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Ibezim A, Onuku RS, Ibezim A, Ntie-Kang F, Nwodo NJ, Adikwu MU. Structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation studies to discover new SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Sci Afr 2021; 14:e00970. [PMID: 34541426 PMCID: PMC8438860 DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational methods were used to filter two datasets (> 8,000 compounds) based on two criteria: higher binding affinity for MPRO than cocrystallized inhibitor and binding interactions with MPRO catalytic dyad (Cys145 and His41). After virtual screening involving ranking and reranking, eleven compounds were identified to satisfy these criteria and analysis of their structures revealed an unparallel common features among them which could be critical for their interactions with MPRO. However, only the topmost scoring compound (AV-203: Ki = 0.31 µM) exhibited relatively stable binding interaction during the period of 50 ns MD simulation and thus is a suitable template for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibezim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - R S Onuku
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - A Ibezim
- Information and Communication Technology Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - F Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Botany, Technical University of Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - N J Nwodo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Nnamani PO, Ibezim EC, Adikwu MU, Attama AA. Sustained-Release Glibenclamide-Loaded Solid Lipid Microparticles from Micellar Solutions of Homolipids. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Momoh MA, Adedokun MO, Adikwu MU, Ibezim CE. In vitro Evaluation of PEGylated-Mucin Matrix as Carrier for Oral Delivery of Metformin Hydrochloride. TROP J PHARM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i7.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Eraga SO, Iwuagwu MA, Adikwu MU. Evaluation of the Suspending Properties of the Coprecipitate of Irvingia gabonesis Gum and Gelatin. TROP J PHARM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Adikwu MU, Okafor JO, Ibezim EC. Evaluation of a Mucin-Honey formulation for Healing in Full Thickness Experimental Wounds in Rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2012. [DOI: 10.18579/jpcrkc/2012/11/2/79344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Adikwu MU, Ibezim EC, Okafor JO, Akpa PA. Transdermal Permeation of Salicylic Acid Embedded in an Array of formulations Based on Mucinated Honey across Excised Experimental Rat Skin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2012. [DOI: 10.18579/jpcrkc/2012/11/1/79339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Adikwu MU, Attama AA, Adima L, Okafor FC. The Effect of Pyrodextrin Source, Pyrodextrin Variation and Storage Temperature on the Stability of Paracetamol formulations: a Statistical Appraisal. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2012. [DOI: 10.18579/jpcrkc/2012/11/1/79328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Adikwu MU, Esimone CO. Susceptibility of tetracycline- and ampicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi to bioactive column fractions from the lichen Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - C O Esimone
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Nnamani PO, Ibezim EC, Attama AA, Adikwu MU. Surface modified solid lipid microparticles based on homolipids and Softisan® 142: preliminary characterization. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Ofokansi KC, Adikwu MU, Okore VC. Preparation and Evaluation of Mucin-Gelatin Mucoadhesive Microspheres for Rectal Delivery of Ceftriaxone Sodium. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:691-700. [PMID: 17613033 DOI: 10.1080/03639040701360876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Soluble mucin (S-mucin) processed from the small intestines (ileal region) of freshly slaughtered pigs via homogenization, dialysis, centrifugation and lyophilization and its admixtures with type A gelatin were dispersed in an aqueous medium and used to formulate ceftriaxone sodium-loaded mucoadhesive microspheres by the emulsification cross-linking method using arachis oil as the continuous phase. The release profile of ceftriaxone sodium from the microspheres was evaluated in both simulated gastric fluid (SGF) without pepsin (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without pancreatin (pH 7.4). The microspheres were further evaluated as possible novel delivery system for rectal delivery of ceftriaxone sodium in rats. Release of ceftriaxone sodium from the microspheres in both release media was found to occur predominantly by diffusion following non-Fickian transport mechanism and was higher and more rapid in SIF than in SGF. The results obtained from this study may indicate that ceftriaxone sodium could be successfully delivered rectally when embedded in microspheres formulated with either type A gelatin alone or its admixtures with porcine mucin; hence providing a therapeutically viable alternative route for the delivery of this acid-labile third generation cephalosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Ofokansi
- Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Ofokansi KC, Adikwu MU. Formulation and Evaluation of Microspheres Based on Gelatin-Mucin Admixtures for the Rectal Delivery of Cefuroxime Sodium. TROP J PHARM RES 2007. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v6i4.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
In this work mucin was evaluated as a release and absorption enhancer for glibenclamide from rectal glycerogelatin suppository. Glycerogelatin suppositories containing different ratios of glibenclamide to I-mucin (insoluble), S-mucin (soluble) and sodium salicylate respectively, were formulated using the fusion method. The suppositories were evaluated using standard parameters. Release studies were carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.6). The pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluation of the formulations was carried out on normoglycaemic albino rats. The results of the physical tests showed that the suppositories possessed high resistance to rupture and had uniformity of weight and drug contents. The erosion times of the suppositories with I-mucin, S-mucin and sodium salicylate were shorter than glycerogelatin suppositories BP without any release enhancer (control). Analysis of the release data showed that the release pattern was bi-phasic with initial fast release and subsequent slow release of the glibenclamide from the suppositories. The release mechanism followed first order kinetics. All the suppositories containing either S-mucin, I-mucin or sodium salicylate showed better glibenclamide release than the control without any release enhancer (p < 0.05). The pharmacodynamic studies showed that the overall glucose lowering effect in rats was greater in S-mucin suppositories than in sodium salicylate and I-mucin suppositories. The results of this study indicated that mucin extracted from Bovine spp. could be used to enhance the release and subsequent absorption of glibenclamide from rectal glycerolgelatin suppositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria.
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Abstract
The formulation of Garcinia kola seeds into tablet dosage form and evaluation of some physical properties of the tablets are presented. A chemical assay was conducted on the dry, powdered seeds as well as the crude aqueous extract of the seeds. The dry powdered seeds contain 0.003% of flavonoids while the crude extract contained 0.007% of flavonoids based on rutin used as the standard. The powdered material (50 mg) and crude extract (10 mg) were formulated into tablets using the wet granulation method. Named binders were evaluated in these formulations. The various tablet parameters were evaluated, namely: weight variation, thickness and diameter, hardness, friability, disintegration time, dissolution profile and content uniformity. The results indicated that the tablets had good disintegration time, dissolution and hardness/friability profiles. Tablets formulated with starch had the best disintegration properties but were consequently very friable. Tablets formulated from 10 mg of the crude extract needed a larger proportion of diluents, which affected the tablet properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Onunkwo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Attama AA, Adikwu MU. Melt extrusion bioadhesive delivery of diclofenac sodium granules using theobroma oil. Boll Chim Farm 2004; 143:174-7. [PMID: 15255341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbopol 941 (C-941), a bioadhesive polymer and theobroma oil (TEO) were used in the formulation of melt extrusion bioadhesive tablets (MEBT) of diclofenac (DC). Different batches of the MEBT were formulated using different combinations of C-941 granules containing DC and TEO. The bioadhesive properties of the tablets were studied using a tensiometer by measuring the bioadhesive strength generated when the tablet interacts with the mucus of everted hog jejunum. Some physical properties of the tablets evaluated were weight uniformity, crushing strength, friability, tablet thickness and diameter liquefaction time and absolute drug content. Release of DC from the MEBT was carried out in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), pH 7.2. The tablets had low liquefaction times and were highly bioadhesive. Result of the study indicated that TEO could be used in the formulation of MEBT of DC granulated with C-941 for prolonged and controlled delivery of DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Attama
- Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Attama AA, Adikwu MU, Amorha CJ. Release of indomethacin from bioadhesive tablets containing carbopol 941 modified with Abelmuschus esculentus (okra) gum. Boll Chim Farm 2003; 142:298-302. [PMID: 14677275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbopol 941 (C-941) and Abelmuschus esculentus gum (Okra gum, AEG) were used as bioadhesive polymers in the formulation of mucoadhesive indomethacin tablets. Different batches of the tablet compacts were formulated based on different combination ratios of the polymers. The bioadhesive properties of the tablets were studied using a tensiometer: Tablets coated with 50% w/v solution of Eudragit I. 100 in ethanol, were also prepared and evaluated. The following tablet physical properties were evaluated: hardness, uniformity of weight, disintegration time, friability, and absolute drug content. Release studies were determined in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF pH 7.2) without pancreatin, and in 0.1 N solution of HCl. Result obtained indicated that tablets with equal ratio of C-941 and AEG (1:1) gave the highest bioadhesive strength for both the coated and uncoated tablets. The percentage of drug released ranged from 53-90% for uncoated tablets in 0.1 N HCl and SIF, and 9-16% for coated tablets in 0.1 N HCl, and 63-100% for coated tablets in SIF after 8 hrs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Attama
- Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Abstract
Goat fat and Tween 65 admixtures were used to formulate self-emulsifying tablets containing diclofenac. The tablets were formulated by pour moulding using a plastic mould. The tablets were evaluated using the following parameters: weight uniformity, absolute drug content, and liquefaction time. The dissolution profile of diclofenac from the self-emulsifying tablets was determined in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) without pepsin. Results obtained indicated that diclofenac could be comfortably administered in the form of self-emulsifying tablets using goat fat and Tween 65 admixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Attama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Drug Delivery Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Esimone CO, Adikwu MU, Nwafor SV, Okoli CO, Ndu OO, Nwoke OI. In vitro antimicrobial interactions of arthemeter with some 4-quinolones. Boll Chim Farm 2002; 141:385-8. [PMID: 12481382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections often co-exist with acute malarial attacks. The effect of combining arthemeter (a new antimalarial) with some commonly used 4-quinolones (ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, norfloxacin and nalidixic acid) was investigated in-vitro with a view to providing data for the design of drug regimens for the treatment of such infections. While arthemeter demonstrated no antibacterial activity whatsoever against any of the test microorganisms (E. coli and Staph. aereus), the 4-quinolones shared marked activity. Comparative analyses of the activity of each quinolone alone and in combination with arthemeter showed 0% 43.8%, 44.9% and -12.2% change in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nalidixic acid pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin respectively against E. coli and -17.5%, 22.3% 35.8% and 50.9% change in the MICs of the same respective drugs against Staph. aureus. These changes in MIC were statistically significant (Pf0.05). With respect to infections caused by E. coli and E. coli, the combination of artemether with ciprofloxacin or pefloxacin proves to be a rational chemotherapeutic regimen when such infection co-exist with malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Esimone
- Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Esimone CO, Adikwu MU. Susceptibility of some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to bioactive column fractions from the lichen Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. Phytother Res 2002; 16:494-6. [PMID: 12203275 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activities of two bioactive column chromatographic fractions (RF1 and RF2) from the lichen Ramalina farinacea (L.) were evaluated against 15 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The susceptibility pattern of the isolates towards tetracycline (TCN) and ampicillin (AMP) was similarly -evaluated for comparison purposes. The results show that RF1 and RF2 with an MIC(90) ( minimum -inhibitory concentration against 90% of the isolates) of 535.5 and 317 microg/mL respectively, performed generally better than TCN and AMP with an MIC(90) of 976.5 and 357 microg/mL respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Esimone
- Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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Adikwu MU, Ajali U, Okide GB, Odoh UE. Detection of alpha-methyldopa on thin-layer plates using pi-acceptors in 1,4-dioxane. Boll Chim Farm 2002; 141:315-6. [PMID: 12426821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
pi-Acceptors (P-chloranil and chloranilic acid) in 1,4-dioxane were used to detect alpha-methyldopa on thin layer plates. Thin layer plates coated to a thickness of 0.25 mm with silica gel G60 were spotted with solution of alpha-methyldopa from drug formulations and pure alpha-methyldopa solution. The plates were developed in a solvent system of methanol: glacial acetic acid: water (14:5:3). The developed plates were dried and sprayed with pi-acceptors, and further were counter-sprayed with dimethylformamide (DMF). P-Chloranil gave an immediate blue green complex with alpha-methyldopa which intensified on counter-sprayed with DMF. alpha-methyldopa (reference sample and those from drug formulations) gave Rf of 0.85 and excipients from the drug formulations did not interfere with the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Adikwu MU, Höltje HD. Charge-oriented modelling in charge-transfer systems. Boll Chim Farm 2002; 141:279-81. [PMID: 12426815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Various mechanisms are often used toxplain the charge-transfer interactions between various electron donors and acceptors. Commonly accepted mechanisms are those in witch the acceptors forms a weak interaction of the Lewis acid--Lewis base type. A modelling approach is applied in this study to examine this mechanism as well as other mechanism. A charge-oriented mechanism is proposed in solvent systems that may not favour this mechanism of interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Esimone CO, Adikwu MU, Nwafor SV, Okolo CO. Potential use of tea extract as a complementary mouthwash: comparative evaluation of two commercial samples. J Altern Complement Med 2001; 7:523-7. [PMID: 11719944 DOI: 10.1089/10755530152639747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential of using tea extracts as complementary mouthwash and to test the comparative efficacy of two commercial samples. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial with 30 healthy human volunteers was carried out. The subjects were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 6 subjects per group. The ability of Ndu tea (from Cameroon) and Lipton tea (from Nigeria) to reduce colony forming units (CFU) in the liquid expectorated after 60 seconds of gargling from the mouth of the volunteers at 5 and 60 minutes were evaluated. These were compared to the values obtained from bank water and Minty Brett (thymol 0.047%), a standard antiseptic. SETTING University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. SUBJECTS Thirty healthy human volunteers (18 males and 12 females, between 22-30 years of age) who met the eligibility requirement of being nonsmokers and not taking any other antimicrobial agent were selected for the study. RESULT Relative to the bank water, the results indicated that the hot water extract of both teas significantly (p < 0.05) reduced CFU per milliliter in the liquid expectorated after gargling at both 5 and 60 minutes. Minty Brett showed higher activity than both tea extracts; however, unlike Minty Brett both extracts still reduced the CFU per milliliter at time 60 minutes (an indication of longer duration of activity). The combination of the tea extracts with sodium lauryl sulfate (1.2% w/v), a surfactant and emulsifier, significantly increased the antimicrobial activity relative to each tea alone. Comparatively, the activity of Ndu tea was found to be slightly higher than that of Lipton tea but this was not significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Lipton and Ndu tea extracts potently reduced the CFU per milliliter. This activity was potentiated by sodium lauryl sulfate. Although Minty Brett had more potent antimicrobial activity, both tea extracts have longer duration of activity. The results indicate the potential usefulness of tea extracts as a complementary mouthwash.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Esimone
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State
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Esimone CO, Ezeabasili SI, Muko KN, Ohiri FC, Adikwu MU. Drug adsorption studies on pregelatinized gladiolus starch. Boll Chim Farm 2001; 140:351-3. [PMID: 11680090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A comparative evaluation of the adsorption properties of pregelatinized gladiolus starch and activated charcoal on such drugs as chloroquine phosphate, aspirin, ampicillin and caffeine has been made. Results indicate that the adsorption capacity increases with increase in concentration of adsorbent used. Pregelatinized gladiolus starch exhibited a higher complexation affinity for chloroquine phosphate than activated charcoal, while the reverse was observed in the case of aspirin. The adsorption of caffeine and ampicillin was insignificant with the adsorbents. The desorption profile was slower for the pregelatinized gladiolus starch than for activated charcoal. This slow release property might be exploited in formulations where sustained-release is the desired goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Esimone
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Adikwu MU, Höltje HD. Mechanistic appraisal of the charge-transfer complexes of promethazine with chloranil: a modelling approach. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:669-74. [PMID: 11411514 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various mechanisms are often used to explain the interaction between electron donors and acceptors. Commonly proposed mechanisms are those in which the acceptor interacts with the aromatic pi-systems in the donor molecule or the acceptor forms a weak interaction of the Lewis acid with Lewis base type. In this study, the above mechanisms were examined as well as other possible mechanisms. Promethazine was chosen as the model drug containing aromatic systems capable of pi-pi interaction as well as N-methyl group capable of forming a complex with the weak Lewis acid, p-chloranil. Our modelling studies revealed that the situation where the p-chloranil interacts with a protonated N-methyl group is the most significant mechanism of interaction, based on the calculated energies for the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the Tripos force field energy terms and also the stability of the complexes during molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Adikwu MU, Builders PF, Ofokansi KC, Attama AA. Studies of the complexation of chloranilic acid with proguanil. Boll Chim Farm 2001; 140:172-6. [PMID: 11486609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the complexation between chloranilic acid and proguanil has been carried out. The chloranilic acid acted as a pi-electron donor. The stoichiometric relationship in the complex was determined by employing the Job's method of continuous variation. The results indicate that the complex exhibits a purple colour and absorbs maximally at 520 nm. Spectrophotometric studies show that the method could be useful in the analysis of proguanil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences-University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Adikwu MU, Ezeabasili SI, Esimone CO. Evaluation of the physico-chemical properties of a new polysaccharide gum from Prosopis africana. Boll Chim Farm 2001; 140:40-5. [PMID: 11338777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The gum obtained from the ripe seeds of Prosopis africana was processed to compendial standard for plant gums and characterised. Toxicological studies of the polysaccharide on mice showed the material to be safe. The material hydrates slowly in aqueous media to form a colloidal dispersion. Swelling studies on the gum shows that the gum has a higher swelling capacity than methylcellulose. Rheological studies showed that the material is more viscous than tragacanth gum at equivalent concentrations. Acid hydrolysis and thin layer chromatography of the resulting hydrolysates showed that the gum contains glucose, fructose, galactose and xylose as the monosaccharide components. Microbial tests showed the gum to contain 8.26 x 10(4) viable cells per gram when freshly prepared. Other properties of the gum evaluated includes; melting or charring temperature, optical properties, true density, ash values, element content as well as its reactions with lead subacetate solution and 0.02 M iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Adikwu MU, Ojile JE, Okoli ND. Effect of dissolution fluid and presence of hog intestinal barrier on the dissolution of theophylline from bioadhesive granules. Boll Chim Farm 2000; 139:242-6. [PMID: 11213427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dissolution fluid and the presence of a natural barrier (hog intestine) on the release of theophylline from some bioadhesive granules is presented. A higher quantity of the drug was released in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) than O. IN HCl. When a hog intestine was used as the diffusion barrier, the availability of the drug through the barrier into the sink solution was low, ranging from 20-35%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Adikwu MU, Attama AA. Evaluation of Prosopis africana gum in the formulation of gels. Boll Chim Farm 2000; 139:173-6. [PMID: 11059100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Prosopis africana gum was evaluated for use in the formulation of gels. The rate of release of salicylic acid from gels prepared from prosoopis gum was investigated. The rate of permeation of the drug through the gel was also evaluated. Surfactants were incorporated into the gels and the effect on the release and permeation was also investigated. Tragacanth gum gel was also prepared and used as the standard. The release and permeation of the drug from the gel was low. Incorporation of surfactants did not enhance the release of the drug. However the low release and permeation rates may be due to the poor water solubility of the incorporated drug. Correlation of the quantity of drug released with viscosity shows that drug release was dependent on the viscosity of the gels; the highly viscous gels showed slower release rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Ojile JE, Adikwu MU, Okoli ND. Properties of films prepared from prosopis and mucuna gums. Boll Chim Farm 2000; 139:190-3. [PMID: 11059103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Various properties of the films prepared from mucuna and prosopis gums have been evaluated. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose was used for comparison. When studied for elongation at break point, the most elastic of the gums was prosopis gum, followed by sodium carboxymethylcellulose, while mucuna gum was the least elastic. On microscopy, prosopis and sodium carboxymethylcellulose formed films of equal consistency without pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Ojile
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Abstract
Prosopis gum (PG) extracted from Prosopis africana was investigated for bioadhesive delivery of theophylline (TPL). Bioadhesive granules containing TPL were formulated and the bioadhesive properties evaluated using adhesion of the granules onto a porcine intestinal mucus surface. The bioadhesion of the gum dispersion was also evaluated using coated glass beads and the strength of the films formulated from the gums was also determined. The release properties of the TPL-containing granules were assessed by diffusion of TPL from the granules through porcine intestinal wall into a sink solution. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) was used as the standard bioadhesive polymer. Results indicated that PG is highly bioadhesive compared to SCMC. The result of the release studies also showed that PG could be used to deliver TPL in a bioadhesive dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Attama
- Division of Physical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka
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Abstract
The bromine atoms of the title compound, 5,7-dibromo-2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline were replaced by the requisite amino compound to afford 6 amino derivatives viz: bis(diethylamino)-, bis(dibutylamino)-, bis(dicyclohexylamino)-, dipyrolidino-, dipiperidino- and dipiperazino derivatives. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds were investigated against selected gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Candida albicans). All the compounds showed significant activity against the test microorganisms, from 5-30 times compared to the title compound. It was observed that all derivatives were more effective against gram positive bacteria. No correlation has been established between the minimum inhibitory (MIC) concentrations of the derivatives and the structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Okide
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State
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Adikwu MU, Esimone CO, Attama AA, Builders PF. Detection of halofantrine, mefloquine and proguanil by charge--transfer complexation on thin layer plates. Boll Chim Farm 2000; 139:46-8. [PMID: 10829553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A complexation phenomenon between certain antimalarials (as donors) and chloranilic acid (as an acceptor) has been studied using thin-layer-chromatography (TLC). The antimalarials were subjected to charge--transfer complexation using chloranilic acid as the pi-acceptor. This technique was used for the qualitative detection of the drugs. Drug-spotted TLC plates, when developed in suitable solvent systems and sprayed with the pi-acceptor gave a spontaneous purple colour. The Rr values of the three drugs were found to be constant and specific for each drug sample in a particular solvent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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Attama AA, Adikwu MU. Bioadhesive delivery of hydrochlorothiazide using tacca starch/SCMC and tacca starch/Carbopols 940 and 941 admixtures. Boll Chim Farm 1999; 138:343-50. [PMID: 10597656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Tacca starch and its admixtures with Carbopols 940 and 941; and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) were evaluated for bioadhesive delivery of hydrochlorothiazide into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The bioadhesive properties were evaluated using the adhesion of polymer-coated glass beads on the antrum region of the porcine gastrointestinal tract and Lecomte Du Nouy tensiometer. The swellings and release characteristics of the films/hydrogels of tacca starch and its admixtures were also studied. Results of the bioadhesive properties indicated that although tacca starch is a poor bioadhesive biopolymer at low concentration, the admixtures showed improved bioadhesive properties. The swelling and the release characteristics also confirmed that the admixtures could be used for bioadhesive drug delivery into the GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Attama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Esimone CO, Adikwu MU, Ebi GC, Anaga A, Njoku C. Preliminary physicochemical evaluations and bioactive properties of column fractions from the lichen. Boll Chim Farm 1999; 138:169-75. [PMID: 10422329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The chloroform-soluble portion of an ethanolic extract of the lichen Ramalina farinacea was separated by column chromatography using n-hexane: ethylacetate (4:1) as the mobile phase and silica gel S as the stationary phase. Four column fractions (B, C, H and I) and the n-hexane-soluble portion of the ethanolic extract (N) were screened for possible biological activity by the Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay Technique. Some physicochemical evaluations of the column fractions such as pH determinations, ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra, solubility profile and some chemical tests were also carried out. Phytochemical and elemental analysis of the crude lichen material was equally carried out. Results showed that all the fractions and the n-hexane extract were biologically active with the bioactivity of N > B > C > I > H. Fractions B and C were both acidic and evaluation of their solubility profile, UV spectra and some chemical reactions suggest that the fractions are possibly depsides and depsidones respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Esimone
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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Adikwu MU, Ofokansi KC, Attama AA. Thermodynamic studies of the charge-transfer interactions of chloranilic acid with moclobemide and promethazine hydrochloride. Biol Pharm Bull 1998; 21:1243-6. [PMID: 9881631 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.21.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spectrophotometric absorption studies gave evidence for the formation of strongly bonded charge-transfer complexes between moclobemide and promethazine hydrochloride with chloranilic acid in non-aqueous media comprising chloroform and 1,4-dioxane. The transitions involved were detected at wavelengths longer than those of the single pure substances in the visible region. Equilibrium constants from the Scott equation could be measured together with other thermodynamic parameters and molar absorptivities at different temperatures. Theoretical arguments are presented as to the spontaneity of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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Adikwu MU, Ofokansi KC. Energetics of the adsorption of some drug onto the sclerotium of Pleurotus tuber-regium. Boll Chim Farm 1998; 137:165-8. [PMID: 9689903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption of iodine, acetyl-salicylic acid [aspirin] sodium salicylate and pyridoxine hydrochloride onto the powder of sclerotium of pleurotus tuber-regium has been studied. Negative delta G values were obtained for the adsorption of the drugs onto the powdered sclerotium. The negative delta G values show that adsorption is favoured in this spontaneous process, that is, the process led to a decrease in the free energy of the system. The free energy of segregation or surface enrichment factor caused by combination of the material was 46. delta H values calculated for the adsorption of the drugs onto the sclerotium were all negative as well as the delta S values. All these indicate that the adsorption was an exothermic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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Abstract
A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the assay for the moclobemide. The method is based on the molecular interaction between the drug and chloranilic acid, to form a charge-transfer complex in which the drug acts as n-donor and chloranilic acid as pi-acceptor. Chloranilic acid was found to form a charge-transfer complex in a 1:1 stoichiometry with a maximum absorption band at 526 nm. Conformity with Beer's law was evident over the concentration range 4-36 mg 100 ml-1. A complete, detailed investigation of the complex formed was made with respect to its composition, association constant, molar absorptivity and free energy change. The method has been applied successfully to the analysis of commercially available moclobemide tablets with good recovery and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Abstract
A survey was carried out among patent medicine dealers to evaluate their practices that militate against laws governing prescriptions-only medicines in Nigeria. Questionnaires were distributed to 46 patent medicine dealers and later collected from them on appointment. Analysis of the results showed that all the patent medicine dealers were aware of the law governing the sale of prescription drugs in Nigeria. Seventy-five per cent of them stock such drugs. Patent medicine dealers obtain their drugs largely from sales representative of pharmaceutical companies as well as from industries. Inappropriate use of sales boys and girls in patent medicine stores and defective government policies were all investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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Adikwu MU. Could the law governing the use of 'prescription-only' medicines be extended to traditional medicines? Trop Doct 1992; 22:122. [PMID: 1641886 DOI: 10.1177/004947559202200314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Adikwu MU. Abuse of brand names in era of essential drugs. Lancet 1992; 339:623-4. [PMID: 1347132 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90916-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
A survey using questionnaires was carried out to determine the extent of awareness and acceptability of the Nigerian Essential Drugs' List and its effect on drug procurement and prescription pattern in some health institutions. Analysis of the responses showed that there was a 100% awareness on the part of the health professionals involved in the survey. Acceptability of the list was low: 96% of the sample group were of the opinion that the essential drugs' list should be abrogated. Medical doctors prescribe drugs without due consideration for the list while pharmacists stock and dispense drugs on a similar basis. The concept of the essential drugs' list has not been included in the curricula of the universities and other teaching institutions studied. It was also found that essential drug supply by manufacturers in Nigeria is inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Adikwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
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