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Nelson RS, Stewart CN, Gou J, Holladay S, Gallego-Giraldo L, Flanagan A, Mann DGJ, Hisano H, Wuddineh WA, Poovaiah CR, Srivastava A, Biswal AK, Shen H, Escamilla-Treviño LL, Yang J, Hardin CF, Nandakumar R, Fu C, Zhang J, Xiao X, Percifield R, Chen F, Bennetzen JL, Udvardi M, Mazarei M, Dixon RA, Wang ZY, Tang Y, Mohnen D, Davison BH. Development and use of a switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) transformation pipeline by the BioEnergy Science Center to evaluate plants for reduced cell wall recalcitrance. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:309. [PMID: 29299059 PMCID: PMC5740764 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mission of the BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) was to enable efficient lignocellulosic-based biofuel production. One BESC goal was to decrease poplar and switchgrass biomass recalcitrance to biofuel conversion while not affecting plant growth. A transformation pipeline (TP), to express transgenes or transgene fragments (constructs) in these feedstocks with the goal of understanding and decreasing recalcitrance, was considered essential for this goal. Centralized data storage for access by BESC members and later the public also was essential. RESULTS A BESC committee was established to codify procedures to evaluate and accept genes into the TP. A laboratory information management system (LIMS) was organized to catalog constructs, plant lines and results from their analyses. One hundred twenty-eight constructs were accepted into the TP for expression in switchgrass in the first 5 years of BESC. Here we provide information on 53 of these constructs and the BESC TP process. Eleven of the constructs could not be cloned into an expression vector for transformation. Of the remaining constructs, 22 modified expression of the gene target. Transgenic lines representing some constructs displayed decreased recalcitrance in the field and publications describing these results are tabulated here. Transcript levels of target genes and detailed wall analyses from transgenic lines expressing six additional tabulated constructs aimed toward modifying expression of genes associated with wall structure (xyloglucan and lignin components) are provided. Altered expression of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases did not modify lignin content in transgenic plants. Simultaneous silencing of two hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferases was necessary to decrease G and S lignin monomer and total lignin contents, but this reduced plant growth. CONCLUSIONS A TP to produce plants with decreased recalcitrance and a LIMS for data compilation from these plants were created. While many genes accepted into the TP resulted in transgenic switchgrass without modified lignin or biomass content, a group of genes with potential to improve lignocellulosic biofuel yields was identified. Results from transgenic lines targeting xyloglucan and lignin structure provide examples of the types of information available on switchgrass lines produced within BESC. This report supplies useful information when developing coordinated, large-scale, multi-institutional reverse genetic pipelines to improve crop traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Nelson
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Jiqing Gou
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Susan Holladay
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Lina Gallego-Giraldo
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Amy Flanagan
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - David G. J. Mann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Hiroshi Hisano
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Wegi A. Wuddineh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Charleson R. Poovaiah
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Avinash Srivastava
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Ajaya K. Biswal
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Hui Shen
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Luis L. Escamilla-Treviño
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Jiading Yang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - C. Frank Hardin
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Rangaraj Nandakumar
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Jiyi Zhang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Xirong Xiao
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Ryan Percifield
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Fang Chen
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Bennetzen
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Brian H. Davison
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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Tobimatsu Y, Chen F, Nakashima J, Escamilla-Treviño LL, Jackson L, Dixon RA, Ralph J. Coexistence but independent biosynthesis of catechyl and guaiacyl/syringyl lignin polymers in seed coats. Plant Cell 2013; 25:2587-600. [PMID: 23903315 PMCID: PMC3753385 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignins are phenylpropanoid polymers, derived from monolignols, commonly found in terrestrial plant secondary cell walls. We recently reported evidence of an unanticipated catechyl lignin homopolymer (C lignin) derived solely from caffeyl alcohol in the seed coats of several monocot and dicot plants. We previously identified plant seeds that possessed either C lignin or traditional guaiacyl/syringyl (G/S) lignins, but not both. Here, we identified several dicot plants (Euphorbiaceae and Cleomaceae) that produce C lignin together with traditional G/S lignins in their seed coats. Solution-state NMR analyses, along with an in vitro lignin polymerization study, determined that there is, however, no copolymerization detectable (i.e., that the synthesis and polymerization of caffeyl alcohol and conventional monolignols in vivo is spatially and/or temporally separated). In particular, the deposition of G and C lignins in Cleome hassleriana seed coats is developmentally regulated during seed maturation; C lignin appears successively after G lignin within the same testa layers, concurrently with apparent loss of the functionality of O-methyltransferases, which are key enzymes for the conversion of C to G lignin precursors. This study exemplifies the flexible biosynthesis of different types of lignin polymers in plants dictated by substantial, but poorly understood, control of monomer supply by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tobimatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Fang Chen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- U.S. Department of Energy, BioEnergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Luis L. Escamilla-Treviño
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- U.S. Department of Energy, BioEnergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Lisa Jackson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- U.S. Department of Energy, BioEnergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- U.S. Department of Energy, BioEnergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
- U.S. Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
- Address correspondence to
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Escamilla-Treviño LL, Chen W, Card ML, Shih MC, Cheng CL, Poulton JE. Arabidopsis thaliana beta-Glucosidases BGLU45 and BGLU46 hydrolyse monolignol glucosides. Phytochemistry 2006; 67:1651-60. [PMID: 16814332 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, beta-glucosidases belonging to glycoside hydrolase (GH) Family 1 have been implicated in several fundamental processes including lignification. Phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana GH Family 1 has revealed that At1g61810 (BGLU45), At1g61820 (BGLU46), and At4g21760 (BGLU47) cluster with Pinus contorta coniferin beta-glucosidase, leading to the hypothesis that their respective gene products may be involved in lignification by hydrolysing monolignol glucosides. To test this hypothesis, we cloned cDNAs encoding BGLU45 and BGLU46 and expressed them in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzymes were purified to apparent homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Among natural substrates tested, BGLU45 exhibited narrow specificity toward the monolignol glucosides syringin (K(m), 5.1mM), coniferin (K(m), 7mM), and p-coumaryl glucoside, with relative hydrolytic rates of 100%, 87%, and 7%, respectively. BGLU46 exhibited broader substrate specificity, cleaving salicin (100%), p-coumaryl glucoside (71%; K(m), 2.2mM), phenyl-beta-d-glucoside (62%), coniferin (8%), syringin (6%), and arbutin (6%). Both enzymes also hydrolysed p- and o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucosides. Using RT-PCR, we showed that BGLU45 and BGLU46 are expressed strongly in organs that are major sites of lignin deposition. In inflorescence stems, both genes display increasing levels of expression from apex to base, matching the known increase in lignification. BGLU45, but not BGLU46, is expressed in siliques, whereas only BGLU46 is expressed in roots. Taken together with recently described monolignol glucosyltransferases [Lim et al., J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276, 4344-4349], our enzymological and molecular data support the possibility of a monolignol glucoside/beta-glucosidase system in Arabidopsis lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis L Escamilla-Treviño
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Iowa, 108 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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