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Meléndez R, Guzmán M, Jiménez C, Piche M, Jiménez E, León B, Cordero JM, Ramirez-Carvajal L, Uribe A, Van Nes A, Stegeman A, Vernooij H, Romero-Zúñiga JJ. Seroprevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on swine farms in a tropical country of the Middle Americas: the case of Costa Rica. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:441. [PMID: 34406521 PMCID: PMC8373727 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Little is known regarding the epidemiology of this infection in tropical countries. To address this problem in Costa Rica, a seroepidemiological study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, a pilot study was conducted in nine farms with the clinical diagnosis of PRRSV. In total, 265 pig serum samples were collected from animals ranging in age from 1 to 15 weeks of age. This study aimed to establish the duration of maternal immunity in piglets, to identify the period of viremia, and to determine when seroconversion occurs. In the second phase, a cross-sectional serology study was performed on a representative sample of the Costa Rican national herds in the second phase. The twenty-five selected farms represent all provinces and were classified according to herd size (100 to 2000 sows). In each farm, pigs aged 8, 10, and 12 weeks were sampled, as well as gilts based on the pilot study. In total 1281 pigs were sampled across all 25 farms. The aim of the cross-sectional study was to quantify the seroprevalence of PRRSV in Costa Rican pig farms and to describe its geographical distribution in this tropical country. The prevalence of positive farms was 44% (11/25), and these farms were located in six of the seven provinces of Costa Rica. Overall, 58% (344/596) of the pigs were seropositive to PRRSV. The age of the pigs and the ecozone where farms were located were significantly related with PRRSV seroprevalence in animals and herds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Meléndez
- Department of Farm Animal Health, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. .,School of Veterinary Medicine (EMV), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Mónica Guzmán
- Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Marta Piche
- Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Bernal León
- Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Juan M Cordero
- Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Arie Van Nes
- Department of Farm Animal Health, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Vernooij
- Department of Farm Animal Health, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Guzmán M, Meléndez R, Jiménez C, Piche M, Jiménez E, León B, Cordero JM, Ramirez-Carvajal L, Uribe A, Van Nes A, Stegeman A, Romero JJ. Analysis of ORF5 sequences of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) circulating within swine farms in Costa Rica. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:217. [PMID: 34118903 PMCID: PMC8196928 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is among the diseases that cause the highest economic impact in modern pig production. PRRS was first detected in Costa Rica in 1996 and has since then severely affected the local swine industry. Studies of the molecular characterization of circulating strains, correlation with clinical records, and associations with pathogens associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) have not been done in Costa Rica. Results Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 proved that PRRSV-2 was the only species detected in all locations analyzed. These sequences were grouped into three clusters. When comparing samples from San Jose, Alejuela, and Puntarenas to historical isolates of the previously described lineages (1 to 9), it has been shown that these were closely related to each other and belonged to Lineage 5, along with the samples from Heredia. Intriguingly, samples from Cartago clustered in a separate clade, phylogenetically related to Lineage 1. Epitope analysis conducted on the GP5 sequence of field isolates from Costa Rica revealed seven peptides with at least 80% amino acid sequence identity with previously described and experimentally validated immunogenic regions. Previously described epitopes A, B, and C, were detected in the Santa Barbara-Heredia isolate. Conclusions Our data suggest that the virus has three distinct origins or introductions to the country. Future studies will elucidate how recently introduced vaccines will shape the evolutionary change of circulating field strains. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02925-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Guzmán
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics (DDV), Veterinary Services National Laboratories (LANASEVE), Animal Health National Service (SENASA), Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture (MAG), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ronald Meléndez
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Consultoría Regional de Investigación en Producción Animal Sostenible (CRIPAS), School of Veterinary Medicine (EMV), Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine (EMV), Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Marta Piche
- Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine (EMV), Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Bernal León
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics (DDV), Veterinary Services National Laboratories (LANASEVE), Animal Health National Service (SENASA), Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture (MAG), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Juan M Cordero
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics (DDV), Veterinary Services National Laboratories (LANASEVE), Animal Health National Service (SENASA), Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture (MAG), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Lisbeth Ramirez-Carvajal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics (DDV), Veterinary Services National Laboratories (LANASEVE), Animal Health National Service (SENASA), Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture (MAG), Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Arie Van Nes
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan José Romero
- Consultoría Regional de Investigación en Producción Animal Sostenible (CRIPAS), School of Veterinary Medicine (EMV), Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica
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Ramirez-Carvajal L, Pauszek SJ, Ahmed Z, Farooq U, Naeem K, Shabman RS, Stockwell TB, Rodriguez LL. Genetic stability of foot-and-mouth disease virus during long-term infections in natural hosts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190977. [PMID: 29390015 PMCID: PMC5794060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe infection caused by a picornavirus that affects livestock and wildlife. Persistence in ruminants is a well-documented feature of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) pathogenesis and a major concern for disease control. Persistently infected animals harbor virus for extended periods, providing a unique opportunity to study within-host virus evolution. This study investigated the genetic dynamics of FMDV during persistent infections of naturally infected Asian buffalo. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) we obtained 21 near complete FMDV genome sequences from 12 sub-clinically infected buffalo over a period of one year. Four animals yielded only one virus isolate and one yielded two isolates of different serotype suggesting a serial infection. Seven persistently infected animals yielded more than one virus of the same serotype showing a long-term intra-host viral genetic divergence at the consensus level of less than 2.5%. Quasi-species analysis showed few nucleotide variants and non-synonymous substitutions of progeny virus despite intra-host persistence of up to 152 days. Phylogenetic analyses of serotype Asia-1 VP1 sequences clustered all viruses from persistent animals with Group VII viruses circulating in Pakistan in 2011, but distinct from those circulating on 2008–2009. Furthermore, signature amino acid (aa) substitutions were found in the antigenically relevant VP1 of persistent viruses compared with viruses from 2008–2009. Intra-host purifying selective pressure was observed, with few codons in structural proteins undergoing positive selection. However, FMD persistent viruses did not show a clear pattern of antigenic selection. Our findings provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of FMDV populations within naturally occurring subclinical and persistent infections that may have implications to vaccination strategies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Ramirez-Carvajal
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LLR); (LRC)
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Umer Farooq
- Animal Health Program, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Naeem
- Animal Health Program, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Reed S. Shabman
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LLR); (LRC)
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Abstract
By genetically engineering pigs to degrade a crucial viral protein, livestock can be made less susceptible to foot and mouth disease virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Ramirez-Carvajal
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Orient Point, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, United States
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Ramirez-Carvajal L, Long CR. Down-regulation of viral replication by lentiviral-mediated expression of short-hairpin RNAs against vesicular stomatitis virus ribonuclear complex genes. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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