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Ho ME, Quek SI, True LD, Seiler R, Fleischmann A, Bagryanova L, Kim SR, Chia D, Goodglick L, Shimizu Y, Rosser CJ, Gao Y, Liu AY. Bladder cancer cells secrete while normal bladder cells express but do not secrete AGR2. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15747-56. [PMID: 26894971 PMCID: PMC4941274 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a cancer-associated secreted protein found predominantly in adenocarcinomas. Given its ubiquity in solid tumors, cancer-secreted AGR2 could be a useful biomarker in urine or blood for early detection. However, normal organs express and might also secrete AGR2, which would impact its utility as a cancer biomarker. Uniform AGR2 expression is found in the normal bladder urothelium. Little AGR2 is secreted by the urothelial cells as no measurable amounts could be detected in urine. The urinary proteomes of healthy people contain no listing for AGR2. Likewise, the blood proteomes of healthy people also contain no significant peptide counts for AGR2 suggesting little urothelial secretion into capillaries of the lamina propria. Expression of AGR2 is lost in urothelial carcinoma, with only 25% of primary tumors observed to retain AGR2 expression in a cohort of lymph node-positive cases. AGR2 is secreted by the urothelial carcinoma cells as urinary AGR2 was measured in the voided urine of 25% of the cases analyzed in a cohort of cancer vs. non-cancer patients. The fraction of AGR2-positive urine samples was consistent with the fraction of urothelial carcinoma that stained positive for AGR2. Since cancer cells secrete AGR2 while normal cells do not, its measurement in body fluids could be used to indicate tumor presence. Furthermore, AGR2 has also been found on the cell surface of cancer cells. Taken together, secretion and cell surface localization of AGR2 are characteristic of cancer, while expression of AGR2 by itself is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Ho
- Department of Urology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Present address: University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sue-Ing Quek
- Department of Urology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Present address: Singapore Polytechnic, Center for Biomedical & Life Sciences, Singapore
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roland Seiler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim Fleischmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lora Bagryanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara R Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lee Goodglick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yuqian Gao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Alvin Y Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Hong CS, Graham NA, Gu W, Espindola Camacho C, Mah V, Maresh EL, Alavi M, Bagryanova L, Krotee PAL, Gardner BK, Behbahan IS, Horvath S, Chia D, Mellinghoff IK, Hurvitz SA, Dubinett SM, Critchlow SE, Kurdistani SK, Goodglick L, Braas D, Graeber TG, Christofk HR. MCT1 Modulates Cancer Cell Pyruvate Export and Growth of Tumors that Co-express MCT1 and MCT4. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1590-1601. [PMID: 26876179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) inhibition is thought to block tumor growth through disruption of lactate transport and glycolysis. Here, we show MCT1 inhibition impairs proliferation of glycolytic breast cancer cells co-expressing MCT1 and MCT4 via disruption of pyruvate rather than lactate export. MCT1 expression is elevated in glycolytic breast tumors, and high MCT1 expression predicts poor prognosis in breast and lung cancer patients. Acute MCT1 inhibition reduces pyruvate export but does not consistently alter lactate transport or glycolytic flux in breast cancer cells that co-express MCT1 and MCT4. Despite the lack of glycolysis impairment, MCT1 loss-of-function decreases breast cancer cell proliferation and blocks growth of mammary fat pad xenograft tumors. Our data suggest MCT1 expression is elevated in glycolytic cancers to promote pyruvate export that when inhibited, enhances oxidative metabolism and reduces proliferation. This study presents an alternative molecular consequence of MCT1 inhibitors, further supporting their use as anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Sun Hong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas A Graham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carolina Espindola Camacho
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vei Mah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Erin L Maresh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mohammed Alavi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lora Bagryanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pascal A L Krotee
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brian K Gardner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Iman Saramipoor Behbahan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department of Neurology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065 USA; Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sara A Hurvitz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Susan E Critchlow
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Siavash K Kurdistani
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lee Goodglick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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3
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Alavi M, Mah V, Maresh EL, Bagryanova L, Horvath S, Chia D, Goodglick L, Liu AY. High expression of AGR2 in lung cancer is predictive of poor survival. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:655. [PMID: 26445321 PMCID: PMC4596313 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a protein disulfide isomerase-like protein widely expressed in many normal tissues as well as cancers. In our study, non-neoplastic bronchial epithelial cells as well as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells express AGR2 protein. Methods AGR2 expression was analyzed on lung tissue microarrays. Tumor staining was correlated with clinical outcomes. Results On a lung cancer tissue microarray using immunohistochemistry, expression levels in cancer showed generally decreasing intensities in order from adenocarcinomas with mucinous components, other adenocarcinomas, squamous carcinomas, to large cell carcinomas. The study cohort was comprised of 400 cases. As a group, there was a slight trend of lower expression with increasing tumor grade. AGR2 expression level was a significant predictor of overall survival in younger patients only. Patients under 65 with lower levels showed a significantly better survival for both men and women. Patients over 65, in contrast, showed no such trend. Conclusions Nearly all NSCLC tumors show AGR2 expression. Lung cancer expression of AGR2 has prognostic value for younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alavi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vei Mah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Erin L Maresh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lora Bagryanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Statistics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lee Goodglick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alvin Y Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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4
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Mah V, Alavi M, Márquez-Garbán DC, Maresh EL, Kim SR, Horvath S, Bagryanova L, Huerta-Yepez S, Chia D, Pietras R, Goodglick L. Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 predicts survival in subgroups of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma: effects of gender and smoking status. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127600. [PMID: 26001082 PMCID: PMC4441434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotide diphosphates to deoxyribonucleotide diphosphates. The functional enzyme consists of two subunits - one large (RRM1) and one small (RRM2 or RRM2b) subunit. Expression levels of each subunit have been implicated in prognostic outcomes in several different types of cancers. Experimental Design Immunohistochemistry for RRM1 and RRM2 was performed on a lung cancer tissue microarray (TMA) and analyzed. 326 patients from the microarray were included in this study. Results In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), RRM2 expression was strongly predictive of disease-specific survival in women, non-smokers and former smokers who had quit at least 10 years prior to being diagnosed with lung cancer. Higher expression was associated with worse survival. This was not the case for men, current smokers and those who had stopped smoking for shorter periods of time. RRM1 was not predictive of survival outcomes in any subset of the patient group. Conclusion RRM2, but not RRM1, is a useful predictor of survival outcome in certain subsets of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vei Mah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Alavi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Diana C. Márquez-Garbán
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Erin L. Maresh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Sara R. Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Lora Bagryanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, SSa, México
| | - David Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Richard Pietras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Lee Goodglick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
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5
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Mah V, Marquez D, Alavi M, Maresh EL, Zhang L, Yoon N, Horvath S, Bagryanova L, Fishbein MC, Chia D, Pietras R, Goodglick L. Expression levels of estrogen receptor beta in conjunction with aromatase predict survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2011; 74:318-25. [PMID: 21511357 PMCID: PMC3175023 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen signaling pathways may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) as evidenced by the expression of aromatase and estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in many of these tumors. Here we examine whether ERα and ERβ levels in conjunction with aromatase define patient groups with respect to survival outcomes and possible treatment regimens. Immunohistochemistry was performed on a high-density tissue microarray with resulting data and clinical information available for 377 patients. Patients were subdivided by gender, age and tumor histology, and survival data was determined using the Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier curves. Neither ERα nor ERβ alone was predictor of survival in NSCLC. However, when coupled with aromatase expression, higher ERβ levels predicted worse survival in patients whose tumors expressed higher levels of aromatase. Although this finding was present in patients of both genders, it was especially pronounced in women ≥ 65 years old, where higher expression of both ERβ and aromatase indicated a markedly worse survival rate than that determined by aromatase alone. Expression of ERβ together with aromatase has predictive value for survival in different gender and age subgroups of NSCLC patients. This predictive value is stronger than each individual marker alone. Our results suggest treatment with aromatase inhibitors alone or combined with estrogen receptor modulators may be of benefit in some subpopulations of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vei Mah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Diana Marquez
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Mohammad Alavi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Erin L. Maresh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Nam Yoon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Biostatistics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Lora Bagryanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Michael C. Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - David Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Richard Pietras
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Lee Goodglick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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6
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Marquez-Garban DC, Mah V, Alavi M, Maresh EL, Chen HW, Bagryanova L, Horvath S, Chia D, Garon E, Goodglick L, Pietras RJ. Progesterone and estrogen receptor expression and activity in human non-small cell lung cancer. Steroids 2011; 76:910-20. [PMID: 21600232 PMCID: PMC3129425 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer mortality in male and female patients in the US. Although it is clear that tobacco smoking is a major cause of lung cancer, about half of all women with lung cancer worldwide are never-smokers. Despite a declining smoking population, the incidence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the predominant form of lung cancer, has reached epidemic proportions particularly in women. Emerging data suggest that factors other than tobacco, namely endogenous and exogenous female sex hormones, have a role in stimulating NSCLC progression. Aromatase, a key enzyme for estrogen biosynthesis, is expressed in NSCLC. Clinical data show that women with high levels of tumor aromatase (and high intratumoral estrogen) have worse survival than those with low aromatase. The present and previous studies also reveal significant expression and activity of estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) in both extranuclear and nuclear sites in most NSCLC. We now report further on the expression of progesterone receptor (PR) transcripts and protein in NSCLC. PR transcripts were significantly lower in cancerous as compared to non-malignant tissue. Using immunohistochemistry, expression of PR was observed in the nucleus and/or extranuclear compartments in the majority of human tumor specimens examined. Combinations of estrogen and progestins administered in vitro cooperate in promoting tumor secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor and, consequently, support tumor-associated angiogenesis. Further, dual treatment with estradiol and progestin increased the numbers of putative tumor stem/progenitor cells. Thus, ER- and/or PR-targeted therapies may offer new approaches to manage NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estradiol/physiology
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Estrogens/physiology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Peptides/metabolism
- Progestins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Progestins/pharmacology
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Umbilical Cord/cytology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Marquez-Garban
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Vei Mah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Mohammad Alavi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Erin L. Maresh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Hsiao-Wang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Lora Bagryanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Biostatistics, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - David Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Edward Garon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Lee Goodglick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Richard J. Pietras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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7
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Presson AP, Yoon NK, Bagryanova L, Mah V, Alavi M, Maresh EL, Rajasekaran AK, Goodglick L, Chia D, Horvath S. Protein expression based multimarker analysis of breast cancer samples. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:230. [PMID: 21651811 PMCID: PMC3142534 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue microarray (TMA) data are commonly used to validate the prognostic accuracy of tumor markers. For example, breast cancer TMA data have led to the identification of several promising prognostic markers of survival time. Several studies have shown that TMA data can also be used to cluster patients into clinically distinct groups. Here we use breast cancer TMA data to cluster patients into distinct prognostic groups. Methods We apply weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to TMA data consisting of 26 putative tumor biomarkers measured on 82 breast cancer patients. Based on this analysis we identify three groups of patients with low (5.4%), moderate (22%) and high (50%) mortality rates, respectively. We then develop a simple threshold rule using a subset of three markers (p53, Na-KATPase-β1, and TGF β receptor II) that can approximately define these mortality groups. We compare the results of this correlation network analysis with results from a standard Cox regression analysis. Results We find that the rule-based grouping variable (referred to as WGCNA*) is an independent predictor of survival time. While WGCNA* is based on protein measurements (TMA data), it validated in two independent Affymetrix microarray gene expression data (which measure mRNA abundance). We find that the WGCNA patient groups differed by 35% from mortality groups defined by a more conventional stepwise Cox regression analysis approach. Conclusions We show that correlation network methods, which are primarily used to analyze the relationships between gene products, are also useful for analyzing the relationships between patients and for defining distinct patient groups based on TMA data. We identify a rule based on three tumor markers for predicting breast cancer survival outcomes.
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Mah V, Marquez D, Alavi M, Maresh EL, Yoon N, Horvath S, Bagryanova L, Fishbein M, Chia D, Pietras R, Goodglick L. Abstract 903: Expression of estrogen receptor beta together with aromatase predicts survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer mortality. There is increasing evidence suggesting estrogens and estrogen signaling play a significant role in lung cancer pathophysiology. Estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta are expressed in normal lung and many non-small cell lung cancers. Previously we found that in women 65 years and older with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), higher aromatase levels in tumor cells conferred a worse prognosis for survival. Here we examine whether ER alpha and ER beta levels in conjunction with aromatase can further define different patient groups with respect to survival outcomes and possible treatment regimens. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on a high-density tissue microarray with marker data and clinical information available for 378 patients. Patients were subcategorized by gender, age, smoking status and tumor histology. Survival data was determined using the Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier curves. Results: Unlike aromatase, neither ER alpha nor ER beta alone were predictors of survival in NSCLC patients or any subset of these patients examined. However, when coupled with aromatase expression, higher ER beta levels predicted poorer survival in those patients whose tumors expressed higher levels of aromatase. Although this survival difference was present in patients of both genders, it was more pronounced in women > 65 years old, where higher expression of both ER beta and aromatase showed a markedly worse survival rate than that determined by aromatase alone. Conclusion: Combined expression of ER beta with aromatase has predictive value for survival in different gender and age subgroups of NSCLC patients. This predictive value is stronger than each individual marker alone. These results suggest that possibly treatment with aromatase inhibitors alone or combined with estrogen receptor modulators may have benefit in some subpopulations of NSCLC patients.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 903. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-903
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Affiliation(s)
- Vei Mah
- 1University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Diana Marquez
- 1University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Nam Yoon
- 1University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steve Horvath
- 1University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - David Chia
- 1University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Lee Goodglick
- 1University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Maresh EL, Mah V, Alavi M, Horvath S, Bagryanova L, Liebeskind ES, Knutzen LA, Zhou Y, Chia D, Liu AY, Goodglick L. Differential expression of anterior gradient gene AGR2 in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:680. [PMID: 21144054 PMCID: PMC3009682 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protein AGR2 is a putative member of the protein disulfide isomerase family and was first identified as a homolog of the Xenopus laevis gene XAG-2. AGR2 has been implicated in a number of human cancers. In particular, AGR2 has previously been found to be one of several genes that encode secreted proteins showing increased expression in prostate cancer cells compared to normal prostatic epithelium. Methods Gene expression levels of AGR2 were examined in prostate cancer cells by microarray analysis. We further examined the relationship of AGR2 protein expression to histopathology and prostate cancer outcome on a population basis using tissue microarray technology. Results At the RNA and protein level, there was an increase in AGR2 expression in adenocarcinoma of the prostate compared to morphologically normal prostatic glandular epithelium. Using a tissue microarray, this enhanced AGR2 expression was seen as early as premalignant PIN lesions. Interestingly, within adenocarcinoma samples, there was a slight trend toward lower levels of AGR2 with increasing Gleason score. Consistent with this, relatively lower levels of AGR2 were highly predictive of disease recurrence in patients who had originally presented with high-stage primary prostate cancer (P = 0.009). Conclusions We have shown for the first time that despite an increase in AGR2 expression in prostate cancer compared to non-malignant cells, relatively lower levels of AGR2 are highly predictive of disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Maresh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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