Estratégias ofensivas e defensivas eficazes no goalball

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar e descrever as variáveis ofensivas e defensivas mais frequentes e eficazes na elite masculina do goalball e, compará-las entre times vencedores e perdedores e, equipes de nível superior e inferior. Através do método de observação sistemática e com amostra composta por 25 partidas do torneio masculino de goalball dos Jogos Paralímpicos Rio 2016, sendo registrados 4635 arremessos e 4520 defesas. Os principais achados foram que, para o ataque, existe uma maior probabilidade de marcar gol após as interrupções do jogo e para a defesa, fazer o balanço defensivo é melhor do que não o realizar, já que a probabilidade de sofrer gol é maior quando ele não ocorre. Além disso, utilizar o tronco como segmento corporal para realizar as defesas também é mais indicado, pois a probabilidade de sofrer gol é maior quando as defesas são realizadas pelas pernas ou braços.

Relationships Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Parameters With Game Technical Performance in Elite Goalball Athletes

Our aims were to compare physiological parameters from the laboratory environment (LaB) and simulated goalball games (GaM), test relationships between physiological parameters in the laboratory and game technical performance (GTP), and examine the associations between physiological and technical responses during games. Seven elite athletes from the Brazilian National Team performed in LaB environment; (i) an incremental test to determine peak oxygen consumption (O_2PEAK), its corresponding speed, and peak blood lactate concentration and (ii) submaximal and supramaximal efforts to estimate maximal anaerobic contribution (AnC). In GaM condition, simulated games were also performed to determine physiological responses throughout the game, and to analyze the GTP (number of throws, defenses, recovery, and density of actions). No correlations (unclear) were found between laboratory and games analyses for O_2PEAK [47.3 (17.2) vs. 25.8 (18.2) mL⋅Kg^-1⋅min^-1], peak blood lactate concentrations [10.2 (5.4) vs. 2.0 (0.7) mM], and total AnC [21.0 (14.0) vs. 4.8 (6.1) mL Kg^-1]. O_2PEAK in the laboratory condition presented very likely correlations with throw and recovery frequency in games (r = -0.87 and confidence interval [CI] = 0.41; r = -0.90 and CI = 0.35; respectively). Oxygen consumption remained above baseline while blood lactate concentration remained unchanged during the games. The very likely correlation between anaerobic alactic contribution and action density (r = 0.95 and CI = 0.25) highlights the importance of the alactic metabolism. In general, our study demonstrates that goalball can be characterized as a high-intensity intermittent effort, where athlete performance is based on aerobic metabolism predominance while determinant actions are supplied by the anaerobic alactic metabolism. Specifically, higher values of LaB vs. GaM highlighted the need for standardization of specific protocols for goalball evaluation, mainly for the reproduction of ecologically valid values. In addition, O_2PEAK correlated with recovery frequency in the LaB condition, demonstrating that passive or low-intensity recovery between actions is fundamental to maintain performance.