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Kim EHJ, Wilson A, Motoi L, Mishra SD, Monro JA, Parkar SG, Rosendale D, Stoklosinski H, Jobsis CMH, Wadamori Y, Hedderley D, Morgenstern M. Chewing differences in consumers affect the digestion and colonic fermentation outcomes: In vitro studies. Food Funct 2022; 13:9355-9371. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is important to understand variability in consumer chewing behavior for designing food products that deliver desired functionalities for target consumer segments. In this study, we selected 29 participants, representing...
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Kim EHJ, Paredes D, Motoi L, Eckert M, Wadamori Y, Tartaglia J, Wade C, Green C, Hedderley DH, Morgenstern MP. Subthreshold chemesthetic stimulation can enhance flavor lastingness of a soft chewable candy. Food Res Int 2021; 140:109883. [PMID: 33648200 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In addition to taste and aroma components of a flavor, FEMA GRAS approved chemesthetic flavor ingredients deliver a trigeminal experience or chemesthetic effect and provide a third dimension to overall flavor experience. In this study, we explored the impact of chemesthetic stimulation on dynamic flavor perception, acceptability and salivation, with two base flavors (mint, watermelon), using a soft chewable candy as a model food. Each base flavor was augmented with three increasing levels of a mixture of chemesthetic flavor ingredients, which provided a cooling sensation; subthreshold, detection threshold, and supra-threshold levels. Thirty-six panelists were asked to rate the perceived flavor intensity of each sample during eating and after swallowing using time intensity analysis. Lastingness after swallowing was measured as the time for the flavor intensity to drop below 25% of the maximum intensity perceived during chewing. Compared with the control, the addition of chemesthetic flavor ingredients increased the perceived flavor intensity during chewing and the flavor lastingness after swallowing for both mint and watermelon flavor. These effects started from the addition of subthreshold concentration of chemesthetic flavor ingredients and further increased with increasing the concentration of chemesthetic flavor ingredients added. By adding the subthreshold concentration of chemesthetic flavor ingredients, the flavor lastingness was increased by 32% for mint flavor and 22% for watermelon flavor. The acceptability of these weak-flavored soft chewable candy test samples was significantly increased towards 'just right' with increasing concentrations of chemesthetic flavor ingredients, even at subthreshold level. However, chew time and saliva flow rate were not affected by the addition of chemesthetic flavor ingredients. The increased flavor lastingness by the addition of chemesthetic flavor ingredients could therefore be explained by perceptual interaction between chemesthesis and flavor perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther H-J Kim
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand.
| | - Dulce Paredes
- Takasago International Corporation (USA), Rockleigh, NJ, USA
| | - Lidia Motoi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Markus Eckert
- Takasago International Corporation (USA), Rockleigh, NJ, USA
| | - Yukiko Wadamori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Cath Wade
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Carter Green
- Takasago International Corporation (USA), Rockleigh, NJ, USA
| | - Duncan H Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marco P Morgenstern
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
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Motoi L, Morgenstern MP, Paredes D, Wilson AJ, Hedderley DI, Wade C, Tartaglia JM, Green C. The effect of flavour modulators on chewing gum flavour duration. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Motoi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre Christchurch 8140New Zealand
| | - Marco P. Morgenstern
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre Christchurch 8140New Zealand
| | - Dulce Paredes
- Takasago International Corporation (USA) 4 Volvo Drive Rockleigh NJ 07647 USA
| | - Arran J. Wilson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre Christchurch 8140New Zealand
| | - Duncan I. Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited Private Bag 11600 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - Cath Wade
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre Christchurch 8140New Zealand
| | | | - Carter Green
- Takasago International Corporation (USA) 4 Volvo Drive Rockleigh NJ 07647 USA
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Kim EHJ, Paredes D, Motoi L, Eckert M, Wadamori Y, Tartaglia J, Green C, Hedderley DI, Morgenstern MP. Dynamic flavor perception of encapsulated flavors in a soft chewable matrix. Food Res Int 2019; 123:241-250. [PMID: 31284973 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation is commonly used to protect flavor compounds against adverse environmental and processing conditions or to provide controlled release in processed foods. Flavor compounds are released during eating and the release rate depends on food breakdown dynamics in the mouth. Two sequential studies were designed to explore the flavor perception of the same flavor in different encapsulation systems. The studies were focused on the interactions between encapsulation technology, particle size and breakdown processes in the mouth. A peppermint flavor was used as a model flavor and encapsulated with different technologies (spray drying, melt extrusion and fluidized bed drying). The encapsulated flavors and a selected combination were incorporated into a soft chewable candy, keeping the total flavor concentration the same for each sample. The chewable candy samples were presented to naïve panelists (n > 30) for the following two evaluations; (1) comparison of overall flavor perception with a 2-alternative forced choice test; and (2) dynamic evaluation of perceived flavor intensity over time during eating and after swallowing using time intensity. The results showed that the overall and dynamic flavor perceptions are greatly affected by the encapsulation technologies and particle sizes, and can be modulated by combining flavor particles produced by different encapsulation technologies depending on the application and desired flavor profile. The results also showed a large perceived flavor intensity variation between panelists, resembling variation among consumers. In an effort to better understand the relationship between the oral processing patterns and flavor perception, we used the JBMB® typing tool which gives four "Mouth Behavior" groups ("Chewers", "Crunchers", "Smooshers" and "Suckers") and explored to determine whether they would account for the variation. Compared with "Chewers" and "Crunchers", "Smooshers" tended to have a slower increase of flavor intensity during eating and a more gradual drop after swallowing. However, this needs to be confirmed with larger numbers of consumers (including suckers who were excluded in this study because they were not sufficient in numbers) and samples with a longer chew time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther H-J Kim
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand.
| | - Dulce Paredes
- Takasago International Corporation (USA), Rockleigh, NJ, USA
| | - Lidia Motoi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Markus Eckert
- Takasago International Corporation (USA), Rockleigh, NJ, USA
| | - Yukiko Wadamori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Carter Green
- Takasago International Corporation (USA), Rockleigh, NJ, USA
| | - Duncan I Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marco P Morgenstern
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
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Wilson A, Jeltema M, Morgenstern MP, Motoi L, Kim E, Hedderley D. Comparison of physical chewing measures to consumer typed Mouth Behavior. J Texture Stud 2018; 49:262-273. [PMID: 29446450 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypotheses that when presented with foods that could be chewed in different ways, (1) are participants jaw movements and chewing sequence measures correlated with Mouth Behavior (MB) group, as measured by the JBMB typing tool? (2) can MB group membership can be predicted from jaw movement and chewing sequence measures? One hundred subjects (69 female and 31 male, mean age 27 ± 7.7 years) were given four different foods (Mentos, Walkers, Cheetos Puffs, Twix) and video recordings of their jaw movements made. Twenty-nine parameters were calculated on each chewing sequence with 27 also calculated for the first half and second half of chewing sequence. Subjects were assigned to a MB group using the JBMB typing tool which gives four MB groups ("Chewers," "Crunchers," "Smooshers," and "Suckers"). The differences between individual chewing parameters and MB group were assessed with analysis of variance which showed only small differences in average chewing parameters between the MB groups. By using discriminant analysis, it was possible to partially discriminate between MB groups based on changes in their chewing parameters between foods with different material properties and stages of the chewing. A 19-variable model correctly predicted 68% of the subjects' membership of a MB group. This partially confirms our first hypothesis that when presented with foods that could be chewed in different ways participants will use a chewing sequence and jaw movements that correlate with their MB as measured by the JBMB typing tool. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The way consumers chew their food has an impact on their texture perception of that food. While there is a wide range of chewing behaviors between consumers, they can be grouped into broad categories to better target both product design and product testing by sensory panel. In this study, consumers who were grouped on their texture preference (MB group) had jaw movements, when chewing a range of foods, which partially reflected group membership. Therefore, while MB group membership could not be predicted from jaw movement measurements, there were similarities in jaw movements within the members of the groups. A better understanding of how jaw movement during chewing relates to consumer sensory perception would aid in new solid product design with controlled textural attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran Wilson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Melissa Jeltema
- The Understanding & Insight Group LLC, Jetersville 23083, Virginia
| | - Marco P Morgenstern
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Lidia Motoi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Esther Kim
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Abstract
The structure of chocolate is drastically transformed during oral processing from a composite solid to an oil/water fluid emulsion. Using two commercial dark chocolates varying in cocoa solids content, this study develops a method to identify the factors that govern lubrication in molten chocolate and saliva's contribution to lubrication following oral processing. In addition to chocolate and its individual components, simulated boluses (molten chocolate and phosphate buffered saline), in vitro boluses (molten chocolate and whole human saliva) and ex vivo boluses (chocolate expectorated after chewing till the point of swallow) were tested. The results reveal that the lubrication of molten chocolate is strongly influenced by the presence of solid sugar particles and cocoa solids. The entrainment of particles into the contact zone between the interacting surfaces reduces friction such that the maximum friction coefficient measured for chocolate boluses is much lower than those for single-phase Newtonian fluids. The addition of whole human saliva or a substitute aqueous phase (PBS) to molten chocolate dissolves sugar and decreases the viscosity of molten chocolate so that thinner films are achieved. However, saliva is more lubricating than PBS, which results in lower friction coefficients for chocolate-saliva mixtures when compared to chocolate-PBS mixtures. A comparison of ex vivo and in vitro boluses also suggests that the quantity of saliva added and uniformity of mixing during oral processing affect bolus structure, which leads to differences in measured friction. It is hypothesized that inhomogeneous mixing in the mouth introduces large air bubbles and regions of non-emulsified fat into the ex vivo boluses, which enhance wetting and lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rodrigues
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - N Selway
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - M P Morgenstern
- Food Structure & Engineering, The New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Limited, New Zealand
| | - L Motoi
- Food Structure & Engineering, The New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Limited, New Zealand
| | - J R Stokes
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - B J James
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther H.-J. Kim
- Food Structure & Engineering team; The New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Limited; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Vibe B. Jakobsen
- The Department of Chemical Engineering; Biotechnology and Environmental Technology; University of Southern Denmark; Odense M Denmark
| | - Arran J. Wilson
- Food Structure & Engineering team; The New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Limited; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Ian R. Waters
- Food Structure & Engineering team; The New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Limited; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Lidia Motoi
- Food Structure & Engineering team; The New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Limited; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Duncan I. Hedderley
- Biometrics team; The New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Limited; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Marco P. Morgenstern
- Food Structure & Engineering team; The New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Limited; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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Razzaq HAA, Sutton KH, Motoi L. Altering the rate of glucose release from starch-based foods by spray-drying with an extract from barley. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:2654-2659. [PMID: 23737108 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health outcomes associated with sustained elevated blood glucose may be better managed by limiting glucose availability for uptake. Glucose release from consumed starch may be altered using various methods, but many are not suitable for high-carbohydrate foods. This study describes an approach to protect starch granules, while generally maintaining their physical characteristics, with an extract from barley using spray-drying. RESULTS The use of the extract resulted in the coating of the starch granules with a film-like material composed of β-glucans and proteins. This coincided with a reduction in starch digestion and a significant increase in the indigestible (resistant) starch component. Substitution of the starch component in a model snack bar by the coated starch was also associated with lowering starch digestion in the bar. CONCLUSION The barley extract provides a physical barrier that may limit the exposure of starch to the digestive enzymes and water, with a consequent reduction in starch digestion and the rate of glucose release. It is possible, therefore, to produce wheat starch with lower digestibility and glucose release rate that may be used as a healthier substitute in high-carbohydrate foods by coating the granules with polymers extracted from barley cereals through spray-drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam A A Razzaq
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Gerald Street, Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Motoi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Marco P. Morgenstern
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Duncan I. Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Arran J. Wilson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Sinag Balita
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Private Bag 4704, Christchurch Mail Centre Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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Hanning S, Motoi L, Medlicott N, Swindells S. A device for the collection of submandibular saliva. N Z Dent J 2012; 108:4-8. [PMID: 22439314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the construction of a non-invasive device for the collection of submandibular saliva. Preliminary tests were carried out on saliva collected from a single donor in order to determine whether the rheological properties of submandibular saliva collected using the device were comparable to whole saliva collected using the expectoration (or 'spit') method. The device collected a lower quantity of saliva than that collected using the expectoration method. Stimulated saliva collected using the device had a pH close to that of unstimulated saliva because the sealed collection unit in the device minimised contamination. Saliva exhibited shear-thinning behaviour regardless of the method of collection, although that collected using the device was more viscous. The viscoelasticity of saliva collected using the two methods was different, probably as a result of differences in composition. This difference was greater with stimulated saliva. Despite the discrepancies between whole saliva and submandibular saliva, the device provides a non-invasive method for the collection of high-quality saliva over extended periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hanning
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Razzaq HAA, Sutton KH, Motoi L. Modifying glucose release from high carbohydrate foods with natural polymers extracted from cereals. J Sci Food Agric 2011; 91:2621-2627. [PMID: 21681763 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained elevated blood glucose and insulin levels are linked to many health problems that may be prevented or better managed by controlling glucose availability for uptake. Glucose release from consumed starch may be altered by the processing conditions, particle size and structural features of the food, and by the addition of dietary fibres. Many approaches to lower glucose release are not suitable for all high carbohydrate foods, especially bakery products. Methods to modulate the starch digestion without compromising product quality are required. This study describes an approach to protect the granules and alter the particle size of the starch component using an extract from barley (BE). Wheat starch was suspended in the BE at different ratios and cast dried, milled to 2-3 mm particles, or finely ground to produce different particle sizes. RESULTS The BE treatments resulted in the formation of clusters of starch granules embedded in a matrix of fibres and protein. The rate of in vitro starch digestion was decreased, and further reduction occurred when the particle size of the starch material increased. CONCLUSION The extract provided a physical barrier that limited the starch exposure to the digestion enzymes and water that led to reduction in starch digestion and the release of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam A A Razzaq
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Gerald Street, Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Kim EHJ, Petrie JR, Motoi L, Morgenstern MP, Sutton KH, Mishra S, Simmons LD. Effect of Structural and Physicochemical Characteristics of the Protein Matrix in Pasta on In Vitro Starch Digestibility. FOOD BIOPHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-008-9066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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