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Jayasankar JP, Vijayaraghavan S, Reddy PB, Kottayil BP, Gopalkrishnan RM, Neema PK. Acute superficial and deep necrosis of lower limb following femoral arterial cannulation in a neonate undergoing arterial switch operation for transposition of great arteries. Ann Card Anaesth 2023; 26:438-441. [PMID: 37861581 PMCID: PMC10691566 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_177_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial lines are routinely used for hemodynamic monitoring and blood sampling in the operating room and in cardiac surgery intensive care unit. The complications related to arterial line insertion are very low; the knowledge of the relevant artery anatomy, skills and the experience of the operator and selection of a right size cannula plays a vital role in reducing morbidity related to arterial line insertion. We describe extensive superficial and deep necrosis of lower limb following arterial cannula insertion in a preterm neonate undergoing arterial switch procedure and discuss measures to prevent such a complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessin P. Jayasankar
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Praveen B. Reddy
- Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Brijesh P. Kottayil
- Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rajesh M. Gopalkrishnan
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Neema
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Vijayaraghavan S, Wu L, Noels L, Bordas SPA, Natarajan S, Beex LAA. A data-driven reduced-order surrogate model for entire elastoplastic simulations applied to representative volume elements. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12781. [PMID: 37550337 PMCID: PMC10406896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This contribution discusses surrogate models that emulate the solution field(s) in the entire simulation domain. The surrogate uses the most characteristic modes of the solution field(s), in combination with neural networks to emulate the coefficients of each mode. This type of surrogate is well known to rapidly emulate flow simulations, but rather new for simulations of elastoplastic solids. The surrogate avoids the iterative process of constructing and solving the linearized governing equations of rate-independent elastoplasticity, as necessary for direct numerical simulations or (hyper-)reduced-order-models. Instead, the new plastic variables are computed only once per increment, resulting in substantial time savings. The surrogate uses a recurrent neural network to treat the path dependency of rate-independent elastoplasticity within the neural network itself. Because only a few of these surrogates have been developed for elastoplastic simulations, their potential and limitations are not yet well studied. The aim of this contribution is to shed more light on their numerical capabilities in the context of elastoplasticity. Although more widely applicable, the investigation focuses on a representative volume element, because these surrogates have the ability to both emulate the macroscale stress-deformation relation (which drives the multiscale simulation), as well as to recover all microstructural quantities within each representative volume element.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayaraghavan
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue de la Fonte, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - L Wu
- University of Liege, Bât. B52/3 Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials, Quartier Polytech 1, allée de la Découverte 9, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - L Noels
- University of Liege, Bât. B52/3 Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials, Quartier Polytech 1, allée de la Découverte 9, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - S P A Bordas
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue de la Fonte, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - S Natarajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - L A A Beex
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue de la Fonte, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Nadesh R, Menon KN, Biswas L, Mony U, Subramania Iyer K, Vijayaraghavan S, Nambiar A, Nair S. Author Correction: Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome formulation as a biotherapeutic to inhibit growth of drug resistant triple negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11034. [PMID: 37420005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ragima Nadesh
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Krishnakumar N Menon
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ullas Mony
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - K Subramania Iyer
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ajit Nambiar
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Shantikumar Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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Puthenveettil N, Vijayaraghavan S, Rahman S, Rajan S, Paul J, Kumar L. Comparison of aerosol box intubation with styletted endotracheal tube and intubation over bougie: A randomized controlled trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2023; 39:121-126. [PMID: 37250259 PMCID: PMC10220176 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_222_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) is an infectious disease. The use of video laryngoscopes is recommended for intubation of patients with COVID-19. But in resource-poor countries, it is rare to have video laryngoscopes available. In this trial, we have compared the ease of oral intubation by direct laryngoscopy with styletted endotracheal tube and intubation over the bougie, with the use of the aerosol box. The secondary objectives were comparison of the incidence of airway loss, attempts taken to intubate, time for intubation and hemodynamic changes. Material and Methods 80 non-coronavirus infected patients coming for an elective procedure under general anesthesia were recruited in this randomized control trial. Participants were assigned into groups S and B using a computer-generated random sequence of numbers by closed envelope technique. In both groups, aerosol box was used. In Group S, participants were intubated by direct laryngoscopy with a styletted endotracheal tube and in group B, after direct laryngoscopy, the endotracheal tube was railroaded over the bougie. Results Ease of endotracheal intubation was good (67.5%% vs. 45%), satisfactory (32.5%% vs. 37.5%), and poor (0% vs. 17.5%) in group S and B respectively (P < 0.011). The attempts required for intubation were similar in both groups. The time for intubation was significantly less in group S than B (23 vs. 55 s). Conclusion The use of a styletted endotracheal tube made intubation easier and faster than tracheal intubation with bougie when the aerosol box was used in patients without known or predicted difficult airway and significant medical comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Puthenveettil
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sajan Rahman
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Rajan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jerry Paul
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lakshmi Kumar
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Nadesh R, Menon KN, Biswas L, Mony U, Subramania Iyer K, Vijayaraghavan S, Nambiar A, Nair S. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome formulation as a biotherapeutic to inhibit growth of drug resistant triple negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23435. [PMID: 34873206 PMCID: PMC8648896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a protocol was developed for processing of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome formulation of varying concentration. Its molecular composition was evaluated, and its effectiveness in vitro using breast cancer cell lines, and in vivo in a nude mice breast cancer model was studied to determine its role in suppressing triple negative breast cancer in a dose dependent manner. Because the secretome could have value as an add-on therapy along with a current drug, the effectiveness of the secretome both in monotherapy and in combination therapy along with paclitaxel was evaluated. The results showed significant cell kill when exposed to the secretome above 20 mg/ml at which concentration there was no toxicity to normal cells. 70 mg/ml of SF showed 90 ± 10% apoptosis and significant decrease in CD44+/CD24−, MDR1+ and PDL-1+ cancer cells. In vivo, the tumor showed no growth after daily intra tumor injections at 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml doses whereas substantial tumor growth occurred after saline intra tumor injection. The study concludes that SF is a potential biotherapeutic for breast cancer and could be used initially as an add-on therapy to other standard of care to provide improved efficacy without other adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragima Nadesh
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Krishnakumar N Menon
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ullas Mony
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - K Subramania Iyer
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ajit Nambiar
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Shantikumar Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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Puthenveettil N, Vijayaraghavan S, Rahman S, Mathew J. Intubation and extubation of patients with a heat and moisture exchanger attached to the endotracheal tube in patients with COVID-19. Can J Anaesth 2021; 68:1080-1081. [PMID: 33650033 PMCID: PMC7920749 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-021-01955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sajan Rahman
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kanayannur, Kerala, India
| | - Juby Mathew
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kanayannur, Kerala, India
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7
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Puthenveettil N, Rahman S, Vijayaraghavan S, Suresh S, Kadapamannil D, Paul J. Comparison of aerosol box intubation with C-MAC video laryngoscope and direct laryngoscopy-A randomised controlled trial. Indian J Anaesth 2021; 65:133-138. [PMID: 33776088 PMCID: PMC7983824 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_1218_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious disease and healthcare workers are at constant risk for contracting it. Nowadays, aerosol box is used in conjunction with WHO-recommended safety kits, to avoid health workers from getting SARS-CoV-2 infection during aerosol-generating procedures. In our study, we compared the ease of oral intubation with C-MAC video laryngoscope and direct laryngoscopy, when the aerosol box was used. The secondary objectives were to compare the incidence of airway loss, haemodynamic changes, number of attempts, and time required for intubation between these two techniques. Methods: This prospective randomised controlled study was conducted on 60 non-coronavirus disease (COVID) patients presenting for elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups:C and D using a computer-generated random sequence of numbers by closed envelope technique. In group D, laryngoscopy was performed with Macintosh blade and in group C, with Storz® C-MAC video laryngoscope. Results: The ease of intubation was better (grade 1) in group C than D (68.6% vs. 31.4% respectively) with a P value of < 0.001. 10% of patients required more than one intubation attempt in group D compared to none in group C, but this difference was not statistically significant. The intubation time was comparable between the two groups. There were no incidences of loss of airway or failure to intubate in both groups. Conclusion: The use of C-MAC video-laryngoscopy resulted in easier orotracheal intubation as compared to intubation with direct laryngoscopy when the aerosol box was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Puthenveettil
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Department of Plastic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sajan Rahman
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Department of Plastic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Department of Plastic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sneha Suresh
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Department of Plastic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Dilesh Kadapamannil
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Department of Plastic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jerry Paul
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Department of Plastic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Harijee A, Vijayaraghavan S, Marathi AR, Kottayil BP, Kappanayil M, Bayya PR, Jayashankar JP. Complete Sternal Cleft Repair. Indian J Plast Surg 2020; 53:419-422. [PMID: 33402776 PMCID: PMC7775229 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sternal cleft (SC) is a rare congenital malformation which can be partial or complete. We report a case of complete SC in a 9-month-old child. Our technique involves a combination of reinforcement with the deep cervical fascial extension, followed by the anterior perichondrial flaps, bridged with the rib graft, incorporating surplus resected cartilaginous xiphoid process, and covered with the bilateral pectoralis major muscle flap for the chest wall reconstruction with 3D printing assisting preoperative planning. The size of the defect in relation to the age of presentation was a deciding factor in the adoption of this alternative surgical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Harijee
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Arjun Reddy Marathi
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Brijesh Parayaru Kottayil
- Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Mahesh Kappanayil
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, AIMS 3D Printing & Innovation Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Praveen Reddy Bayya
- Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, India
| | - Jessin P Jayashankar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, India
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9
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Vijayaraghavan S, Puthenveettil N. Aerosol box for protection during airway manipulation in covid-19 patients. Indian J Anaesth 2020; 64:S148-S149. [PMID: 32773857 PMCID: PMC7293374 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_375_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstuctive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Nitu Puthenveettil
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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10
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Freitas MJ, Silva JV, Brothag C, Regadas-Correia B, Fardilha M, Vijayaraghavan S. Isoform-specific GSK3A activity is negatively correlated with human sperm motility. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 25:171-183. [PMID: 30824926 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In mouse and bovine sperm, GSK3 activity is inversely proportional to motility. Targeted disruption of the GSK3A gene in testis results in normal spermatogenesis, but mature sperm present a reduced motility, rendering male mice infertile. On the other hand, GSK3B testis-specific KO is fertile. Yet in human sperm, an isoform-specific correlation between GSK3A and sperm motility was never established. In order to analyze GSK3 function in human sperm motility, normospermic and asthenozoospermic samples from adult males were used to correlate GSK3 expression and activity levels with human sperm motility profiles. Moreover, testicular and sperm GSK3 interactomes were identified using a yeast two-hybrid screen and coimmunoprecipitation, respectively. An extensive in-silico analysis of the GSK3 interactome was performed. The results proved that inhibited GSK3A (serine phosphorylated) presents a significant strong positive correlation (r = 0.822, P = 0.023) with the percentage of progressive human sperm, whereas inhibited GSK3B is not significantly correlated with sperm motility (r = 0.577, P = 0.175). The importance of GSK3 in human sperm motility was further reinforced by in-silico analysis of the GSK3 interactome, which revealed a high level of involvement of GSK3 interactors in sperm motility-related functions. The limitation of techniques used for GSK3 interactome identification can be a drawback, since none completely mimics the physiological environment. Our findings prove that human sperm motility relies on isoform-specific functions of GSK3A within this cell. Given the reported relevance of GSK3 protein-protein interactions in sperm motility, we hypothesized that they stand as potential targets for male contraceptive strategies based on sperm motility modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Freitas
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J V Silva
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Reproductive Genetics & Embryo-fetal Development Group, Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Brothag
- Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - B Regadas-Correia
- CNC.IBILI-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT-Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department Quantitative Methods and Information and Management Systems, Coimbra Business School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Fardilha
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Vijayaraghavan S, Lipfert L, Chevalier K, Bushey B, Henley B, Lenhart R, Sendecki J, Beqiri M, Millar H, Packman K, Lorenzi M, Laquerre S, Moores S. B03 JNJ-61186372, an Fc Effector Enhanced EGFR/cMet Bispecific Antibody, Induces EGFR/cMet Downmodulation and Efficacy Through Monocyte and Macrophage Trogocytosis. J Thorac Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Sharma M, Iyer S, Purushottaman K, Vijayaraghavan S, Matthew J, Dudipala RR, Ramu J, Paul J, Rajan S, Verma V, Chaudary A, Dhake S, Omkumar A, Kapahtia R, Sharma D, Maharaja N. Indian Subcontinent's First Proximal Forearm Level Double Upper Extremity Transplantation. Indian J Plast Surg 2020; 52:277-284. [PMID: 31908365 PMCID: PMC6938444 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3401474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has added another step to the reconstructive ladder, leading to a paradigm shift in the approach toward management of cases of upper limb amputations. In this article, we discuss in detail the technical aspects of proximal forearm level transplantation, as well as the immediate posttransplant monitoring and immunosuppression protocols.
Materials and Methods
A 24-year-old male victim of an electric injury presented with a bilateral proximal forearm level amputation. After the mandatory preoperative psychiatric and immunological evaluation, the patient underwent a proximal forearm level double upper extremity transplantation. He was then put on a stringent immunosuppression and physical rehabilitative regime.
Discussion
Conceptually, the proximal forearm level transplantation is significantly different from distal forearm level transplant. This transplant “reestablishes” the “donor extremity length,” maintains the normal functional length of the donor muscles, and the functional return happens only after the newly transplanted donor muscles are reinnervated over a period of time.
Conclusion
As the sequence of surgical repair and associated decision making could be quite confusing for this level of transplantation, it is highly advisable to do mock cadaver surgical dissections in order to standardize the procedure and make the team familiar with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Subramania Iyer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Kishore Purushottaman
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jimmy Matthew
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raghuveer Reddy Dudipala
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Janarthanan Ramu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jerry Paul
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Rajan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vishak Verma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ashish Chaudary
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Swapnil Dhake
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Akshay Omkumar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Radhika Kapahtia
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Dimpy Sharma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Nirav Maharaja
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Reddy R, Iyer S, Sharma M, Vijayaraghavan S, Kishore P, Mathew J, Unni AKK, Reshmi P, Sharma R, Prasad C. Effect of external volume expansion on the survival of fat grafts. Indian J Plast Surg 2019; 49:151-158. [PMID: 27833274 PMCID: PMC5052984 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.191322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: External volume expansion (EVE) is one method, which has been utilised for increasing the survival of adipose tissue grafts. EVE releases positive pressure from the graft and also induces intense levels of edema that decreases diffusion of metabolites essential for graft survival initially. The ideal timing of external volume expansion in relation to the injection of the fat to facilitate survival is not yet clear. Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the efficacy of external volume expansion applied at variable time points in relation to the injection of the fat. Materials and Methods: Athymic mouse was the animal model and human lipo-aspirate mixed with PRP was used as graft. An indigenous dome shaped silicone device was fabricated to deliver a negative pressure of -30 mm of Hg. The EVE was applied at variable time intervals. At the end of 4 weeks visual, histological and radiological features of the injected fat were compared. The adipose tissue was stained with human vimentin to ascertain the origin of the retained fat. Results: All the grafts, which had EVE, had significantly better volume retention and vascularity. The groups which underwent a delayed EVE or prior expansion followed by concomitant graft injection and expansion showed the most optimal vascularity and graft retention. Conclusions: A delayed EVE or prior expansion followed by concomitant graft injection and expansion may be the most ideal combinations to optimize graft take. However, on account of the relatively small sample size, there was a limitation in drawing statistically significant conclusions for certain variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuveer Reddy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Subramania Iyer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - P Kishore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jimmy Mathew
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - A K K Unni
- Animal Research Facility, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - P Reshmi
- Animal Research Facility, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Amrita Institute of Dental Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Chaya Prasad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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14
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Sharma M, Iyer S, Kishore P, Mathew J, Reddy R, Ramu J, Vijayaraghavan S, Wakure A, Mali Chetan SM, Varma V, Chaudhari A, Dhake S, Omkumar A, Paul J, Rajan S, Nair A, Shaji D. First two bilateral hand transplantations in India (Part 2): Technical details. Indian J Plast Surg 2019; 50:153-160. [PMID: 29343890 PMCID: PMC5770928 DOI: 10.4103/ijps.ijps_94_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This article deals with two patients who underwent bilateral hand transplantation following amputation of both upper limbs at the distal third of the foream. Materials and Methods: The first patient had a history of loss of hands in a train accident , with possiblity of a run over element during the injury. The second patient lost his both hands in a mine blast. The preoperative work up included detailed clinical and psychological evaluation. The donor retrieval was similar in both the cases and the donors were housed in our own instittution. The donor preparation, recipient preparation and the transplant procedure was similar except for the need of primary tendon transfers in the left hand of the first patient. Results: The first patient needed a free flap transfer to cover compromised skin flap on the left hand on the second day. The second hand transplant was uneventful. Both the recipients are now back to their normal daily routines. Conclusions: Hand transplantation is a potentially life altering procedure, but to optimise the results, it is imperative that there is a meticulous planning and diligent execution with utmost importance to the detail coupled with a synchronised team effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Subramania Iyer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - P Kishore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jimmy Mathew
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raghuveer Reddy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Janarthanan Ramu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Abhijeet Wakure
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - S M Mali Chetan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Visakh Varma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ashish Chaudhari
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Swapnil Dhake
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Akshay Omkumar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jerry Paul
- Department of Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Rajan
- Department of Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ayyappan Nair
- Department of Orthopaedics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Druvan Shaji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Iyer S, Sharma M, Kishore P, Mathew J, Janarthanan R, Reddy R, Wakure A, Vijayaraghavan S, Chetan Mali SM, Varma V, Chaudhari A, Dhake S, Omkumar A, Kurian G, Nair R, Mathew A, Paul Z, Eapen M, Biswas L. First two bilateral hand transplantations in India (Part 4): Immediate post-operative care, immunosuppression protocol and monitoring. Indian J Plast Surg 2019; 50:168-172. [PMID: 29343892 PMCID: PMC5770930 DOI: 10.4103/ijps.ijps_96_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Being able to counter immune-mediated rejection has for decades been the single largest obstacle for the progress of vascular composite allotransplantation (VCA). The human immune system performs the key role of differentiating the 'self ' from the 'non-self '. This, although is quintessential to eliminate or resist infections, also resists the acceptance of an allograft which it promptly recognises as 'non-self'. Materials and Methods: Pre-operative evaluation of the recipient evaluation included immunological assessment in the form of panel reactive antibodies (PRA), human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing, donor-specific antibody detection assays (DSA) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays (CDC). Induction immunosuppression was by thymoglobulin and the maintenance by the standard triple-drug therapy. Results: Both the recipients were managed by the standard triple drug therapy and have had only minor episodes of rejections thus far which have been managed appropriately. Discussion: Induction immunosuppression was by thymoglobulin and the maintenance by the standard triple-drug therapy. Various groups have tried various other formulations and regimes as well. Conclusion: A comprehensive plan has to be drawn up for immunological screening, selection and the post-operative immunosuppressant usage. The ultimate goal of these immunosuppression modalities is to achieve a state of donor-specific tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramania Iyer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.,Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - P Kishore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jimmy Mathew
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - R Janarthanan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raghuveer Reddy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Abhijeet Wakure
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - S M Chetan Mali
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Visakh Varma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ashish Chaudhari
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Swapnil Dhake
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Akshay Omkumar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - George Kurian
- Department of Nephrology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rajesh Nair
- Department of Nephrology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Mathew
- Department of Nephrology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Zachariah Paul
- Department of Nephrology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Malini Eapen
- Department of Pathology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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16
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Iyer S, Sharma M, Kishore P, Mathew J, Vijayaraghavan S, Ramu J, Wakure A, Reddy R, Mali Chetan SM, Varma V, Chaudhari A, Dhake S, Omkumar A, Prasad VG. First two bilateral hand transplantations in India (Part 1): From vision to reality. Indian J Plast Surg 2019; 50:148-152. [PMID: 29343889 PMCID: PMC5770927 DOI: 10.4103/ijps.ijps_93_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vascularized composite tissue allotransplantation is a relatively new concept, which was unavailable in the Indian subcontinent till a bilateral hand transplant was carried out successfully in January 2015. Materials and Methods The setting up of the transplant programme involved obtaining legal clearances, creating public awareness, harnessing the institutional facilities, drawing up protocols, assembling the surgical team, managing immunological issues, rehabilitation and preparing the ancillary services. Results Both, the first and second bilateral hand transplants were resounding successes with both the recipients getting back to their original daily routines. Conclusions The organisation of the hand transplant programme was a large task, which necessitated intensive planning, and cooperation from various teams within and outside the institution. Exemplary team-work was the key to the phenomenal success of these path breaking endeavors in the subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramania Iyer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - P Kishore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jimmy Mathew
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Janarthanan Ramu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Abhijeet Wakure
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raghuveer Reddy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - S M Mali Chetan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Visakh Varma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ashish Chaudhari
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Swapnil Dhake
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Akshay Omkumar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - V G Prasad
- Department of Transplant co-ordinator, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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17
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Sharma M, Iyer S, Kishore P, Mathew J, Vijayaraghavan S, Sankaran R, Nair AN, Janarthanan R, Wakure A, Reddy R, Chetan Mali SM, Varma V, Chaudhari A, Dhake S, Omkumar A. First two bilateral hand transplantations in India (Part 3): Rehabilitation and immediate outcome. Indian J Plast Surg 2018; 50:161-167. [PMID: 29343891 PMCID: PMC5770929 DOI: 10.4103/ijps.ijps_95_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This report covers the strategies adopted for rehabilitation for the first and second dual hand transplants performed in India. Materials and Methods The team, under a trained physiatrist, including physiotherapy and occupational therapy personnel, was involved in the management of both these patients. The management protocol was developed considering previous reports as well as our management strategies in the rehabilitation of the replanted hands. The involvement of the team with the patients started in the 1st week itself and continued on a daily basis for the entire year. Results Outcome analysis was performed at 6 months and 1 year using the disability of shoulder and hand evaluation and hand transplant scoring system. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was done at the end of 1 year to assess the cortical integration of the transplanted hand. Conclusion Despite more than 110 hands being transplanted worldwide, hand transplant remains an experimental procedure. It is still not considered the "standard of care" for hand amputees. Outcome analyses performed worldwide do indicate that the procedure can provide a substantial improvement in the quality of life for the hand amputee, especially the bilateral amputees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Subramania Iyer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.,Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - P Kishore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jimmy Mathew
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ravi Sankaran
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Arun N Nair
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - R Janarthanan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Abhijeet Wakure
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raghuveer Reddy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - S M Chetan Mali
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Visakh Varma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ashish Chaudhari
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Swapnil Dhake
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Akshay Omkumar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Giugliani R, Harmatz P, Jones S, Mendelsohn N, Vellodi A, Qiu Y, Hendriksz C, Vijayaraghavan S, Whiteman D, Pano A. Evaluation of impact of anti-idursulfase antibodies during long-term idursulfase enzyme replacement therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis II patients. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 12:2-7. [PMID: 28243577 PMCID: PMC5320046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This 109-week, nonrandomized, observational study of mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II) patients already enrolled in the Hunter Outcome Survey (HOS) (NCT00882921), assessed the long-term immunogenicity of idursulfase, and examined the effect of idursulfase-specific antibody generation on treatment safety (via infusion-related adverse events [IRAEs]) and pharmacodynamics (via urinary glycosaminoglycans [uGAGs]). METHODS Male patients ≥ 5 years, enrolled in HOS regardless of idursulfase treatment status were eligible. Blood/urine samples for anti-idursulfase antibody testing and uGAG measurement were collected every 12 weeks. RESULTS Due to difficulties in enrolling treatment-naïve patients, data collection was limited to 26 enrolled patients of 100 planned patients (aged 5.1-35.5 years) all of whom were non-naïve to treatment. Fifteen (58%) patients completed the study. There were 11/26 (42%) seropositive patients at baseline (Ab +), and 2/26 (8%) others developed intermittent seropositivity by Week 13. A total of 9/26 patients (35%) had ≥ 1 sample positive for neutralizing antibodies. Baseline uGAG levels were low due to prior idursulfase treatment and did not change appreciably thereafter. Ab + patients had persistently higher uGAG levels at entry and throughout the study than Ab - patients. Nine of 26 (34%) patients reported IRAEs. Ab + patients appeared to have a higher risk of developing IRAEs than Ab - patients. However, the relative risk was not statistically significant and decreased after adjustment for age. CONCLUSIONS 50% of study patients developed idursulfase antibodies. Notably Ab + patients had persistently higher average uGAG levels. A clear association between IRAEs and antibodies was not established.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Giugliani
- Department of Genetics/UFRGS, Medical Genetics Service/HCPA, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Corresponding author at: Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.Medical Genetics ServiceHospital de Clinicas de Porto AlegreRua Ramiro Barcelos 2350Porto AlegreRS90035-003Brazil
| | - P. Harmatz
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - S.A. Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - N.J. Mendelsohn
- Genomic Medicine Program, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A. Vellodi
- Metabolic Medicine Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Y. Qiu
- Shire, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - C.J. Hendriksz
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S. Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Clinical Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Keyomarsi K, Vijayaraghavan S, Karakas C, Doostan I, Chen X, Bui T, Hunt KK, Tripahty D. Abstract P5-04-03: Palbociclib synergizes with autophagy inhibitors to induce senescence in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p5-04-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Keyomarsi
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - C Karakas
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - I Doostan
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - X Chen
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - T Bui
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - KK Hunt
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - D Tripahty
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biological SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUnited States
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Biological SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUnited States
| | - A Popkie
- Department of Biological SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUnited States
| | - C Phiel
- Department of Biological SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUnited States
| | - D Kline
- Department of Biological SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUnited States
| | - S Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Biological SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUnited States
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22
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Balasanthiran A, O'Shea T, Moodambail A, Woodcock T, Poots AJ, Stacey M, Vijayaraghavan S. Type 2 diabetes in children and young adults in East London: an alarmingly high prevalence. Practical Diabetes 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kishnani PS, Corzo D, Nicolino M, Byrne B, Mandel H, Hwu WL, Leslie N, Levine J, Spencer C, McDonald M, Li J, Dumontier J, Halberthal M, Chien YH, Hopkin R, Vijayaraghavan S, Gruskin D, Bartholomew D, van der Ploeg A, Clancy JP, Parini R, Morin G, Beck M, De la Gastine GS, Jokic M, Thurberg B, Richards S, Bali D, Davison M, Worden MA, Chen YT, Wraith JE. Recombinant human acid -glucosidase: Major clinical benefits in infantile-onset Pompe disease. Neurology 2011. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000407271.54424.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
Background: Gynaecomastia is usually treated with liposuction or liposuction with excision of the glandular tissue. The type of surgery chosen depends on the grade of the condition. Objective: Because gynaecomastia is treated primarily as a cosmetic procedure, we aimed at reducing the invasiveness of the surgery. Materials and Methods: The technique complies with all recommended protocols for different grades of gynaecomastia. It uses liposuction, gland excision, or both, leaving only minimal post-operative scars. The use of cross-chest liposuction through incisions on the edge of the areola helps to get rid of all the fat under the areola without an additional scar as in the conventional method. Results: This is a short series of 20 patients, all with bilateral gynaecomastia (i.e., 40 breasts), belonging to Simon's Stage 1 and 2, studied over a period of 2 years. The average period of follow-up was 15 months. Post-operative complications were reported in only two cases, with none showing long-term complications or issues specifically due to the procedure. Conclusions : Cross-chest liposuction for gynaecomastia is a simple yet effective surgical tool in bilateral gynaecomastia treatment to decrease the post-operative scars. The use of techniques like incision line drain placement and post-drain removal suturing of wounds aid in decreasing the scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Murali
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
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Murali B, Vijayaraghavan S, Kishore P, Iyer S, Jimmy M, Sharma M, Paul G, Chavare S. Cross-chest liposuction in gynaecomastia. Indian J Plast Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1699484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background: Gynaecomastia is usually treated with liposuction or liposuction with excision of the glandular tissue. The type of surgery chosen depends on the grade of the condition. Objective: Because gynaecomastia is treated primarily as a cosmetic procedure, we aimed at reducing the invasiveness of the surgery. Materials and Methods: The technique complies with all recommended protocols for different grades of gynaecomastia. It uses liposuction, gland excision, or both, leaving only minimal post-operative scars. The use of cross-chest liposuction through incisions on the edge of the areola helps to get rid of all the fat under the areola without an additional scar as in the conventional method. Results: This is a short series of 20 patients, all with bilateral gynaecomastia (i.e., 40 breasts), belonging to Simon's Stage 1 and 2, studied over a period of 2 years. The average period of follow-up was 15 months. Post-operative complications were reported in only two cases, with none showing long-term complications or issues specifically due to the procedure. Conclusions : Cross-chest liposuction for gynaecomastia is a simple yet effective surgical tool in bilateral gynaecomastia treatment to decrease the post-operative scars. The use of techniques like incision line drain placement and post-drain removal suturing of wounds aid in decreasing the scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Murali
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - P. Kishore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Subramania Iyer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Mathew Jimmy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - George Paul
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Sachin Chavare
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
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Sharma M, Iyer S, Kuriakose M, Vijayaraghavan S, Arun P, Sudhir V, Chatni S, Sharan R. Functional reconstruction of near total glossectomy defects using composite gastro omental-dynamic gracilis flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62:1277-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The neuronal nicotinic receptor has gained considerable recognition as a target, not just for combating drug addiction but also for treating a number of illnesses ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. This recognition has led to a burgeoning field examining the receptor at all levels. A class of nicotinic receptors that contains the alpha7 gene product, apparently as a homomer, illustrates this multidisciplinary approach. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of this class of receptors based on data from molecular, structural, physiological and patho-physiological studies. These studies have set the stage for rational drug design to combat disorders of the central nervous system. The studies also exemplify the cautious approach needed in developing CNS therapies and the importance of physiology in tempering drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sharma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, USA
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Sharan R, Sharma M, Vijayaraghavan S, Sasidharan P, Kuriakose MA, Iyer S. A simplified technique of free flap pedicle transfer for reconstruction of defects following head and neck cancer ablation. J Surg Oncol 2009; 99:80-1. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.21162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chakrabarti R, Walker JM, Chapman EG, Shepardson SP, Trdan RJ, Curole JP, Watters GT, Stewart DT, Vijayaraghavan S, Hoeh WR. Reproductive function for a C-terminus extended, male-transmitted cytochrome c oxidase subunit II protein expressed in both spermatozoa and eggs. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5213-9. [PMID: 17950289 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study documented expression of a male-transmitted cytochrome c oxidase subunit II protein (MCOX2), with a C-terminus extension (MCOX2e), in unionoidean bivalve testes and sperm mitochondria. Here, we present evidence demonstrating that MCOX2 is seasonally expressed in testis, with a peak shortly before fertilization that is independent of sperm density. MCOX2 is localized to the inner and outer sperm mitochondrial membranes and the MCOX2 antibody's epitope is conserved across >65 million years of evolution. We also demonstrate the presence of male-transmitted mtDNA and season-specific MCOX2 spatial variation in ovaries. We hypothesize that MCOX2 plays a role in reproduction through gamete maturation, fertilization and/or embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Pilder SH, Lu J, Han Y, Hui L, Samant SA, Olugbemiga OO, Meyers KW, Cheng L, Vijayaraghavan S. The molecular basis of "curlicue": a sperm motility abnormality linked to the sterility of t haplotype homozygous male mice. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 2007; 63:123-33. [PMID: 17566267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The t complex, a variant region of chromatin occupying approximately 40-million base pairs of proximal chromosome 17, exists in natural populations of wild mice of the Mus musculus species as a family of homologues called t haplotypes (t). Relative to wild-type (+) homologues, all t haplotypes share four large non-overlapping inversions, spanning 95% of the region, leading to intra-inversion recombination suppression in +/t heterozygotes. Non-lethal t homozygous males or complementing recessive lethal t doubly heterozygous males (hereafter both abbreviated "t/t males") are invariably and completely sterile, due to expression of several sperm function abnormalities. One of these traits, "curlicue", describes a condition in which spermatozoa from t/t males fail to reach the site of fertilization in vivo because they exhibit a severe loss of vigorous forward motility due to the chronic negative curvature of their flagella. Current data indicate that "curlicue" is the complex phenotypic reflection of the expression of three or more mutations clustered in the distal one-third of the largest and most-distal t complex inversion, In(17)4. From proximal to distal, candidates include Dnahc8, Tsga2 and Tctex5. Interestingly, new results from high-resolution intra-inversion genetic mapping and protein localization studies suggest that the products of the distal two candidates, Tsga2 and Tctex5, might play synergic roles in the expression of both the "curlicue" motility abnormality and the "stop" sperm-egg interaction aberration, regarded as functionally unrelated traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Pilder
- Dept of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Temple University, 3400 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Kishnani PS, Corzo D, Nicolino M, Byrne B, Mandel H, Hwu WL, Leslie N, Levine J, Spencer C, McDonald M, Li J, Dumontier J, Halberthal M, Chien YH, Hopkin R, Vijayaraghavan S, Gruskin D, Bartholomew D, van der Ploeg A, Clancy JP, Parini R, Morin G, Beck M, De la Gastine GS, Jokic M, Thurberg B, Richards S, Bali D, Davison M, Worden MA, Chen YT, Wraith JE. Recombinant human acid [alpha]-glucosidase: major clinical benefits in infantile-onset Pompe disease. Neurology 2006; 68:99-109. [PMID: 17151339 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000251268.41188.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pompe disease is a progressive metabolic neuromuscular disorder resulting from deficiency of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). Infantile-onset Pompe disease is characterized by cardiomyopathy, respiratory and skeletal muscle weakness, and early death. The safety and efficacy of recombinant human (rh) GAA were evaluated in 18 patients with rapidly progressing infantile-onset Pompe disease. METHODS Patients were diagnosed at 6 months of age and younger and exhibited severe GAA deficiency and cardiomyopathy. Patients received IV infusions of rhGAA at 20 mg/kg (n = 9) or 40 mg/kg (n = 9) every other week. Analyses were performed 52 weeks after the last patient was randomized to treatment. RESULTS All patients (100%) survived to 18 months of age. A Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that treatment reduced the risk of death by 99%, reduced the risk of death or invasive ventilation by 92%, and reduced the risk of death or any type of ventilation by 88%, as compared to an untreated historical control group. There was no clear advantage of the 40-mg/kg dose with regard to efficacy. Eleven of the 18 patients experienced 164 infusion-associated reactions; all were mild or moderate in intensity. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase is safe and effective for treatment of infantile-onset Pompe disease. Eleven patients experienced adverse events related to treatment, but none discontinued. The young age at which these patients initiated therapy may have contributed to their improved response compared to previous trials with recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase in which patients were older.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Box 3528, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Chakrabarti R, Walker JM, Stewart DT, Trdan RJ, Vijayaraghavan S, Curole JP, Hoeh WR. Presence of a unique male-specific extension of C-terminus to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II protein coded by the male-transmitted mitochondrial genome of Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Bivalvia: Unionoidea). FEBS Lett 2006; 580:862-6. [PMID: 16414043 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of unionoidean bivalve male-transmitted (M) mtDNA genomes revealed an approximately 555 bp 3' coding extension to cox2. An antibody was generated against this predicted C-terminus extension to determine if the unique cox2 protein is expressed. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses demonstrated that the protein was predominantly expressed in testes. Weak expression was detected in other male tissues but the protein was not detected in female tissues. This is the first report documenting the expression of a cox2 protein with a long C-terminus in animals. Its universal presence in unionoidean bivalve testes suggests a functional significance for the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chakrabarti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Cunningham Hall, Summit Street, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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Begum G, Vijayaraghavan S. Carbofuran toxicity on total lipids and free fatty acids in air breathing fish during exposure and cessation of exposure--in vivo. Environ Monit Assess 2001; 70:233-239. [PMID: 11554484 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010775224753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Clarias batrachus, fish were exposed to sublethal concentration of commercial carbofuran for 144 hr. After 144 hr of exposure period, fish were transferred to fresh water and kept in the same for 144 hr in order to study the effect of carbofuran after cessation of intoxication. Total lipids and free fatty acids were determined in liver, muscle kidney and ovary at an interval of 24, 72 and 144 hr during exposure and after the release into toxicant free water. Total lipids increased in all the tissues throughout the exposure period, followed by decrease during depuration period. The results showed an alteration in free fatty acid content in different tissues of the fish. The elevated levels returned to almost control values after transfer of fish into carbofuran free water.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Begum
- College of Science, Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, AP, India.
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Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S. Nicotinic cholinergic signaling in hippocampal astrocytes involves calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular stores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4148-53. [PMID: 11259680 PMCID: PMC31194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.071540198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we provide evidence that neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are present on hippocampal astrocytes and their activation produces rapid currents and calcium transients. Our data indicate that these responses obtained from astrocytes are primarily mediated by an AChR subtype that is functionally blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha Bgt) and contains the alpha7 subunit (alpha Bgt-AChRs). Furthermore, their action is unusual in that they effectively increase intracellular free calcium concentrations by activating calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular stores, triggered by influx through the receptor channels. These results reveal a mechanism by which alpha Bgt-AChRs on astrocytes can efficiently modulate calcium signaling in the central nervous system in a manner distinct from that observed with these receptors on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sharma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Abstract
We have used the styryl dye FM 2-10 to monitor changes in synaptic activity mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on cultured hippocampal neurons. We show that both 100 microM ACh and nicotine at 20 microM causes a significant increase in staining intensities of presynaptic boutons in the presence of 0.5 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX). This effect of nicotine is blocked by d-tubocurarine. Interestingly, nicotine also had a long-lasting effect on high potassium-induced staining of boutons. These results suggest that nicotine can have significant and sustained effects on synaptic efficacy in cultured hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Breeze
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Neuroscience Training Program, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Vijayaraghavan S, Mohan J, Gray H, Khatra B, Carr DW. A role for phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha in bovine sperm motility regulation. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:1647-54. [PMID: 10819767 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.6.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term goal of our work is to understand biochemical mechanisms underlying sperm motility and fertility. In a recent study we showed that tyrosine phosphorylation of a 55-kDa protein varied in direct proportion to motility. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein was low in immotile compared to motile epididymal sperm. Inhibition or stimulation of motility by high calcium levels or cAMP, respectively, results in a corresponding decrease or increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the 55-kDa protein. Here we report purification and identification of this motility-associated protein. Soluble extracts from bovine caudal epididymal sperm were subjected to DEAE-cellulose, Affi-Gel blue, and cellulose phosphate chromatography. Tyrosine phosphate immunoreactive fractions contained glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity, suggesting a possible correspondence between these proteins. This suggestion was verified by Western blot analyses following one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the purified protein using monoclonal and affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies against the catalytic amino-terminus and carboxy-terminus regions of GSK-3. Further confirmation of the identity of these proteins came from Western blot analysis using antibodies specific to the tyrosine phosphorylated GSK-3. Using this antibody, we also showed that GSK-3 tyrosine phosphorylation was high in motile compared to immotile sperm. Immunocytochemistry revealed that GSK-3 is present in the flagellum and the anterior portion of the sperm head. These data suggest that GSK-3, regulated by phosphorylation, could be a key element underlying motility initiation in the epididymis and regulation of mature sperm function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA.
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Vijayaraghavan S, Liberty GA, Mohan J, Winfrey VP, Olson GE, Carr DW. Isolation and molecular characterization of AKAP110, a novel, sperm-specific protein kinase A-anchoring protein. Mol Endocrinol 1999; 13:705-17. [PMID: 10319321 DOI: 10.1210/mend.13.5.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that increase intracellular cAMP are potent stimulators of sperm motility. Anchoring inhibitor peptides, designed to disrupt the interaction of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) with A kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), are potent inhibitors of sperm motility. These data suggest that PKA anchoring is a key biochemical mechanism controlling motility. We now report the isolation, identification, cloning, and characterization of AKAP110, the predominant AKAP detected in sperm lysates. AKAP110 cDNA was isolated and sequenced from mouse, bovine, and human testis libraries. Using truncated mutants, the RII-binding domain was identified. Alignment of the RII-binding domain on AKAP110 to those from other AKAPs reveals that AKAPs contain eight functionally conserved positions within an amphipathic helix structure that are responsible for RII interaction. Northern analysis of eight different tissues detected AKAP110 only in the testis, and in situ hybridization analysis detected AKAP110 only in round spermatids, suggesting that AKAP110 is a protein found only in male germ cells. Sperm cells contain both RI, located primarily in the acrosomal region of the head, and RII, located exclusively in the tail, regulatory subunits of PKA. Immunocytochemical analysis detected AKAP110 in the acrosomal region of the sperm head and along the entire length of the principal piece. These data suggest that AKAP110 shares compartments with both RI and RII isoforms of PKA and may function as a regulator of both motility- and head-associated functions such as capacitation and the acrosome reaction.
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Eaton GG, Worlein JM, Kelley ST, Vijayaraghavan S, Hess DL, Axthelm MK, Bethea CL. Self-injurious behavior is decreased by cyproterone acetate in adult male rhesus (Macaca mulatta). Horm Behav 1999; 35:195-203. [PMID: 10202127 DOI: 10.1006/hbeh.1999.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Self-injurious behavior (SIB) presents a serious problem in laboratory macaques that cannot be socially housed for scientific reasons and among institutionalized children and adults where it is often associated with different forms of brain dysfunction. We have experienced limited success in reducing SIB in macaques by enhancing their environment with enrichment devices. Psychotropic drugs also help, but problems are associated with their use. Because sexual and aggressive behavioral problems in men have been treated with progestational drugs, we tested the efficacy of cyproterone acetate (CA, 5-10 mg/kg/week) on reducing SIB in 8 singly housed, adult male rhesus macaques. The main findings were: (1) SIB and other atypical behaviors were significantly reduced during CA treatment; (2) serum testosterone was significantly reduced during CA treatment; (3) cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) levels of 5HIAA and HVA, metabolites of serotonin and dopamine, respectively, declined significantly during CA treatment; (4) the duration of SIB positively correlated with levels of 5HIAA in CSF; but (5) sperm counts were not reduced during treatment. Thus, CA was a partially effective treatment (3 months) for adult male macaques whose behavioral problems include SIB. In summary, CA reduced SIB, overall aggression, serum testosterone, CSF 5HIAA, and CSF HVA. We hypothesized that the progestin activity of CA represses the hypothalamic gonadal axis and decreases testosterone, which in turn decreases SIB. In addition, we speculate that the decrease in 5HIAA and HVA in CSF may have been caused by progestins decreasing the activity of MAO. Therefore, the reduction of SIB may also be related to an increase in the availability of active monoamines in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Eaton
- Division of Reproductive Science, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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Smith GD, Wolf DP, Trautman KC, Vijayaraghavan S. Motility potential of macaque epididymal sperm: the role of protein phosphatase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 activities. J Androl 1999; 20:47-53. [PMID: 10100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Human and monkey ejaculated sperm contain protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), PP1 inhibitor 2 (12), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Inhibition of ejaculated human sperm protein phosphatase (PP) activity with calyculin-a (CL-A) significantly stimulates motility, implicating protein dephosphorylation in motility regulation. The present experiments were conducted to characterize and compare PP and GSK-3 activity in monkey caput and caudal epididymal sperm, to determine the cellular distribution of these enzymes, and to test the thesis that epididymal sperm PP activity is inversely related to motility. Caput epididymal sperm populations, (8.8% motile) contained levels of PP activity that were >3 times as high as those of caudal spermatozoa. This PP activity was further identified by inhibitor response profiles as PP1. In both caput and caudal sperm, the majority of this PP1 activity was localized in 100,000 x g soluble fractions. Western blot analysis indicated that a portion of this difference was the result of elevated amounts of PP1 in caput compared with caudal epididymal sperm. The presence of GSK-3 activity was undetectable in 100,000 x g insoluble fractions of epididymal sperm, whereas both caput and caudal sperm soluble fractions contained GSK-3 activity, which was approximately threefold higher in caput sperm compared with caudal populations. Treatment of caput epididymal sperm from the rhesus macaque with the PP inhibitor CL-A resulted in a significant, dose-dependent increase from 8 to 38% motile cells (without any effect on their path velocity). In contrast, CL-A had no significant influence on either percent motility or path velocity of caudal epididymal sperm. Cytosolic PP1 and GSK-3 activities appear to be inversely related to the motility of monkey epididymal sperm and may have a regulatory role in the development of the potential for motility in epididymal sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Smith
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, USA
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Begum G, Vijayaraghavan S. Effect of acute exposure of the organophosphate insecticide Rogor on some biochemical aspects of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus). Environ Res 1999; 80:80-83. [PMID: 9931229 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1998.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Indian catfish (Clarias batrachus), a common fish of commercial importance, was exposed to a sublethal concentration (1/3 of 96 h LC50 value) of Rogor for periods ranging from 24 to 192 h. The changes in glycogen, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and glycogen phosphorylase (a, ab) contents of muscle tissue were studied. A gradual decrease in muscle glycogen and an increase in lactate contents were observed. The activity level of lactate dehydrogenase showed a sharp rise initially for 48 h followed by a decline after 96 and 192 h. The glycogen phosphorylase a and ab in muscle tissue enhanced in response to Rogor exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Begum
- Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 007,
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Berger F, Gage FH, Vijayaraghavan S. Nicotinic receptor-induced apoptotic cell death of hippocampal progenitor cells. J Neurosci 1998; 18:6871-81. [PMID: 9712657 PMCID: PMC6792979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine has many effects on CNS functions, presumably through its action on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). One subclass of AChRs that binds the snake venom toxin alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt-AChRs) has been shown to modulate neurotransmission in the brain. We now show that alpha-Bgt-AChR activation by low doses of nicotine results in apoptotic cell death of both primary and immortalized hippocampal progenitor cells. In HC2S2-immortalized hippocampal progenitors, nicotine is cytotoxic to undifferentiated cells, whereas it spares the same cells once differentiation has been induced. The activation of alpha-Bgt-AChRs by nicotine results in the induction of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and the cdk inhibitor p21. The cytotoxic effect of nicotine is dependent on extracellular calcium levels and is probably attributable to the poor ability of undifferentiated progenitors to buffer calcium loads. The major calcium buffer in these cells, calbindin D28K, is present only after differentiation has been induced. Furthermore transfection of undifferentiated cells with calbindin results in dramatic protection against the cytotoxic effects of nicotine. These results show that nicotine abuse could have significant effects on the survival of progenitor populations in the developing and adult brain and also suggest an endogenous role for alpha-Bgt-AChRs in neuronal development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Berger
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Vijayaraghavan S, Olson GE, NagDas S, Winfrey VP, Carr DW. Subcellular localization of the regulatory subunits of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in bovine spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 1997; 57:1517-23. [PMID: 9408263 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod57.6.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a regulator of sperm flagellar activity. The action of this cyclic nucleotide is presumably mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA is localized or targeted to specific subcellular sites through the interaction of PKA regulatory subunits with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). We have recently shown that the addition of PKA anchoring inhibitor peptides to spermatozoa leads to the complete arrest of motility. A knowledge of the subcellular localization of PKA and AKAPs is essential for an understanding of how cAMP acts in spermatozoa. In this report, monospecific, affinity-purified, antipeptide antibodies were used to determine the distribution of the regulatory (R) subunit isoforms. Immunocytochemistry staining revealed that RIalpha and RIbeta subunits are both localized predominantly in the acrosomal segment of the head, although they have distinct staining patterns within this region. In addition to the head, RIbeta was observed in the midpiece of the tail while RIalpha was detected in the connecting piece. RIIalpha is prominent in the axonemal region of the flagellum but was not observed in the head region. These data suggest distinct roles for each of these isoforms in sperm functions such as motility and the acrosome reaction.
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Vijayaraghavan S, Trautman KD, Goueli SA, Carr DW. A tyrosine-phosphorylated 55-kilodalton motility-associated bovine sperm protein is regulated by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphates and calcium. Biol Reprod 1997; 56:1450-7. [PMID: 9166697 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm motility is regulated by protein phosphorylation. We have recently shown that a serine/threonine phosphatase system is involved in motility regulation. Two of the components of the phosphatase system, GSK-3 and PP1gamma2, are regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. During our investigation of sperm tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins we discovered a 55-kDa protein whose tyrosine phosphorylation correlates closely to the motility state of sperm. This protein is tyrosine phosphorylated to a much higher degree in motile caudal than in immotile caput epididymal sperm. Motility inhibition of caudal epididymal sperm by protein kinase A (PKA) anchoring inhibition or by ionomycin-induced calcium overload led to the virtual disappearance of tyrosine phosphorylation of the 55-kDa protein. Conversely, treatment of sperm with motility activators, isobutylmethylxanthine or 8-bromo-cAMP, resulted in increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein. The protein was present in the soluble 100 000 x g supernatants of sperm extracts and was heat labile. Chromatography through diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and Western blot analysis showed that this 55-kDa protein is not a regulatory subunit of PKA or alpha-tubulin. Our results represent the identification of a soluble protein whose tyrosine phosphorylation varies directly with motility and suggest that motility regulation may involve cross talk between PKA, calcium, and tyrosine kinase pathways.
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Abstract
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is anchored at specific subcellular sites through the interaction of the regulatory subunit (R) with protein kinase A-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) via an amphipathic helix binding motif. Synthetic peptides containing this amphipathic helix domain competitively disrupt PKA binding to AKAPs and cause a loss of PKA modulation of cellular responses. In this report we use S-Ht31, a cell-permeant anchoring inhibitor peptide, to study the role of PKA anchoring in sperm. Our analysis of three species of mammalian sperm detected three isoforms of PKA (RIIalpha, RIIbeta, and RIbeta) and one 110-kDa AKAP. The addition of S-Ht31 to bovine caudal epididymal sperm inhibits motility in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. A control peptide, S-Ht31-P, identical to S-Ht31 except for a proline for isoleucine substitution to prevent amphipathic helix formation, had no effect on motility. The inhibition of motility by S-Ht31 is reversible but only if calcium is present in the suspension buffer, suggesting a role for PKA anchoring in regulating cellular calcium homeostasis. Surprisingly, inhibition of PKA catalytic activity had little effect on basal motility or motility stimulated by agents previously thought to work via PKA activation. These data suggest that the interaction of the regulatory subunit of PKA with sperm AKAPs, independent of PKA catalytic activity, is a key regulator of sperm motility and that disruption of this interaction using cell-permeable anchoring inhibitor peptides may form the basis of a sperm-targeted contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayaraghavan
- Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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Vijayaraghavan S, Jones A, Wood DF, Monson JP. Hypercalcaemia. Postgrad Med J 1997; 73:59-60. [PMID: 9039419 PMCID: PMC2431195 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.73.855.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
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Begum G, Vijayaraghavan S. Alterations in protein metabolism of muscle tissue in the fish Clarias batrachus (Linn) by commercial grade dimethoate. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1996; 57:223-228. [PMID: 8661902 DOI: 10.1007/s001289900179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Begum
- Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007 (A.P.), India
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Abstract
The recognition that intracellular free calcium serves as a ubiquitous intracellular signal has motivated efforts to elucidate mechanisms by which cells regulate calcium influx. One route of entry that may offer both spatial and temporal fine resolution for altering calcium levels is that provided by cation-permeable, ligand-gated ion channels. Biophysical measurements as well as calcium imaging techniques demonstrate that neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as a class have a high relative permeability to calcium; some subtypes equal or exceed all other known receptors in this respect. Activation of nicotinic receptors on neurons can produce substantial increases in intracellular calcium levels by direct passage of calcium through the receptor channel. When multiple classes of nicotinic receptors are expressed by the same neuron, each appears capable of increasing calcium in the cell but may differ with respect to location, temporal response, agonist sensitivity, or regulation in achieving it. As a result, nicotinic receptors must be considered strong candidates for signaling molecules through which neurons regulate a diverse array of cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rathouz
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093
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Vijayaraghavan S, Stephens DT, Trautman K, Smith GD, Khatra B, da Cruz e Silva EF, Greengard P. Sperm motility development in the epididymis is associated with decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3 and protein phosphatase 1 activity. Biol Reprod 1996; 54:709-18. [PMID: 8835395 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod54.3.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immotile bovine caput epididymal sperm contain levels of protein phosphatase activity twofold higher than do mature motile caudal sperm. Comparison of the inhibition profiles of endogenous phosphatase activities detected by okadaic acid (OA) and calyculin A (CA) revealed a pattern consistent with the predominance of a type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1). Immunoblot analysis identified PP1 gamma 2 (the testis-specific isoform of PP1) as the only PP1 isoform in sperm and showed little protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). In addition, of the known PP1 inhibitors, i.e., DARPP-32, inhibitor 1 (I1), and inhibitor 2 (I2), only I2-like activity was detected in sperm. Inhibition of PP1 by the heat-stable I2-like activity purified from sperm could be reversed with purified glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Furthermore, sperm extracts contain an inactive complex of PP1 and I2 (termed PP1I) that could also be activated by purified GSK-3. The presence of GSK-3 in sperm was demonstrated by activation of purified PP1I, and quantitation revealed that immotile caput sperm contained sixfold higher GSK-3 activity than motile caudal sperm. Immunoblot analysis confirmed the expression of GSK-3 in sperm and revealed the occurrence of both the alpha and beta isoforms. Our findings suggest that the higher PP1 activity measured in immotile sperm, presumably due to higher GSK-3 activity, is responsible for holding motility in check. This conclusion was supported by the observation that the phosphatase inhibitors OA and CA, at micromolar and nanomolar levels, respectively, were able to induce motility in completely immotile bovine caput epididymal sperm and to stimulate the kinetic activity of mature caudal sperm. The intrasperm levels of cAMP, pH, and calcium were unaltered by treatment with these inhibitors. The results suggest a biochemical basis for the development and regulation of sperm motility and a possible physiological role for the PP1/I2/GSK-3 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayaraghavan
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton 97006, USA
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Smith GD, Wolf DP, Trautman KC, da Cruz e Silva EF, Greengard P, Vijayaraghavan S. Primate sperm contain protein phosphatase 1, a biochemical mediator of motility. Biol Reprod 1996; 54:719-27. [PMID: 8835396 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod54.3.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm motility initiation, capacitation, and hyperactivation are modulated by an interplay of intracellular Ca2+, cAMP, and pH. Mechanisms by which these mediators alter sperm function have not been elucidated but may involve reversible alterations in regulatory protein phosphorylation. Studies were designed 1) to investigate the influence of the protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitor calyculin A (CA) on human sperm motility and 2) to characterize the CA-sensitive PP and its endogenous regulators in human and rhesus monkey sperm. CA (50 nM) treatment of human sperm resulted in an increase in percentage motility and an acceleration in mean path velocity. Inhibition of either protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) or protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) could be responsible for this motility stimulation, since both of these phosphatases are sensitive to nanomolar quantities of CA. PP activity in human (n = 4) and rhesus monkey (n = 4) sperm sonicates was measured using [32P]-phosphorylase-a, the preferred substrate for PP1 and PP2A, in the absence of divalent cations. Human (6.2 +/- 4.5 x 10(-2) mU/10(6) sperm) and monkey (4.3 +/- 0.8 x 10(-2) mU/10(6) sperm) sonicates contained activity tentatively identified as PP1 on the basis of inhibition profiles in okadaic acid (OA) and CA. Western blot analysis with antibodies against various isoforms of PP1 subsequently documented the presence of PP1 gamma 2 in human and monkey sperm. PP1 activity in most tissues is regulated by the heat-stable inhibitors I1 or I2. Sperm sonicates contained inhibitor activity similar to I2 as well as glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity, which is involved in the activation of the PP1-I2 complex. These results indicate, for the first time, that human and rhesus monkey sperm contain PP1 and regulators of PP1 and that inhibition of PP1 activity by CA can enhance motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Smith
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton 97006, USA
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Abstract
Second messenger regulation of neuronal acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) was investigated in a mouse fibroblast cell line, M10, stably transfected with chicken alpha 4 and beta 2 cDNAs. Both forskolin and 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) induced large increases in the numbers of AChRs. The increases were due in part to increased transcription and translation of the alpha 4 and beta 2 genes. Blockade of protein synthesis with cycloheximide, however, revealed that forskolin also exerts a post-translational effect, increasing the number of surface receptors by twofold. Immunoblot analysis of sucrose gradient fractions confirmed that the cells had a large fraction of unassembled subunits potentially available for receptor assembly. The post-translational effect of forskolin was blocked by H-89, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of phosphatases 1 and 2A. Nicotine also acted post-translationally to induce a twofold increase in the number of surface receptors, but the mechanism differed from that utilized by forskolin, since the effects of the two agents were additive and were differentially affected by okadaic acid. The results suggest that protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanisms act post-translationally to increase the number of neuronal AChRs maintained on the cell surface. This could be achieved by increasing the efficiency of receptor assembly, transport, or stabilization on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rothhut
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0357, USA
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