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Zoccarato A, Surdo NC, Aronsen JM, Fields LA, Mancuso L, Dodoni G, Stangherlin A, Livie C, Jiang H, Sin YY, Gesellchen F, Terrin A, Baillie GS, Nicklin SA, Graham D, Szabo-Fresnais N, Krall J, Vandeput F, Movsesian M, Furlan L, Corsetti V, Hamilton G, Lefkimmiatis K, Sjaastad I, Zaccolo M. Cardiac Hypertrophy Is Inhibited by a Local Pool of cAMP Regulated by Phosphodiesterase 2. Circ Res 2015; 117:707-19. [PMID: 26243800 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.305892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic elevation of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels has been associated with cardiac remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy. However, enhancement of particular aspects of cAMP/protein kinase A signaling seems to be beneficial for the failing heart. cAMP is a pleiotropic second messenger with the ability to generate multiple functional outcomes in response to different extracellular stimuli with strict fidelity, a feature that relies on the spatial segregation of the cAMP pathway components in signaling microdomains. OBJECTIVE How individual cAMP microdomains affect cardiac pathophysiology remains largely to be established. The cAMP-degrading enzymes phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play a key role in shaping local changes in cAMP. Here we investigated the effect of specific inhibition of selected PDEs on cardiac myocyte hypertrophic growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Using pharmacological and genetic manipulation of PDE activity, we found that the rise in cAMP resulting from inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4 induces hypertrophy, whereas increasing cAMP levels via PDE2 inhibition is antihypertrophic. By real-time imaging of cAMP levels in intact myocytes and selective displacement of protein kinase A isoforms, we demonstrate that the antihypertrophic effect of PDE2 inhibition involves the generation of a local pool of cAMP and activation of a protein kinase A type II subset, leading to phosphorylation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells. CONCLUSIONS Different cAMP pools have opposing effects on cardiac myocyte cell size. PDE2 emerges as a novel key regulator of cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo, and its inhibition may have therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zoccarato
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Nicoletta C Surdo
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Jan M Aronsen
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Laura A Fields
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Luisa Mancuso
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Giuliano Dodoni
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Alessandra Stangherlin
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Craig Livie
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - He Jiang
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Yuan Yan Sin
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Frank Gesellchen
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Anna Terrin
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - George S Baillie
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Stuart A Nicklin
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Delyth Graham
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Nicolas Szabo-Fresnais
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Judith Krall
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Fabrice Vandeput
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Matthew Movsesian
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Leonardo Furlan
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Veronica Corsetti
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Graham Hamilton
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Konstantinos Lefkimmiatis
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.)
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology (A.Z., L.A.F., A.S., C.L., H.J., F.G., A.T., G.H., M.Z.) and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Y.Y.S., G.S.B., S.A.N., D.G.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.C.S., K.L., M.Z.); Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A., I.S.); Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (L.M., G.D., A.T., L.F., V.C.); Cardiology Section, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (N.S.-F., J.K., F.V., M.M.); Bjorknes College, Oslo, Norway (J.M.A.); and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (K.L., M.Z.).
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