recipients were managed by the standard triple drug therapy and have had only minor episodes of rejections thus far which have been managed appropriately. Discussion: Induction immunosuppression was by thymoglobulin and the maintenance by the standard triple-drug therapy. Various groups have tried various other formulations and regimes as well. Conclusion: A comprehensive plan has to be drawn up for immunological screening, selection and the post-operative immunosuppressant usage. The ultimate goal of these immunosuppression modalities is to achieve a state of donor-specific tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramania Iyer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.,Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - P Kishore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jimmy Mathew
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - R Janarthanan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raghuveer Reddy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Abhijeet Wakure
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - S M Chetan Mali
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Visakh Varma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ashish Chaudhari
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Swapnil Dhake
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Akshay Omkumar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - George Kurian
- Department of Nephrology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rajesh Nair
- Department of Nephrology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Mathew
- Department of Nephrology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Zachariah Paul
- Department of Nephrology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Malini Eapen
- Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Suresh MK, Biswas R, Biswas L. An update on recent developments in the prevention and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Panicker PS, Melge AR, Biswas L, Keechilat P, Mohan CG. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) structure-based bioactive pharmacophore models for identifying next-generation inhibitors against clinically relevant EGFR mutations. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:629-636. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja S. Panicker
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine; Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita University; Kochi Kerala India
| | - Anu R. Melge
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine; Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita University; Kochi Kerala India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine; Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita University; Kochi Kerala India
| | - Pavithran Keechilat
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine; Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita University; Kochi Kerala India
| | - Chethampadi G. Mohan
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine; Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita University; Kochi Kerala India
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Nair CG, Babu M, Biswas L, Jacob P, Menon R, Revathy AK, Nair K. Lack of Association of B-type Raf Kinase V600E Mutation with High-risk Tumor Features and Adverse Outcome in Conventional and Follicular Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 21:329-333. [PMID: 28459034 PMCID: PMC5367239 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_353_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Somatic B-type Raf kinase (BRAF) V600E mutation in exon 15 was frequently found in high frequencies associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The phenotype of these cancers expressed aggressive clinical and pathological features. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of BRAF V600E mutation among conventional and follicular variants of PTC and its association with aggressive tumor factors and outcome. STUDY DESIGN Patients who were operated and received further treatment for PTC during 2012 were included in the study. BRAF V600E mutation analysis was done by extracting genomic DNA from tumor tissue. RESULTS Of the 59 patients included in the study, 51% harbored BRAF V600E mutation, but the mutation status was not associated with aggressive tumor factors and adverse outcome. CONCLUSION BRAF V600E mutation was not significant predictor of aggressive tumor behavior in conventional and follicular variants of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gopalakrishnan Nair
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Molecular Biology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Misha Babu
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Molecular Biology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Molecular Biology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Pradeep Jacob
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Molecular Biology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Riju Menon
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Molecular Biology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - A. K. Revathy
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Molecular Biology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnanunni Nair
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Molecular Biology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Keechilot CS, Shenoy V, Kumar A, Biswas L, Vijayrajratnam S, Dinesh K, Nair P. Detection of occult hepatitis B and window period infection among blood donors by individual donation nucleic acid testing in a tertiary care center in South India. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:287-291. [PMID: 27788631 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1248171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of highly sensitive hepatitis B surface antigen immunoassay, transfusion associated HBV infection have reduced drastically but they still tend to occur due to blood donors with occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) and window period (WP) infection. Sera from, 24338 healthy voluntary blood donors were screened for HBsAg, HIV and HCV antibody using Vitros Enhanced Chemiluminescent Immunoassay. The median age of the donor population was 30 (range 18-54) with male preponderance (98%). All serologically negative samples were screened by nucleic acid testing (NAT) for viral DNA and RNA. NAT-positive samples were subjected to discriminatory NAT for HBV, HCV, and HIV and all samples positive for HBV DNA were tested for anti-HBc, anti-HBs, HBeAg. Viral load was determined using artus HBV RG PCR Kit. Of the 24,338 donors screened, 99.81% (24292/24338) were HBsAg negative of which NAT was positive for HBV DNA in 0.0205% (5/24292) donors. Four NAT positive donors had viral load of <200 IU/ml making them true cases of OBI. One NAT positive donor was negative for all antibodies making it a case of WP infection. Among OBI donors, 75% (3/4) were immune and all were negative for HBeAg. Precise HBV viral load could not be determined in all (5/5) NAT positive donors due to viral loads below the detection limit of the artus HBV RG PCR Kit. The overall incidence of OBI and WP infections was found to be low at 1 in 6503 and 1 in 24214 donations, respectively. More studies are needed to determine the actual burden of WP infections in Indian blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia S Keechilot
- a Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Ponekkara, Cochin , Kerala , India
| | - Veena Shenoy
- b Department of Transfusion Medicine , Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Ponekkara, Cochin , Kerala , India
| | - Anil Kumar
- c Department of Microbiology , Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Ponekkara, Cochin , Kerala , India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- d Department of Molecular Biology , Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Ponekkara, Cochin , Kerala , India
| | - Sukhithasri Vijayrajratnam
- e Center for Nanoscience and Molecular medicine , Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Ponekkara, Cochin , Kerala , India
| | - Kavitha Dinesh
- c Department of Microbiology , Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Ponekkara, Cochin , Kerala , India
| | - Prem Nair
- f Department of Gastroenterology , Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Ponekkara, Cochin , Kerala , India
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Chatterjee M, Anju C, Biswas L, Anil Kumar V, Gopi Mohan C, Biswas R. Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and alternative therapeutic options. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Roifman I, Walcarius R, Biswas L, Connelly K, Wright G. COMPARISON OF A NOVEL FREE BREATHING STEADY STATE FREE PRECESSION (SSFP) SEQUENCE WITH TRADITIONAL BREATH HELD SSFP IN THE QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION. Can J Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Nair N, Vinod V, Suresh MK, Vijayrajratnam S, Biswas L, Peethambaran R, Vasudevan AK, Biswas R. Amidase, a cell wall hydrolase, elicits protective immunity against Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 77:314-21. [PMID: 25841371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The morbidity and the mortality associated with Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis infections have greatly increased due to the rapid emergence of highly virulent and antibiotic resistant strains. Development of a vaccine-based therapy is greatly desired. However, no staphylococcal vaccine is available till date. In this study, we have identified Major amidase (Atl-AM) as a prime candidate for future vaccine design against these pathogens. Atl-AM is a multi-functional non-covalently cell wall associated protein which is involved in staphylococcal cell separation after cell division, host extracellular matrix adhesion and biofilm formation. Atl-AM is present on the surface of diverse S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. When used in combination with Freund's adjuvant, Atl-AM generated a mixed Th1 and Th2 mediated immune response which is skewed more toward Th1; and showed increased production of opsonophagocytic IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies. Significant protective immune response was observed when vaccinated mice were challenged with S. aureus or S. epidermidis. Vaccination prevented the systemic dissemination of both organisms. Our results demonstrate the remarkable efficacy of Atl-AM as a vaccine candidate against both of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nair
- Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Vivek Vinod
- Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Maneesha K Suresh
- Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Sukhithasri Vijayrajratnam
- Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Reshmi Peethambaran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Amrita Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, AIMS - Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala 682041, India.
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Kumar A, Sreehari S, Velayudhan K, Biswas L, Babu R, Ahmed S, Sharma N, Kurupath VP, Jojo A, Dinesh KR, Karim S, Biswas R. Autochthonous blastomycosis of the adrenal: first case report from Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:735-9. [PMID: 24493676 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic endemic mycoses, such as blastomycosis, are rare in Asia and have been reported as health risks among travelers who visit or reside in an endemic area. Adrenal involvement is rarely seen in blastomycosis and has never been reported from Asia. We report the first case of blastomycosis with bilateral involvement of the adrenals in a diabetic patient residing in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Departments of Microbiology, Pathology, Internal Medicine, Molecular Biology, and Nano Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekara, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Sukhithasri V, Nisha N, Biswas L, Anil Kumar V, Biswas R. Innate immune recognition of microbial cell wall components and microbial strategies to evade such recognitions. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:396-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sivasundar S, Oommen AT, Prakash O, Baskaran S, Biswas R, Nair S, Mohan CG, Biswas L. Molecular defect of ‘Prothrombin Amrita’: Substitution of arginine by glutamine (Arg553 to Gln) near the Na+ binding loop of prothrombin. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 50:182-3. [PMID: 23265743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yancey SE, Rotenberg DJ, Tam F, Chiew M, Ranieri S, Biswas L, Anderson KJT, Baker SN, Wright GA, Graham SJ. Spin-history artifact during functional MRI: potential for adaptive correction. Med Phys 2011; 38:4634-46. [PMID: 21928636 DOI: 10.1118/1.3583814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is limited by sensitivity to millimetre-scale head motion. Adaptive correction is a strategy to adjust the imaging plane in response to measured head motion, thereby suppressing motion artifacts. This strategy should correct for motion in all six degrees of freedom and also holds promise for through-plane motion that creates "spin-history" artifact that cannot easily be removed by postprocessing methods. Improved quantitative understanding of the MRI signal behavior associated with spin-history artifact would be useful for implementing adaptive correction robustly. METHODS A numerical simulation was developed to predict MRI artifact signal amplitude in a single-slice for simple motions, implemented with and without adaptive correction, and compared with experiment by imaging a phantom at 3.0 T. Functional MRI was also performed of a human volunteer to illustrate adaptive correction in the presence of spin-history artifact. RESULTS Good agreement was achieved between simulation and experimental results. Although time-averaged artifact signal amplitude was observed to correlate linearly with motion speed, artifact time-courses were nonlinearly related to motion waveforms. In addition, experimental results demonstrated effective adaptive correction of spin-history artifact when the phantom underwent complex motions. Adaptive correction during human fMRI suppressed spin-history artifacts and spurious activations associated with task-correlated motion. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this work suggests that adaptive correction, especially when implemented with minimal lag between motion measurement and scan plane update, may help to expand the populations for which fMRI can be performed robustly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie E Yancey
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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Schmaler M, Jann NJ, Ferracin F, Landolt LZ, Biswas L, Götz F, Landmann R. Lipoproteins in Staphylococcus aureus mediate inflammation by TLR2 and iron-dependent growth in vivo. J Immunol 2009; 182:7110-8. [PMID: 19454708 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins (Lpp) are ligands of TLR2 and signal by the adaptor MyD88. As part of the bacterial cell envelope, Lpp are mainly involved in nutrient acquisition for Staphylococcus aureus. The impact of Lpp on TLR2-MyD88 activation for S. aureus in systemic infection is unknown. S. aureus strain SA113 deficient in the enzyme encoded by the prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase gene (Deltalgt), which attaches the lipid anchor to pro-Lpp, was used to study benefits and costs of Lpp maturation. Lpp in S. aureus induced early and strong cytokines by TLR2-MyD88 signaling in murine peritoneal macrophages. Lpp contributed via TLR2 to pathogenesis of sepsis in C57BL/6 mice with IL-1beta, chemokine-mediated inflammation, and high bacterial numbers. In the absence of MyD88-mediated inflammation, Lpp allowed bacterial clearing from liver devoid of infiltrating cells, but still conferred a strong growth advantage in mice, which was shown to rely on iron uptake and storage in vitro and in vivo. With iron-restricted bacteria, the Lpp-related growth advantage was evident in infection of MyD88(-/-), but not of C57BL/6, mice. On the other hand, iron overload of the host restored the growth deficit of Deltalgt in MyD88(-/-), but not in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. These results indicate that iron acquisition is improved by Lpp of S. aureus but is counteracted by inflammation. Thus, lipid anchoring is an evolutionary advantage for S. aureus to retain essential proteins for better survival in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmaler
- Department of Biomedicine, Division Infection Biology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Biswas L, Pal AK, Chatterjee A. The possible mode of action of iproniazid. I. Differential luteolytic effect of iproniazid before and after the establishment of placental adolescence. Endokrinologie 1975; 64:299-303. [PMID: 1241668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iproniazid, a very specific monoamine oxidase inhibitor, at a dose level of 200 mg/kg body weight induced luteolysis and caused lysis of deciduomata as well as resorption of the established embryos. Exogenous replacement of prolactin, a most consistent stimulant of the endocrine functioning of corpus luteum, or progesterone absolutely reversed the adversity developed following iproniazid injection. Moreover, failure of iproniazid even at a higher dose level in the deviation of the normal sequence of pregnancy after the establishment of placental adolescence strongly tempting to suggest that iproniazid could only show its luteolytic effect when the hypothalamic-pituitary complex is exclusively involved in the maintennance of pregnancy.
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