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Arndt T, Keresztes M, Olivier B, Boone L, Chanut F, Ennulat D, Evans E, Freyberger A, Johannes S, Kuper CF, Maliver P, O'Brien P, Ramaiah L, Roman I, Strauss V, Vinken P, Walker D, Winter M, Pohlmeyer-Esch G, Tomlinson L. Considerations for the Identification and Conveyance of Clinical Pathology Findings in Preclinical Toxicity Studies: Results From the 9th ESTP International Expert Workshop. Toxicol Pathol 2024:1926233241245108. [PMID: 38661116 DOI: 10.1177/01926233241245108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology (ESTP) organized a panel of 24 international experts from many fields of toxicologic clinical pathology (e.g., industry, academia, and regulatory) that came together in 2021 to align the use of terminology to convey the importance of clinical pathology findings in preclinical toxicity studies. An additional goal consisted of how to identify important findings in standard and nonstandard clinical pathology associated endpoints. This manuscript summarizes the information and opinions discussed and shared at the ninth ESTP International Expert Workshop, April 5 to 6, 2022. In addition to terminology usage, the workshop considered topics related to the identification and conveyance of the importance of test item-related findings. These topics included sources of variability, comparators, statistics, reporting, correlations to other study data, nonstandard biomarkers, indirect/secondary findings, and an overall weight-of-evidence approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Arndt
- Altasciences Preclinical, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Altasciences Preclinical, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - L Boone
- Labcorp, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - D Ennulat
- GlaxoSmithKline (Retired), King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen Evans
- Pfizer (Retired), Waterford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Maliver
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Lila Ramaiah
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian Roman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dana Walker
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Winter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
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Nhu TT, Boone L, Guillard V, Chatellard L, Reis M, Matos M, Dewulf J. Environmental sustainability assessment of biodegradable bio-based poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from agro-residues: Production and end-of-life scenarios. J Environ Manage 2024; 356:120522. [PMID: 38493645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In the context of a circular bio-based economy, more public attention has been paid to the environmental sustainability of biodegradable bio-based plastics, particularly plastics produced using emerging biotechnologies, e.g. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) or PHBV. However, this has not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to address three aspects regarding the environmental impact of PHBV-based plastic: (i) the potential environmental benefits of scaling up pellet production from pilot to industrial scale and the environmental hotspots at each scale, (ii) the most favourable end-of-life (EOL) scenario for PHBV, and (iii) the environmental performance of PHBV compared to benchmark materials considering both the pellet production and EOL stages. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was implemented using Cumulative Exergy Extraction from the Natural Environment (CEENE) and Environmental Footprint (EF) methods. The results show that, firstly, when upscaling the PHBV pellet production from pilot to industrial scale, a significant environmental benefit can be achieved by reducing electricity and nutrient usage, together with the implementation of better practices such as recycling effluent for diluting feedstock. Moreover, from the circularity perspective, mechanical recycling might be the most favourable EOL scenario for short-life PHBV-based products, using the carbon neutrality approach, as the material remains recycled and hence environmental credits are achieved by substituting recyclates for virgin raw materials. Lastly, PHBV can be environmentally beneficial equal to or even to some extent greater than common bio- and fossil-based plastics produced with well-established technologies. Besides methodological choices, feedstock source and technology specifications (e.g. pure or mixed microbial cultures) were also identified as significant factors contributing to the variations in LCA of (bio)plastics; therefore, transparency in reporting these factors, along with consistency in implementing the methodologies, is crucial for conducting a meaningful comparative LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T Nhu
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Lieselot Boone
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Valérie Guillard
- Department of IATE, University of Montpellier, place Pierre Viala 2, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Lucile Chatellard
- Department of IATE, University of Montpellier, place Pierre Viala 2, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Reis
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mariana Matos
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Boone L, Préat N, Nhu TT, Fiordelisi F, Guillard V, Blanckaert M, Dewulf J. Environmental performance of plastic food packaging: Life cycle assessment extended with costs on marine ecosystem services. Sci Total Environ 2023:164781. [PMID: 37321496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Packaging can play a substantial role in moving towards more sustainable food systems by affecting the amount of food loss and waste. However, the use of plastic packaging gives rise to environmental concerns, such as high energy and fossil resource use, and waste management issues such as marine litter. Alternative biobased, biodegradable materials, such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) could address some of these issues. For a careful comparison in terms of environmental sustainability between fossil-based, non-biodegradable and alternative plastic food packaging, not only production but also food preservation and end-of-life (EoL) fate must be considered. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used to evaluate the environmental performance, but the environmental burden of plastics released into the natural environment is not yet embedded in classical LCA. Therefore, a new indicator is being developed that accounts for the effect of plastic litter on marine ecosystems, one of the main burdens of plastic's EoL fate: lifetime costs on marine ecosystem services. This indicator enables a quantitative assessment and thus addresses a major criticism of plastic packaging LCA. The comprehensive analysis is performed on the case of falafel packaged in PHBV and conventional polypropylene (PP) packaging. Considering the impact per kilogram of packaged falafel consumed, food ingredients make the largest contribution. The LCA results indicate a clear preference for the use of PP trays, both in terms of (1) impact of packaging production and dedicated EoL-treatment and (2) packaging-related impacts. This is mainly due to the higher mass and volume of the alternative tray. Nevertheless, since PHBV has limited persistence in the environment compared to PP packaging, the lifetime costs for marine ES are about seven times lower, and this despite its higher mass. Although further refinements are needed, the additional indicator allows for a more balanced evaluation of plastic packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Boone
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Nils Préat
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Trang T Nhu
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Fabio Fiordelisi
- Coopbox Group s.p.a., Via V. Veneto 1, 42021 Bibbiano, RE, Italy
| | - Valérie Guillard
- Department of IATE, University of Montpellier, place Pierre Viala 2, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jo Dewulf
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Cooreman-Algoed M, Boone L, Uitterhaegen E, Taelman SE, De Soete W, Dewulf J. Environmental life cycle assessment of nutraceuticals: A case study on methylcobalamin in different packaging types. Sci Total Environ 2023:164780. [PMID: 37302605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing production of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, e.g., methylcobalamin supplements, improves the health of people. This study assesses the environmental footprint of chewable methylcobalamin supplements in four packaging types: blister packs or bottles made of HDPE, PET, or glass. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment is conducted to evaluate the supply to Belgian consumers of the recommended daily dose of methylcobalamin supplementation (1.2 mg) in case of deficiency. The impact of methylcobalamin manufacturing in major producing countries (China as baseline and France) is analyzed based on detailed synthesis modeling of data points coming from patents. The overall carbon footprint (CF) is dominated by the transport of consumers to the pharmacy and methylcobalamin powder manufacturing in China (while its mass share per supplement is only 1 %). The impact is the lowest for supplements in HDPE bottles (6.3 g CO2 eq) and 1 %, 8 %, and 35 % higher for those in PET bottles, glass bottles, and blister packs, respectively. Tablets in blister packs have for other investigated impact categories (fossil resource footprint (FRF), acidification; eutrophication: freshwater, marine, and terrestrial; freshwater ecotoxicity; land use; water use) the highest footprint and those in HDPE and PET bottles for most the lowest. The CF of methylcobalamin powder manufacturing in France is 22 % lower than in China (2.7 g CO2 eq), while the FRF is similar in both locations (26-27 kJ). The FRF and the difference in the CF are chiefly due to energy use and solvent production emissions. Similar trends as the CF are found for other investigated impact categories. Valuable conclusions are drawn for environmental studies on pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals: (i) including accurate data on consumer transport, (ii) using more environmentally-friendly active ingredients, (iii) choosing appropriate packaging types considering multiple aspects: convenience, environmental footprint, etc., and (iv) providing a holistic picture through assessing various impact categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Cooreman-Algoed
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lieselot Boone
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sue Ellen Taelman
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter De Soete
- Centre of Excellence in Sustainable Pharmaceutical Engineering and Manufacturing (CESPE), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Zetterström S, Horzmann K, Yin J, Moon R, Boorman S, Ceriotti S, Wooldridge A, Boone L. Paratracheal air cyst in a foal. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Zetterström
- Department of Clinical Sciences J. T. Vaughan Teaching Hospital College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn AlabamaUSA
| | - K. Horzmann
- Department of Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - J. Yin
- Department of Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - R. Moon
- Department of Clinical Sciences J. T. Vaughan Teaching Hospital College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn AlabamaUSA
| | - S. Boorman
- Department of Clinical Sciences J. T. Vaughan Teaching Hospital College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn AlabamaUSA
| | - S. Ceriotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences J. T. Vaughan Teaching Hospital College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn AlabamaUSA
| | - A. Wooldridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences J. T. Vaughan Teaching Hospital College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn AlabamaUSA
| | - L. Boone
- Department of Clinical Sciences J. T. Vaughan Teaching Hospital College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn AlabamaUSA
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De Luca Peña LV, Taelman SE, Préat N, Boone L, Van der Biest K, Custódio M, Hernandez Lucas S, Everaert G, Dewulf J. Towards a comprehensive sustainability methodology to assess anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems: Review of the integration of Life Cycle Assessment, Environmental Risk Assessment and Ecosystem Services Assessment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 808:152125. [PMID: 34871681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, a variety of methodologies are available to assess local, regional and global impacts of human activities on ecosystems, which include Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) and Ecosystem Services Assessment (ESA). However, none can individually assess both the positive and negative impacts of human activities at different geographical scales in a comprehensive manner. In order to overcome the shortcomings of each methodology and develop more holistic assessments, the integration of these methodologies is essential. Several studies have attempted to integrate these methodologies either conceptually or through applied case studies. To understand why, how and to what extent these methodologies have been integrated, a total of 110 relevant publications were reviewed. The analysis of the case studies showed that the integration can occur at different positions along the cause-effect chain and from this, a classification scheme was proposed to characterize the different integration approaches. Three categories of integration are distinguished: post-analysis, integration through the combination of results, and integration through the complementation of a driving method. The literature review highlights that the most recurrent type of integration is the latter. While the integration through the complementation of a driving method is more realistic and accurate compared to the other two categories, its development is more complex and a higher data requirement could be needed. In addition to this, there is always the risk of double-counting for all the approaches. None of the integration approaches can be categorized as a full integration, but this is not necessarily needed to have a comprehensive assessment. The most essential aspect is to select the appropriate components from each methodology that can cover both the environmental and socioeconomic costs and benefits of human activities on the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vittoria De Luca Peña
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Sue Ellen Taelman
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nils Préat
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Boone
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Van der Biest
- Ecosystem Management Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marco Custódio
- Flanders Marine Institute, Wandelaarkaai 7, B8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Simon Hernandez Lucas
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, BLUEGent Business Development Center in Aquaculture and Blue Life Sciences, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert Everaert
- Flanders Marine Institute, Wandelaarkaai 7, B8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Boorman S, Zetterström S, Hamersky J, Velloso Álvarez A, Boone L, Hanson RR, Caldwell F. Use of serial standing computed tomography for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of a horse with acute myonecrosis of the head. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Boorman
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - S. Zetterström
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - J. Hamersky
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - A. Velloso Álvarez
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - L. Boone
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - R. R. Hanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - F. Caldwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
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Thomassen G, Huysveld S, Boone L, Vilain C, Geysen D, Huysman K, Cools B, Dewulf J. The environmental impact of household's water use: A case study in Flanders assessing various water sources, production methods and consumption patterns. Sci Total Environ 2021; 770:145398. [PMID: 33736356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Responsible water use and sustainable consumption and production are high on the agenda of multiple stakeholders. Different water supply sources are available, including tap water, bottled water, domestically harvested rainwater and domestically abstracted groundwater. The extent to which each of these water supply sources is used, differs over consumption patterns in various housing types, being detached houses, semi-detached houses, terraced houses and apartments. To identify the environmental impact of a household's water use and potential environmental impact reduction strategies, a holistic assessment is required. In this paper, the environmental impact of a household's water use in Flanders (Belgium) was assessed including four different water supply sources and four different consumption patterns by means of a life cycle assessment. The outcomes of this study reveal a large difference between the environmental impact of bottled water use, having a global warming impact of 259 kg CO2-eq.·m-3, compared to the other three supply sources. Tap water supply had the lowest global warming impact (0.17 kg CO2-eq.·m-3) and resource footprint (6.51 MJex·m-3) of all water supply sources. The most efficient strategy to reduce the environmental impact of household's water use is to shift the water consumption from bottled to tap water consumption. This would induce a reduction in global warming impact of the water use of an inhabitant in Flanders by on average 80%, saving 0.1 kg CO2-eq.·day-1 in case of groundwater-based tap water. These results provide insights into sustainable water use for multiple consumption patterns and can be used to better frame the environmental benefits of tap water use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenny Thomassen
- Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sophie Huysveld
- Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Boone
- Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Céline Vilain
- Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ben Cools
- De Watergroep, Vooruitgangstraat 189, 1030 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Research Group Sustainable Systems Engineering (STEN), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Zetterström
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - R. Hanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - A. Velloso Alvarez
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - F. Caldwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - L. Boone
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - J. Schumacher
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
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Midon M, Clark-Price S, Lin H, Lascola K, Boone L. Number of attempts to stand and recovery quality of horses anesthetized with an inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2) of 0.95, 0.75, or 0.45. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Schumacher
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - L. Boone
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
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Boone L, Roldán-Ruiz I, Van Linden V, Muylle H, Dewulf J. Environmental sustainability of conventional and organic farming: Accounting for ecosystem services in life cycle assessment. Sci Total Environ 2019; 695:133841. [PMID: 31422320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Today, there is an ongoing debate about the environmental sustainability of the products of organic farming. To compare the performance of conventional and organic farming systems regarding environmental impact and productivity, the comprehensive environmental assessment tool 'life cycle assessment' can be used. The lower crop yields attained by organic systems compared to conventional farming systems might, however, outweigh the benefits of the use of more environmental-friendly practices when evaluating the environmental impact per product unit. Although these practices are beneficial for the environment, which is reflected in the delivery of a range of ecosystem services (ES), the focus is traditionally put only on the (harvested) product. Because the agricultural product involves actually a bundle of ES, the impact should be allocated among the whole output of an agricultural system. In this study, we propose an allocation procedure based on the capacity of agricultural systems to deliver ES to divide the environmental impact over all agricultural outputs (i.e. provisioning and other ES). Allocation factors are developed for conventional and organic arable farming systems. Applying these allocation factors, we demonstrate that for about half of the studied food products (including maize, potato), organic farming has clear environmental benefits in terms of resource consumption in comparison to conventional cultivation methods. This allocation approach allows a more complete comparison of the environmental sustainability of organically and conventionally produced food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Boone
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Veerle Van Linden
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Boone L, Van Linden V, Roldán-Ruiz I, Sierra CA, Vandecasteele B, Sleutel S, De Meester S, Muylle H, Dewulf J. Introduction of a natural resource balance indicator to assess soil organic carbon management: Agricultural Biomass Productivity Benefit. J Environ Manage 2018; 224:202-214. [PMID: 30053732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rising demand for feed and food has put an increasing pressure on agriculture, with agricultural intensification as a direct response. Notwithstanding the higher crop productivity, intensive agriculture management entails many adverse environmental impacts. Worldwide, soil organic carbon (SOC) decline is hereby considered as a main danger which affects soil fertility and productivity. The life cycle perspective helps to get a holistic overview when evaluating the environmental sustainability of agricultural systems, though the impact of farm management on soil quality aspects is often not integrated. In this paper, we introduce an indicator called Agricultural Biomass Productivity Benefit of SOC management (ABB_SOC), which, relying on natural resource consumption, enables to estimate the net effect of the efforts made to attain a better soil quality. Hereby the focus is put on SOC. First, we introduce a framework to describe the SOC trend due to farm management decisions. The extent to which remediation measures are required are used as a measure for the induced SOC losses. Next, ABB_SOC values are calculated as the balance between the natural resource consumption of the inputs (including remediation efforts) and the desired output of arable crop production systems. The models RothC and EU-Rotate_N are used to simulate the SOC evolution due to farm management and the response of the biomass productivity, respectively. The developed indicator is applied on several rotation systems in Flanders, comparing different remediation strategies. The indicator could be used as a base for a method to account for soil quality in life cycle analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Boone
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Veerle Van Linden
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bart Vandecasteele
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steven Sleutel
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University - Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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Boone L, Van Linden V, De Meester S, Vandecasteele B, Muylle H, Roldán-Ruiz I, Nemecek T, Dewulf J. Environmental life cycle assessment of grain maize production: An analysis of factors causing variability. Sci Total Environ 2016; 553:551-564. [PMID: 26938318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To meet the growing demand, high yielding, but environmentally sustainable agricultural plant production systems are desired. Today, life cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly used to assess the environmental impact of these agricultural systems. However, the impact results are very diverse due to management decisions or local natural conditions. The impact of grain maize is often generalized and an average is taken. Therefore, we studied variation in production systems. Four types of drivers for variability are distinguished: policy, farm management, year-to-year weather variation and innovation. For each driver, scenarios are elaborated using ReCiPe and CEENE (Cumulative Exergy Extraction from the Natural Environment) to assess the environmental footprint. Policy limits fertilisation levels in a soil-specific way. The resource consumption is lower for non-sandy soils than for sandy soils, but entails however more eutrophication. Farm management seems to have less influence on the environmental impact when considering the CEENE only. But farm management choices such as fertiliser type have a large effect on emission-related problems (e.g. eutrophication and acidification). In contrast, year-to-year weather variation results in large differences in the environmental footprint. The difference in impact results between favourable and poor environmental conditions amounts to 19% and 17% in terms of resources and emissions respectively, and irrigation clearly is an unfavourable environmental process. The best environmental performance is obtained by innovation as plant breeding results in a steadily increasing yield over 25 years. Finally, a comparison is made between grain maize production in Flanders and a generically applied dataset, based on Swiss practices. These very different results endorse the importance of using local data to conduct LCA of plant production systems. The results of this study show decision makers and farmers how they can improve the environmental performance of agricultural systems, and LCA practitioners are alerted to challenges due to variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Boone
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent B-9000, Belgium; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Veerle Van Linden
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandecasteele
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Nemecek
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, LCA Group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Research Group EnVOC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent B-9000, Belgium.
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15
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Taelman SE, Schaubroeck T, De Meester S, Boone L, Dewulf J. Accounting for land use in life cycle assessment: The value of NPP as a proxy indicator to assess land use impacts on ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 2016; 550:143-156. [PMID: 26808405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial land and its resources are finite, though, for economic and socio-cultural needs of humans, these natural resources are further exploited. It highlights the need to quantify the impact humans possibly have on the environment due to occupation and transformation of land. As a starting point of this paper (1(st) objective), the land use activities, which may be mainly socio-culturally or economically oriented, are identified in addition to the natural land-based processes and stocks and funds that can be altered due to land use. To quantify the possible impact anthropogenic land use can have on the natural environment, linked to a certain product or service, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool commonly used. During the last decades, many indicators are developed within the LCA framework in an attempt to evaluate certain environmental impacts of land use. A second objective of this study is to briefly review these indicators and to categorize them according to whether they assess a change in the asset of natural resources for production and consumption or a disturbance of certain ecosystem processes, i.e. ecosystem health. Based on these findings, two enhanced proxy indicators are proposed (3(rd) objective). Both indicators use net primary production (NPP) loss (potential NPP in the absence of humans minus remaining NPP after land use) as a relevant proxy to primarily assess the impact of land use on ecosystem health. As there are two approaches to account for the natural and productive value of the NPP remaining after land use, namely the Human Appropriation of NPP (HANPP) and hemeroby (or naturalness) concepts, two indicators are introduced and the advantages and limitations compared to state-of-the-art NPP-based land use indicators are discussed. Exergy-based spatially differentiated characterization factors (CFs) are calculated for several types of land use (e.g., pasture land, urban land).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Ellen Taelman
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Schaubroeck
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Boone
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jo Dewulf
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; European Commission - Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
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Verpooten GA, van Waeleghem JP, Pollet D, Blockx P, Boone L, de Broe ME. Single-needle hemofiltration. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 32:170-4. [PMID: 7128154 DOI: 10.1159/000406920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Kaynar K, Kaynar K, Ersoz S, Aliyazioglu R, Uzun A, Ulusoy S, Al S, Ozkan G, Cansiz M, Bertocchio JP, Lancon J, El Moghrabi S, Galmiche G, Duong Van Huyen JP, Rieu P, Jaisser F, Albertoni G, Andrade S, Barreto JA, Borges F, Schor N, Ho WY, Chen SH, Tseng CJ, Bienholz A, Feldkamp T, Weinberg JM, Suller Garcia J, Naves M, Borges F, Schor N, Borges F, Aparecida Reis L, Simoes MDJ, Schor N, S Almeida W, Moreau Longo V, Segreto HRC, Schor N, Ghoneim A, Elkholy A, Medhat Abbas T, El Hadeedy M, Elhusseini F, Elessawey B, Eltanaihy E, Lotfy A, Eldesoky S, Sheashaa H, Sobh M, Minning DM, Warnock D, Mohamed AS, Wirthlin JB, Chintalacharuvu SR, Boone L, Brenner RM, Borges F, Aparecida Reis L, Simoes MDJ, Schor N, Santina Christo J, Dos Santos Passos C, Aparecida Reis L, Rene de Alencar D, Suller Garcia J, Schor N, De Braganca AC, Canale D, Goncalves JG, Brandao TPB, Shimizu MHM, Volpini RA, Seguro AC, Andrade L, Canale D, De Braganca AC, Goncalves JG, Brandao TPB, Shimizu MHM, Volpini RA, Andrade L, Seguro AC, Lee JW, Kim HK, Cho WY, Jo SK, Cho E, Hocherl K, Schmidt C, Mulay SR, Kulkarni OP, Rupanagudi KV, Migliorini A, Liapis H, Anders HJ, Pevzner I, Chupyrkina A, Plotnikov E, Zorov D, Lopez-Novoa JM, Eleno N, Perez-Barriocanal F, Arevalo M, Docherty N, Castellano G, Divella C, Loverre A, Stasi A, Curci C, Rossini M, Ditonno P, Battaglia M, Daha MR, Van Kooten C, Gesualdo L, Schena FP, Grandaliano G, Tsuda H, Kawada N, Iwatani H, Moriyama T, Takahara S, Rakugi H, Isaka Y, Schley G, Kalucka J, Klanke B, Jantsch J, Olbrich S, Baumgartl J, Amann K, Eckardt KU, Weidemann A, Dolgolikova A, Pilotovich V, Ivanchik G, Shved I, Banki NF, Antal Z, Hosszu A, Koszegi S, Vannay A, Wagner L, Prokai A, Muller V, Szabo AJ, Fekete A, Farrag S, Abulasrar S, Salama ,M, Amin M, Ali A, Sheashaa H, Sobh M, Rubera I, Duranton C, Cougnon M, Melis N, Tauc M, Plotnikov E, Zorov D, Chupyrkina A, Jankauskas S, Morosanova M, Pevzner I, Pulkina N, Zorova L, Shin YT, Kim SS, Chang YK, Choi DE, Na KR, Lee KW, Choi JY, Jin DC, Cha JH, Schneider R, Betz B, Meusel M, Held C, Wanner C, Gekle M, Sauvant C, Pisani A, Rossano R, Mancini A, Arfian N, Yagi K, Nakayama K, Ali H, Mayasari DS, Purnomo E, Emoto N, Efrati S, Berman S, Abu Hamad R, Weissgarten J, Scherbaum CR, Allam R, Lichtnekert J, Darisipudi MN, Hagele H, Mulay SR, Rupanagudi KV, Hohenstein B, Hugo C, Schaefer L, Anders HJ, Corsi C, Ferramosca E, Grandi E, Pisoni L, Rivolta I, Dalpozzo B, Hoxha E, Severi S, Santoro A, Laurent M, Cedric R, Dominique C, Sophie V, Nochy D, Loic G, Patrice C, Chantal J, Marie-Christine V, Alexandre H, Eric R, Cantaluppi V, Medica D, Quercia AD, Figliolini F, Dellepiane S, Randone O, Segoloni GP, Camussi G, Shin YT, Choi DE, Na KR, Chang YK, Kim SS, Ahn BH, Kim SH, Lee KW, Yasue Saito Miyagi M, Camara N, Cerqueira Leite Seelaender M, Maceratesi Enjiu L, Estler Rocha Guilherme P, Pisciottano M, Hiyane M, Yuri Hayashida C, De Andrade Oliveira V, Olsen Saraiva Camara N, Tami Amano M, Sancho-Martinez SM, Sanchez-Juanes F, Vicente L, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, Morales AI, Lopez-Novoa JM, Lopez-Hernandez FJ, Chen JS, Chang LC, Chen CC, Park MY, Choi SJ, Kim JG, Hwang SD, Vicente-Vicente L, Ferreira L, Prieto M, Garcia-Sanchez O, Sevilla MA, Lopez-Hernandez FJ, Lopez-Novoa JM, Morales AI, Vicente-Vicente L, Ferreira L, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, Lopez-Novoa FJ, Lopez-Novoa JM, Morales AI, Christoph K, Kuper C, Maria-Luisa F, Franz-Xaver B, Neuhofer W, Vervaet B, Le Clef N, Verhulst A, D'haese P, Tanaka T, Yamaguchi J, Eto N, Kojima I, Fujita T, Nangaku M, Wystrychowski A, Wystrychowski G, Obuchowicz E, Grzeszczak W, Wiecek A, Esposito C, Torreggiani M, Castoldi F, Migotto C, Serpieri N, Grosjean F, Manini A, Pertile E, Dal Canton A. AKI - Experimental. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Headley S, Coverdale J, Jenkins T, Boone L, Sharp J, Vernon K. Dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yates PJ, Hazen R, St Clair M, Boone L, Tisdale M, Elston RC. In vitro development of resistance to human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor GW640385. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1092-5. [PMID: 16495277 PMCID: PMC1426426 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.3.1092-1095.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of in vitro resistance to GW640385, a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, was studied. Variants characterized included one with <4-fold resistance and amino acid substitutions Q58E/A71V (protease) and P452K (Gag) and one with >50-fold resistance and amino acid substitutions L10F/G16E/E21K/A28S/M46I/F53L/A71V (protease) and L449F/P453T (Gag). The A28S substitution substantially reduced replication capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Yates
- UK Virology, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom.
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Boone L, Meyer D, Cusick P, Ennulat D, Bolliger AP, Everds N, Meador V, Elliott G, Honor D, Bounous D, Jordan H. Selection and interpretation of clinical pathology indicators of hepatic injury in preclinical studies. Vet Clin Pathol 2005; 34:182-8. [PMID: 16134065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2005.tb00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This position paper delineates the expert recommendations of the Regulatory Affairs Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology for the use of preclinical, clinical pathology endpoints in assessment of the potential for drug-induced hepatic injury in animals and humans. Development of these guidelines has been based on current recommendations in the relevant preclinical and human clinical trial literature; they are intended to provide a method for consistent and rigorous interpretation of liver-specific data for the identification of hepatic injury in preclinical studies and potential liability for hepatic injury in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boone
- Regulatory Affairs Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, USA.
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21
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Enfors SO, Jahic M, Rozkov A, Xu B, Hecker M, Jürgen B, Krüger E, Schweder T, Hamer G, O'Beirne D, Noisommit-Rizzi N, Reuss M, Boone L, Hewitt C, McFarlane C, Nienow A, Kovacs T, Trägårdh C, Fuchs L, Revstedt J, Friberg PC, Hjertager B, Blomsten G, Skogman H, Hjort S, Hoeks F, Lin HY, Neubauer P, van der Lans R, Luyben K, Vrabel P, Manelius A. Physiological responses to mixing in large scale bioreactors. J Biotechnol 2001; 85:175-85. [PMID: 11165362 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli fed-batch cultivations at 22 m3 scale were compared to corresponding laboratory scale processes and cultivations using a scale-down reactor furnished with a high-glucose concentration zone to mimic the conditions in a feed zone of the large bioreactor. Formate accumulated in the large reactor, indicating the existence of oxygen limitation zones. It is suggested that the reduced biomass yield at large scale partly is due to repeated production/re-assimilation of acetate from overflow metabolism and mixed acid fermentation products due to local moving zones with oxygen limitation. The conditions that generated mixed-acid fermentation in the scale-down reactor also induced a number of stress responses, monitored by analysis of mRNA of selected stress induced genes. The stress responses were relaxed when the cells returned to the substrate limited and oxygen sufficient compartment of the reactor. Corresponding analysis in the large reactor showed that the concentration of mRNA of four stress induced genes was lowest at the sampling port most distant from the feed zone. It is assumed that repeated induction/relaxation of stress responses in a large bioreactor may contribute to altered physiological properties of the cells grown in large-scale bioreactor. Flow cytometric analysis revealed reduced damage with respect to cytoplasmic membrane potential and integrity in cells grown in the dynamic environments of the large scale reactor and the scale-down reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Enfors
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-10044, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been successfully harnessed as the only natural vector for the incorporation of foreign genes into higher plants, but its use in the grain crops is often limited. Low transformation efficiency has been partly attributed to a failure in the initial events in the transformation process, specifically in the capacity of the VirA/VirG two-component system to induce expression of the virulence genes. RESULTS Here we show that the root exudate of Zea mays seedlings specifically inhibits virulence gene expression, determine that 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxybenzoxazin-3-one (MDIBOA), which constitutes > 98% of the organic exudate of the roots of these seedlings, is the most potent and specific inhibitor of signal perception in A. tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer yet discovered, and develop a model that is able to predict the MDIBOA concentration at any distance from the root surface. Finally, variants of A. tumefaciens resistant to MDIBOA-mediated inhibition of vir gene expression have been selected and partially characterized. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a strategy in which a plant may resist pathogen invasion by specifically blocking virulence gene activation and yet ensure that the 'resistance factor' does not accumulate to levels sufficient to impose toxicity and selection pressure on the pathogen. The data further establish that naturally occurring inhibitors directed against signal perception by the VirA/VirG two-component regulatory system can play an important role in host defense. Finally, selected variants resistant to specific MDIBOA inhibition may now be used to extend the transformation efficiency of maize and possibly other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The temporal and spatial control of the transition from vegetative to parasitic growth is critical to any parasite, but is essential to the sessile parasitic plants. It has been proposed that this transition in Striga spp. is controlled simply by an exuded oxidase that converts host cell-surface phenols into benzoquinones which act as developmental signals that mediate the transition. An understanding of this mechanism may identify the critical molecular events that made possible the evolution of parasitism in plants. RESULTS PoxA and PoxB are identified as the only apoplastic phenol oxidases in Striga asiatica seedlings, and the genes encoding them have been cloned and sequenced. These peroxidase enzymes are capable of oxidizing the 60 known inducing phenols into a small set of benzoquinones, and it is these quinones that induce parasitic development. Analysis of the reaction requirements and comparisons to host enzymes, however, lead us to argue that PoxA and PoxB are not necessary for host recognition. CONCLUSIONS A new model is proposed where constitutive production of an activated oxygen species (in the case of Striga, H2O2) mediates host recognition. This strategy would allow a parasite to exploit abundant host enzymes to produce the diffusible recognition signals by converting a standard host defense into a parasitic offense.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kim
- Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Chen WJ, Jayawickreme C, Watson C, Wolfe L, Holmes W, Ferris R, Armour S, Dallas W, Chen G, Boone L, Luther M, Kenakin T. Recombinant human CXC-chemokine receptor-4 in melanophores are linked to Gi protein: seven transmembrane coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus entry into cells. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 53:177-81. [PMID: 9463473 DOI: 10.1124/mol.53.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the transient expression of the CXC chemokine receptor-4 in Xenopus laevis melanophores and the resulting functional assay for the endogenous ligand for this receptor stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha. Specifically, it will be shown that SDF-1alpha produces increased light transmittance in transfected cells that is consistent with the activation of Gi protein. This stimulus pathway is further implicated by the abolition of this response after pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, a known method for the inactivation of Gi protein. The fact that SDF-1alpha does not produce responses in nontransfected cells and that treatment of the cells with 12G5, an antibody specific for the CXC chemokine receptor-4, eliminates this response indicates that this ligand produces responses by activation of this receptor in these cells. The possible relevance to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into cells was explored by observing the effects of SDF-1alpha on HIV-mediated cell fusion. It was found that SDF-1alpha blocked cell-to-cell fusion (as has been previously reported) at concentrations 1200-fold greater than those required to produce Gi protein mediated responses. The implications of the functional assay to screening for new drugs to block HIV-mediated fusion is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Chen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Abstract
The avian retroviruses--and probably other retroviruses as well--undergo a variety of recombinational events with relatively high efficiency. An understanding of the molecular basis of these events should provide insight into the important biological properties these agents exhibit when they become integrated into somatic or germ-line host cells, when they exchange genetic information among themselves, or when they transduce host cell genes. In this article we review molecular models for homologous recombination, against a background of the other types of recombination events that are typical of these viruses. It seems probable that the retroviruses will provide useful models for analysis of a variety of DNA rearrangements known to occur in eukaryotic cells.
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Milar CR, Schroeder SR, Mushak P, Boone L. Failure to find hyperactivity in preschool children with moderately elevated lead burden. J Pediatr Psychol 1981; 6:85-95. [PMID: 7252717 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/6.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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27
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Ju G, Boone L, Skalka AM. Isolation and characterization of recombinant DNA clones of avian retroviruses: size heterogeneity and instability of the direct repeat. J Virol 1980; 33:1026-33. [PMID: 6245258 PMCID: PMC288636 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.33.3.1026-1033.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unintegrated proviral DNA of Schmidt-Ruppin B Rous sarcoma virus was cloned in the bacteriophage lambda vector Charon 21A. A total of 12 independent recombinant lambda SRBtd clones which were derived from the transformation-defective component in the viral preparation were analyzed with restriction endonucleases and molecular hybridization techniques. Three classes of clones were observed. Type I clones contained a 5.0-megadalton insert of viral DNA, type II clones contained phage with two size classes of inserts (5.0 and 5.2 megadaltons), and one type III clone contained only a 5.2-megadalton insert. The smaller insert present in type II clones appeared to be derived by deletion of one copy of a directly repeated sequence which was present in the larger insert. Mapping data indicated that the deletion includes all or part of the terminal repeat found in linear double-stranded proviral DNA. Similar results were obtained from lambda RAV2 recombinant clones derived from Rous-associated virus type 2. Analysis of DNA from type II and type III clones of lambda SRBtd and lambda RAV2 revealed limited heterogeneity in the size of the direct repeat.
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Harris LM, Aboko-Cole GF, Lee CM, Boone L. Characterization of trypanosomes by GC base composition: isolation of trypanosomal DNA by two methods. Trans Am Microsc Soc 1976; 95:599-606. [PMID: 798377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Moynihan CT, Balitactac N, Boone L, Litovitz TA. Comparison of Shear and Conductivity Relaxation Times for Concentrated Lithium Chloride Solutions. J Chem Phys 1971. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1676531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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