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Egri N, Olivé V, Hernández-Rodríguez J, Castro P, De Guzman C, Heredia L, Segura AC, Fernandez M, de Moner N, Torradeflot M, Ballús J, Martinez R, Vazquez M, Costa MV, Dobaño C, Mazza M, Mazzotti L, Pascal M, Juan M, González-Navarro EA, Calderón H. CoVITEST: A Fast and Reliable Method to Monitor Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Specific T Cells From Whole Blood. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848586. [PMID: 35865538 PMCID: PMC9295597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immune responses are essential for COVID-19 recovery and protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. To date, the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 immune protection has mainly focused on antibody detection, generally disregarding the cellular response, or placing it in a secondary position. This phenomenon may be explained by the complex nature of the assays needed to analyze cellular immunity compared with the technically simple and automated detection of antibodies. Nevertheless, a large body of evidence supports the relevance of the T cell's role in protection against SARS-CoV-2, especially in vulnerable individuals with a weakened immune system (such as the population over 65 and patients with immunodeficiencies). Here we propose to use CoVITEST (Covid19 anti-Viral Immunity based on T cells for Evaluation in a Simple Test), a fast, affordable and accessible in-house assay that, together with a diagnostic matrix, allows us to determine those patients who might be protected with SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells. The method was established using healthy SARS-CoV-2-naïve donors pre- and post-vaccination (n=30), and further validated with convalescent COVID-19 donors (n=51) in a side-by-side comparison with the gold standard IFN-γ ELISpot. We demonstrated that our CoVITEST presented reliable and comparable results to those obtained with the ELISpot technique in a considerably shorter time (less than 8 hours). In conclusion, we present a simple but reliable assay to determine cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 that can be used routinely during this pandemic to monitor the immune status in vulnerable patients and thereby adjust their therapeutic approaches. This method might indeed help to optimize and improve decision-making protocols for re-vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, at least for some population subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Egri
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Olivé
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Hernández-Rodríguez
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Vasculitis Research Unit and Autoinflammatory Diseases Clinical Unit, Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Castro
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine De Guzman
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Libertad Heredia
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Castellet Segura
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Fernandez
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemi de Moner
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Torradeflot
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Ballús
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Martinez
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Vazquez
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vidal Costa
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimiliano Mazza
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Lucia Mazzotti
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Mariona Pascal
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Allergy Network ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Juan
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Europa Azucena González-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Calderón
- Department of Immunology, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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González-Navarro EA, Español M, Egri N, Castellà M, Calderón H, España C, Guijarro C, Heredia L, Pascal M, Juan Otero M. What will (and should) be improved in CAR immunotherapy? Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2022; 370:149-161. [PMID: 35798504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is probably one of the most successful proposals for cancer treatment, especially hematological diseases for which several Advanced Therapies Medicinal Products (ATMP) have been approved worldwide by drug agencies. But, despite this unprecedented success in the oncology and cell/gene therapy fields, there are a lot of aspects that could (and should) be improved in the multiple aspects that involve this complex therapy: from the design of the chimeric molecule to the clinical protocols of use of the engineered T-cells, including even the regulatory rules that they are currently restricting the development of these hopeful therapies. In this chapter, we will try to summarize the main aspects that can (and probably should) be improved for the expansion of immunotherapy with CAR proposals beyond onco-hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Europa Azucena González-Navarro
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Español
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Egri
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Castellà
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Calderón
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina España
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Guijarro
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Libertad Heredia
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Pascal
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Juan Otero
- Servei d'Immunologia. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Plataforma d'Immunoteràpia Hospital Clínic-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
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Garcia-Corbacho J, Gonzalez-Navarro E, Victoria Ruiz I, Arrufat A, Moreno Fernández D, Heredia L, Ortiz de Landázuri I, Segarra NV, Mellado B, Sauri T, Maurel J, Gaba L, Pare L, Sanfeliu E, Baste N, Vidal Losada M, Arance Fernandez A, Reguart N, Prat A, Juan M. 109P Subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes and response to immunotherapy across cancer-types. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Barclay DV, Heredia L, Gil-Ramos J, Montalvo MM, Lozano R, Mena M, Dirren H. Nutritional status of institutionalised elderly in Ecuador. Arch Latinoam Nutr 1996; 46:122-7. [PMID: 9239289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional status of 111 elderly men and women aged 60 to 99 years in two institutions in the Ecuadorian Andes was evaluated using dietary, anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Mean daily energy intakes of men and women were 1720 and 1650 kcal, respectively (7.2 and 6.9 MJ), corresponding to 1.5 times the calculated basal metabolic rate (BMR). 6% of subjects had intakes less than 1.2 x BMR and 40% less than 1.5 x BMR. Body mass index (BMI) was below 20 kg/m2 in 21% of subjects; 45% were between 20 and 24. Only one subject had a BMI over 29. Intakes of protein, calcium, iron, riboflavin and vitamin C were satisfactory, in contrast to those of zinc, vitamin A, niacin and thiamin. Using sex- and altitude-specific cutoffs for hemoglobin, anemia was observed in 11% of subjects. Nutritional status, evaluated using biochemical indicators, was satisfactory with respect to riboflavin, vitamin A, vitamin E and copper. 14% of subjects had low serum zinc levels and 17% had serum albumin values below 35 g/L. Low physical activity was associated with low energy intake and low serum albumin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Barclay
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd, Lausunne, Switzerland
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Fajardo EM, Fernández JL, Solís RL, Portuondo B, Heredia L, Noroña M, Urquiza H, Amat M. UltramicroELISA for measuring tetanus antitoxin in human sera. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1996; 30:9-17. [PMID: 8919720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a combination of methods--a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) combined with an ultramicroanalytical system (UMAS)--that can be used to measure tetanus antitoxin activity in human sera or plasma. The test, which is rapid and permits analysis of 78 samples of serum per reaction plate with a volume of 10 microL of diluted serum per sample, is proposed as an alternative to the traditional biologic assay in mice based on seroneutralization of a known dose of tetanus toxin. The study reported here compared these two procedures, using them both to evaluate 100 sera from the Clinical Laboratory of the General Calixto García Hospital in Havana, Cuba. The two sets of results showed a high degree of correlation (r = 0.99) when subjected to linear regression analysis (95% CI = 0.985-0.993). These and other findings indicate that the cheap and rapid ultramicroELISA method can perform certain tasks for which the slower and costlier traditional assay is not well suited, such as field evaluation of tetanus toxoid vaccines and identification of hyperimmune plasmas appropriate for use in producing specific antitetanus immunoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Fajardo
- Carlos J. Finlay Biologicals Production Company, Havana, Cuba
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Fajardo EM, Fernández JL, Solís RL, Portuondo B, Heredia L, Noroña M, Urquiza H, Amat M. [Ultramicro-ELISA for measuring tetanus antitoxin in human serum]. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1995; 119:113-20. [PMID: 7546296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for measuring tetanus antitoxin activity in human serum is described; the assay is based on a combination of the indirect method and ultramicro analysis. This rapid test, which has the capacity to analyze 78 blood samples per reagent plate (at a volume of 10 microL of diluted serum per sample), is proposed as an alternative to the traditional mouse bioassay system based on the neutralization of a known dose of tetanus toxin. Results from both tests showed a high correlation in the lineal regression analysis (r = 0.99; CI95%: 0.985 to 0.993). It is recommended that the ultramicro ELISA assay be used in the field to evaluate tetanus toxoid vaccines and to identify hyperimmune plasmas suitable for producing antitetanus immunoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Fajardo
- Empresa de Producción de Biológicos Carlos J. Finlay, La Habana, Cuba
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