1
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Lee M, Guo Q, Kim M, Choi J, Segura A, Genceroglu A, LeBlanc L, Ramirez N, Jang YJ, Jang Y, Lee BK, Marcotte EM, Kim J. Systematic mapping of TF-mediated cell fate changes by a pooled induction coupled with scRNA-seq and multi-omics approaches. Genome Res 2024; 34:484-497. [PMID: 38580401 PMCID: PMC11067882 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277926.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation controls cellular functions through interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and their chromosomal targets. However, understanding the fate conversion potential of multiple TFs in an inducible manner remains limited. Here, we introduce iTF-seq as a method for identifying individual TFs that can alter cell fate toward specific lineages at a single-cell level. iTF-seq enables time course monitoring of transcriptome changes, and with biotinylated individual TFs, it provides a multi-omics approach to understanding the mechanisms behind TF-mediated cell fate changes. Our iTF-seq study in mouse embryonic stem cells identified multiple TFs that trigger rapid transcriptome changes indicative of differentiation within a day of induction. Moreover, cells expressing these potent TFs often show a slower cell cycle and increased cell death. Further analysis using bioChIP-seq revealed that GCM1 and OTX2 act as pioneer factors and activators by increasing gene accessibility and activating the expression of lineage specification genes during cell fate conversion. iTF-seq has utility in both mapping cell fate conversion and understanding cell fate conversion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Qingqing Guo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Mijeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Joonhyuk Choi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Alia Segura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Alper Genceroglu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Nereida Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Yu Jin Jang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Yeejin Jang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
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2
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Lee JY, Song J, LeBlanc L, Davis I, Kim J, Beck S. Conserved dual-mode gene regulation programs in higher eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:2583-2597. [PMID: 33621342 PMCID: PMC7969006 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genomic data analyses have revealed important underlying logics in eukaryotic gene regulation, such as CpG islands (CGIs)-dependent dual-mode gene regulation. In mammals, genes lacking CGIs at their promoters are generally regulated by interconversion between euchromatin and heterochromatin, while genes associated with CGIs constitutively remain as euchromatin. Whether a similar mode of gene regulation exists in non-mammalian species has been unknown. Here, through comparative epigenomic analyses, we demonstrate that the dual-mode gene regulation program is common in various eukaryotes, even in the species lacking CGIs. In cases of vertebrates or plants, we find that genes associated with high methylation level promoters are inactivated by forming heterochromatin and expressed in a context-dependent manner. In contrast, the genes with low methylation level promoters are broadly expressed and remain as euchromatin even when repressed by Polycomb proteins. Furthermore, we show that invertebrate animals lacking DNA methylation, such as fruit flies and nematodes, also have divergence in gene types: some genes are regulated by Polycomb proteins, while others are regulated by heterochromatin formation. Altogether, our study establishes gene type divergence and the resulting dual-mode gene regulation as fundamental features shared in a broad range of higher eukaryotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yeong Lee
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Jawon Song
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ian Davis
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Samuel Beck
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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3
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LeBlanc L, Ramirez N, Kim J. Context-dependent roles of YAP/TAZ in stem cell fates and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4201-4219. [PMID: 33582842 PMCID: PMC8164607 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hippo effectors YAP and TAZ control cell fate and survival through various mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation of key genes. However, much of this research has been marked by conflicting results, as well as controversy over whether YAP and TAZ are redundant. A substantial portion of the discordance stems from their contradictory roles in stem cell self-renewal vs. differentiation and cancer cell survival vs. apoptosis. In this review, we present an overview of the multiple context-dependent functions of YAP and TAZ in regulating cell fate decisions in stem cells and organoids, as well as their mechanisms of controlling programmed cell death pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Nereida Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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4
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Kompella P, Gracia B, LeBlanc L, Engelman S, Kulkarni C, Desai N, June V, March S, Pattengale S, Rodriguez-Rivera G, Ryu SW, Strohkendl I, Mandke P, Clark G. Interactive youth science workshops benefit student participants and graduate student mentors. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000668. [PMID: 32226010 PMCID: PMC7145268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Science communication and outreach are essential for training the next generation of scientists and raising public awareness for science. Providing effective science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) educational outreach to students in classrooms is challenging because of the need to form partnerships with teachers, the time commitment required for the presenting scientist, and the limited class time allotted for presentations. In our Present Your Ph.D. Thesis to a 12-Year Old outreach project, our novel solution to this problem is hosting a youth science workshop (YSW) on our university campus. The YSW is an interpersonal science communication and outreach experience in which graduate students from diverse scientific disciplines introduce middle and high school students to their cutting-edge research and mentor them to develop a white-board presentation to communicate the research to the workshop audience. Our assessment of the YSW indicated that participating young students expressed significantly more positive attitudes toward science and increased motivation to work in a STEM career after attending the workshop. Qualitative follow-up interviews with participating graduate students’ show that even with minimal time commitment, an impactful science communication training experience can be achieved. The YSW is a low-cost, high-reward educational outreach event amenable to all disciplines of science. It enhances interest and support of basic science research while providing opportunities for graduate students to engage with the public, improve their science communication skills, and enhance public understanding of science. This YSW model can be easily implemented at other higher education institutions to globally enhance science outreach initiatives. This Community Page article describes Youth Science Workshops (YSWs) - a novel science education outreach event in which graduate students from different disciplines communicate their research to young students. Assessment of the outcomes suggest that this workshop benefits all the participants, increasing science interest for students and improving the science communication skills of the graduate student presenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kompella
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brant Gracia
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shelly Engelman
- Texas Institute for Discovery Education in Science, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chinmayee Kulkarni
- Texas Institute for Discovery Education in Science, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Niral Desai
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Viviana June
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen March
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah Pattengale
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Rodriguez-Rivera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Seung Woo Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Isabel Strohkendl
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pooja Mandke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Institute for Discovery Education in Science, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Beck S, Rhee C, Song J, Lee BK, LeBlanc L, Cannon L, Kim J. Implications of CpG islands on chromosomal architectures and modes of global gene regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019. [PMID: 29529258 PMCID: PMC5961348 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG islands (CGIs) have long been implicated in the regulation of vertebrate gene expression. However, the involvement of CGIs in chromosomal architectures and associated gene expression regulations has not yet been thoroughly explored. By combining large-scale integrative data analyses and experimental validations, we show that CGIs clearly reconcile two competing models explaining nuclear gene localizations. We first identify CGI-containing (CGI+) and CGI-less (CGI-) genes are non-randomly clustered within the genome, which reflects CGI-dependent spatial gene segregation in the nucleus and corresponding gene regulatory modes. Regardless of their transcriptional activities, CGI+ genes are mainly located at the nuclear center and encounter frequent long-range chromosomal interactions. Meanwhile, nuclear peripheral CGI- genes forming heterochromatin are activated and internalized into the nuclear center by local enhancer-promoter interactions. Our findings demonstrate the crucial implications of CGIs on chromosomal architectures and gene positioning, linking the critical importance of CGIs in determining distinct mechanisms of global gene regulation in three-dimensional space in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Beck
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.,Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Catherine Rhee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Jawon Song
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Laurie Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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6
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Seruggia D, Oti M, Tripathi P, Canver MC, LeBlanc L, Di Giammartino DC, Bullen MJ, Nefzger CM, Sun YBY, Farouni R, Polo JM, Pinello L, Apostolou E, Kim J, Orkin SH, Das PP. TAF5L and TAF6L Maintain Self-Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells via the MYC Regulatory Network. Mol Cell 2019; 74:1148-1163.e7. [PMID: 31005419 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-renewal and pluripotency of the embryonic stem cell (ESC) state are established and maintained by multiple regulatory networks that comprise transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. While much has been learned regarding transcription factors, the function of epigenetic regulators in these networks is less well defined. We conducted a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated loss-of-function genetic screen that identified two epigenetic regulators, TAF5L and TAF6L, components or co-activators of the GNAT-HAT complexes for the mouse ESC (mESC) state. Detailed molecular studies demonstrate that TAF5L/TAF6L transcriptionally activate c-Myc and Oct4 and their corresponding MYC and CORE regulatory networks. Besides, TAF5L/TAF6L predominantly regulate their target genes through H3K9ac deposition and c-MYC recruitment that eventually activate the MYC regulatory network for self-renewal of mESCs. Thus, our findings uncover a role of TAF5L/TAF6L in directing the MYC regulatory network that orchestrates gene expression programs to control self-renewal for the maintenance of mESC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Seruggia
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martin Oti
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Pratibha Tripathi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew C Canver
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dafne C Di Giammartino
- Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Michael J Bullen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christian M Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yu Bo Yang Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rick Farouni
- Molecular Pathology & Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Luca Pinello
- Molecular Pathology & Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Effie Apostolou
- Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Partha Pratim Das
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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7
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LeBlanc L, Lee BK, Yu AC, Kim M, Kambhampati AV, Dupont SM, Seruggia D, Ryu BU, Orkin SH, Kim J. Yap1 safeguards mouse embryonic stem cells from excessive apoptosis during differentiation. eLife 2018; 7:40167. [PMID: 30561326 PMCID: PMC6307859 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately, 30% of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) die after exiting self-renewal, but regulators of this process are not well known. Yap1 is a Hippo pathway transcriptional effector that plays numerous roles in development and cancer. However, its functions in ESC differentiation remain poorly characterized. We first reveal that ESCs lacking Yap1 experience massive cell death upon the exit from self-renewal. We subsequently show that Yap1 contextually protects differentiating, but not self-renewing, ESC from hyperactivation of the apoptotic cascade. Mechanistically, Yap1 strongly activates anti-apoptotic genes via cis-regulatory elements while mildly suppressing pro-apoptotic genes, which moderates the level of mitochondrial priming that occurs during differentiation. Individually modulating the expression of single apoptosis-related genes targeted by Yap1 is sufficient to augment or hinder survival during differentiation. Our demonstration of the context-dependent pro-survival functions of Yap1 during ESC differentiation contributes to our understanding of the balance between survival and death during cell fate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Andy C Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Mijeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Aparna V Kambhampati
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Shannon M Dupont
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Davide Seruggia
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, United States
| | - Byoung U Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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8
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Yost DG, Chang C, LeBlanc L, Cassin E, Peterman C, Rai P, Salisbury A, Barroga N, Cisneros R, Fersini J, Juste J, Ines J, Leyva G, Macalinao D, Muscelli S, Reyes GS, Rhoden H, Tan R, Torres E, Tran K, Uriarte-Valle G, Wallace C, Wong S, Ayala-Pineda K, Cadiz V, Jeanite T, Nhan S, Grose JH, Strong C, Amy PS, Tsourkas PK. Complete Genome Sequences of Paenibacillus larvae Phages Halcyone, Heath, Scottie, and Unity from Las Vegas, Nevada. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:e00977-18. [PMID: 30533661 PMCID: PMC6256684 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00977-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the complete genome sequences of four phages that infect Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood disease in honeybees. The phages were isolated from beehives and beeswax products from Las Vegas, Nevada. The genomes are 50 to 55 kbp long and use the "direct terminal repeats" DNA-packaging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane G. Yost
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Carolyn Chang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Erin Cassin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Ceara Peterman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Padmani Rai
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Alicia Salisbury
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Nicolas Barroga
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Ramiro Cisneros
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Joseph Fersini
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jonathan Juste
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Juvie Ines
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Gabriel Leyva
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Dyanne Macalinao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Spencer Muscelli
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Gustavo S. Reyes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Heather Rhoden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Rodney Tan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Erika Torres
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Krystal Tran
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | | | | | - Simon Wong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Vanessa Cadiz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Tiffany Jeanite
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Sophia Nhan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Julianne H. Grose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Christy Strong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Penny S. Amy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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9
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Lee BK, Uprety N, Jang YJ, Tucker SK, Rhee C, LeBlanc L, Beck S, Kim J. Fosl1 overexpression directly activates trophoblast-specific gene expression programs in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2017; 26:95-102. [PMID: 29272857 PMCID: PMC5899959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During early development in placental mammals, proper trophoblast lineage development is essential for implantation and placentation. Defects in this lineage can cause early pregnancy failures and other pregnancy disorders. However, transcription factors controlling trophoblast development remain poorly understood. Here, we utilize Fosl1, previously implicated in trophoblast giant cell development as a member of the AP-1 complex, to trans-differentiate embryonic stem (ES) cells to trophoblast lineage-like cells. We first show that the ectopic expression of Fosl1 is sufficient to induce trophoblast-specific gene expression programs in ES cells. Surprisingly, we find that this transcriptional reprogramming occurs independently of changes in levels of ES cell core factors during the cell fate change. This suggests that Fosl1 acts in a novel way to orchestrate the ES to trophoblast cell fate conversion compared to previously known reprogramming factors. Mapping of Fosl1 targets reveals that Fosl1 directly activates TE lineage-specific genes as a pioneer factor. Our work suggests Fosl1 may be used to reprogram ES cells into differentiated cell types in trophoblast lineage, which not only enhances our knowledge of global trophoblast gene regulation but also may provide a future therapeutic tool for generating induced trophoblast cells from patient-derived pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Nadima Uprety
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Yu Jin Jang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Scott K Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Catherine Rhee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Samuel Beck
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, United States
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Rhee C, Lee BK, Beck S, LeBlanc L, Tucker HO, Kim J. Mechanisms of transcription factor-mediated direct reprogramming of mouse embryonic stem cells to trophoblast stem-like cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10103-10114. [PMID: 28973471 PMCID: PMC5737334 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming can be achieved by forced expression of master transcription factors. Yet how such factors mediate repression of initial cell-type-specific genes while activating target cell-type-specific genes is unclear. Through embryonic stem (ES) to trophoblast stem (TS)-like cell reprogramming by introducing individual TS cell-specific ‘CAG’ factors (Cdx2, Arid3a and Gata3), we interrogate their chromosomal target occupancies, modulation of global transcription and chromatin accessibility at the initial stage of reprogramming. From the studies, we uncover a sequential, two-step mechanism of cellular reprogramming in which repression of pre-existing ES cell-associated gene expression program is followed by activation of TS cell-specific genes by CAG factors. Therefore, we reveal that CAG factors function as both decommission and pioneer factors during ES to TS-like cell fate conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rhee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Samuel Beck
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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11
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Aimé A, LeBlanc L, Maïano C. Is weight-related bullying addressed in school-based anti-bullying programs? European Review of Applied Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Stamereilers C, LeBlanc L, Yost D, Amy PS, Tsourkas PK. Comparative genomics of 9 novel Paenibacillus larvae bacteriophages. Bacteriophage 2016; 6:e1220349. [PMID: 27738559 PMCID: PMC5056774 DOI: 10.1080/21597081.2016.1220349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
American Foulbrood Disease, caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, is one of the most destructive diseases of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Our group recently published the sequences of 9 new phages with the ability to infect and lyse P. larvae. Here, we characterize the genomes of these P. larvae phages, compare them to each other and to other sequenced P. larvae phages, and putatively identify protein function. The phage genomes are 38-45 kb in size and contain 68-86 genes, most of which appear to be unique to P. larvae phages. We classify P. larvae phages into 2 main clusters and one singleton based on nucleotide sequence identity. Three of the new phages show sequence similarity to other sequenced P. larvae phages, while the remaining 6 do not. We identified functions for roughly half of the P. larvae phage proteins, including structural, assembly, host lysis, DNA replication/metabolism, regulatory, and host-related functions. Structural and assembly proteins are highly conserved among our phages and are located at the start of the genome. DNA replication/metabolism, regulatory, and host-related proteins are located in the middle and end of the genome, and are not conserved, with many of these genes found in some of our phages but not others. All nine phages code for a conserved N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase. Comparative analysis showed the phages use the "cohesive ends with 3' overhang" DNA packaging strategy. This work is the first in-depth study of P. larvae phage genomics, and serves as a marker for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Stamereilers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas , Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA
| | - Diane Yost
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas , Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Penny S Amy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas , Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Mermel LA, Bert A, Chapin KC, LeBlanc L. Intraoperative Stopcock and Manifold Colonization of Newly Inserted Peripheral Intravenous Catheters. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 35:1187-9. [DOI: 10.1086/677626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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LeBlanc L, Nezami S, Yost D, Tsourkas P, Amy PS. Isolation and characterization of a novel phage lysin active against Paenibacillus larvae, a honeybee pathogen. Bacteriophage 2015; 5:e1080787. [PMID: 26904379 PMCID: PMC4743491 DOI: 10.1080/21597081.2015.1080787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB) disease which affects early larval stages during honeybee development. Due to its virulence, transmissibility, capacity to develop antibiotic resistance, and the inherent resilience of its endospores, Paenibacillus larvae is extremely difficult to eradicate from infected hives which often must be burned. AFB contributes to the worldwide decline of honeybee populations, which are crucial for pollination and the food supply. We have isolated a novel bacteriophage lysin, PlyPalA, from the genome of a novel Paenibacillus larvae bacteriophage originally extracted from an environmental sample. PlyPalA has an N-terminal N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase catalytic domain and possesses lytic activity against infectious strains of Paenibacillus larvae without harming commensal bacteria known to compose the honeybee larval microbiota. A single dose of PlyPalA rescued 75% of larvae infected with endospores, showing that it represents a powerful tool for future treatment of AFB. This represents the first time that lysins have been tested for therapeutic use in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy LeBlanc
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nevada ; Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Sara Nezami
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nevada ; Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Diane Yost
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nevada ; Las Vegas, NV USA
| | | | - Penny S Amy
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nevada ; Las Vegas, NV USA
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15
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Ghorbani-Nezami S, LeBlanc L, Yost DG, Amy PS. Phage Therapy is Effective in Protecting Honeybee Larvae from American Foulbrood Disease. J Insect Sci 2015; 15:84. [PMID: 26136497 PMCID: PMC4535585 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
American foulbrood disease has a major impact on honeybees (Apis melifera) worldwide. It is caused by a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, Paenibacillus larvae. The disease can only affect larval honeybees, and the bacterial endospores are the infective unit of the disease. Antibiotics are not sufficient to combat the disease due to increasing resistance among P. larvae strains. Because of the durability and virulence of P. larvae endospores, infections spread rapidly, and beekeepers are often forced to burn beehives and equipment. To date, very little information is available on the use of bacteriophage therapy in rescuing and preventing American foulbrood disease, therefore the goal of this study was to test the efficacy of phage therapy against P. larvae infection. Out of 32 previously isolated P. larvae phages, three designated F, WA, and XIII were tested on artificially reared honeybee larvae infected with P. larvae strain NRRL B-3650 spores. The presence of P. larvae DNA in dead larvae was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification. Survival rates for phage-treated larvae were approximately the same as for larvae never infected with spores (84%), i.e., the phages had no deleterious effect on the larvae. Additionally, prophylactic treatment of larvae with phages before spore infection was more effective than administering phages after infection, although survival in both cases was higher than spores alone (45%). Further testing to determine the optimal combination and concentration of phages, and testing in actual hive conditions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ghorbani-Nezami
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004
| | - Lucy LeBlanc
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004
| | - Diane G Yost
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004
| | - Penny S Amy
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004.
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16
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Moyes CD, Borgford T, LeBlanc L, Tibbits GF. Cloning and expression of salmon cardiac troponin C: titration of the low-affinity Ca(2+)-binding site using a tryptophan mutant. Biochemistry 1996; 35:11756-62. [PMID: 8794756 DOI: 10.1021/bi9607057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of cardiac actomyosin ATPase requires the occupation of the single low-affinity Ca(2+)-binding site of troponin C (cTnC). Previously, we demonstrated pronounced differences between mammals and cold-water salmonid fish in the Ca2+ sensitivity of cardiac preparations, particularly in relation to temperature [Churcotte, C., Moyes, C. D., Baldwin, K., Bressler, B., & Tibbits, G. F. (1994) Am. J. Physiol. 267, R62-R70]. In this study, we examine the extent to which cTnC structure could account for the observed differences in myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity. Salmonid (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cTnC was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli as a maltose-binding protein fusion. The coding region has 87% homology with human cTnC cDNA and differs in 13 of 161 amino acid residues from the human/bovine/porcine isoform. The sequence corresponding to the single regulatory Ca(2+)-binding site II is completely homologous to that of mammals. The protein expressed exhibits optical properties similar (circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence) to those of cTnC purified from salmonid (Salmo salar) and bovine ventricle. A single tryptophan residue was introduced into the inactive Ca(2+)-binding site I (ScTnC-FW27) to facilitate Ca2+ titration. The Ca(2+)-binding constant (K1/2 = 5.33 pCa units) was within the range reported for the low-affinity sites of mammalian cTnC. Although differences in TnC primary structure are striking, Ca2+ affinity of intact cardiac myofibrils is likely influenced by interactions with other troponin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Moyes
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Nugent CE, Punch MR, Barr M, LeBlanc L, Johnson MP, Evans MI. Persistence of partial molar placenta and severe preeclampsia after selective termination in a twin pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87:829-31. [PMID: 8677104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triploid molar pregnancies are usually managed by evacuation of the uterine contents. CASE A 25-year-old woman had a clomiphene citrate-induced twin pregnancy. Ultrasound scan at 13 weeks revealed one anomalous twin. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a karyotype of 69, XXY and a normal other twin. In an attempt to salvage the normal fetus, selective termination was successfully performed at 15 weeks by intracardiac potassium chloride injection. However, the placenta continued to grow and severe preeclampsia developed at 19 weeks, requiring pregnancy termination. CONCLUSION Selective termination of a triploid twin does not guarantee resolution of molar growth and sequelae of the mole; severe preeclampsia can still develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Nugent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Detroit, USA
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18
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Michal DM, Omer LP, O'Very DI, LeBlanc L, Chaffee MW, DeLizo CV. Taming the "No-Show" Tiger: Decreasing the Rate of Absenteeism at Educational Programs. J Contin Educ Nurs 1996; 27:75-9. [PMID: 8698930 DOI: 10.3928/0022-0124-19960301-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A multidisciplinary staff development department developed a continuous quality improvement project to study the consistently high absentee rate for scheduled training and its relationship to the class registration process. Data were collected using a 9-question survey of students who failed to attend scheduled training. Findings show that changes to the class registration process resulted in a decrease in the number of absentees under the control of the staff development department from an average of 43% to 6% by the end of the year-long review period. The overall absentee rate stabilized at 20% and has been established as the benchmark for this setting.
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Evans MI, Littmann L, St Louis L, LeBlanc L, Addis J, Johnson MP, Moghissi KS. Evolving patterns of iatrogenic multifetal pregnancy generation: implications for aggressiveness of infertility treatments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172:1750-3; discussion 1753-5. [PMID: 7778628 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(95)91407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to assess the changes in multifetal pregnancy generation as a function of utilization of ovulation stimulation and assisted reproductive techniques and to document the relative control of hyperstimulation between the methods. STUDY DESIGN The methods of infertility treatment, number of fetuses, and outcomes of 220 patients referred for multifetal pregnancy reduction were compared over three time periods (1986 to 1989, 1991 to 1992, and 1992 to 1993). Clomiphene, human menopausal gonadotropin, and ovulation stimulation with urofollitropin were compared against gamete intrafallopian transfer, zygote intrafallopian transfer, and in vitro fertilization (assisted reproductive techniques). RESULTS The proportion of multifetal pregnancies generated by assisted reproductive techniques has steadily risen from 26% in the first two time periods to nearly half in the last 2 years. However, the number and proportion of quintuplet and greater pregnancies from assisted reproductive techniques have steadily fallen while for ovulation stimulation the proportion has remained about one third. CONCLUSION Despite considerably increased use and proportionate generation of triplet and quadruplet pregnancies, the incidence of quintuplets has fallen for assisted reproductive techniques while there has been no improvement for ovulation stimulation. Continued, greater vigilance, particularly in the use of human menopausal gonadotropin and urofollitropin, must be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Evans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hutzel Hospital/Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
Numerous studies have used functional analyses to prescribe interventions for severe behavior disorders. The majority of these studies have focused on behavior that is clearly maintained by socially mediated reinforcement, such as contingent access to attention, tangibles, or escape from instructional demands. However, a significant proportion of functional analyses do not yield conclusive results. We examined interventions for 3 children with severe disabilities following inconclusive functional analyses. First, preferred stimuli were identified for each child via a stimulus preference assessment. Second, a functional analysis was conducted for 2 of the 3 children. High rates of aberrant behavior were seen even (if not especially) in no-interaction sessions. The 3rd child was observed for several consecutive no-interaction sessions; behavior persisted in this condition. Third, interventions based on environmental enrichment were analyzed in an analogue setting. For all of the children, environmental enrichment decreased aberrant behavior if preferred stimuli were used in the procedure. To obtain further reductions in aberrant behavior, explicit reinforcement of toy play was required for 2 children, and a brief (5-s) time-out was necessary with 1 child. Finally, effects of treatment carried over to the school or home environment following teacher or family training. Results are discussed in the context of basic reinforcement principles and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Vollmer
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Fra̧ckowiak D, Romanowski M, Hotćhandani S, LeBlanc L, Leblanc R, Gruda I. A photoelectrochemical cell with oriented pigment—polymer complexes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(88)87074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fraçkowiak D, Romanowski M, Hotchandani S, LeBlanc L, Leblanc R, Gruda I. A photoelectrochemical cell with oriented pigment-polymer complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(88)80018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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