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Agapiou A, Zorba E, Mikedi K, McGregor L, Spiliopoulou C, Statheropoulos M. Analysis of volatile organic compounds released from the decay of surrogate human models simulating victims of collapsed buildings by thermal desorption-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 883:99-108. [PMID: 26088782 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Field experiments were devised to mimic the entrapment conditions under the rubble of collapsed buildings aiming to investigate the evolution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the early dead body decomposition stage. Three pig carcasses were placed inside concrete tunnels of a search and rescue (SAR) operational field terrain for simulating the entrapment environment after a building collapse. The experimental campaign employed both laboratory and on-site analytical methods running in parallel. The current work focuses only on the results of the laboratory method using thermal desorption coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC×GC-TOF MS). The flow-modulated TD-GC×GC-TOF MS provided enhanced separation of the VOC profile and served as a reference method for the evaluation of the on-site analytical methods in the current experimental campaign. Bespoke software was used to deconvolve the VOC profile to extract as much information as possible into peak lists. In total, 288 unique VOCs were identified (i.e., not found in blank samples). The majority were aliphatics (172), aromatics (25) and nitrogen compounds (19), followed by ketones (17), esters (13), alcohols (12), aldehydes (11), sulfur (9), miscellaneous (8) and acid compounds (2). The TD-GC×GC-TOF MS proved to be a sensitive and powerful system for resolving the chemical puzzle of above-ground "scent of death".
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - E Zorba
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 115 27 Goudi, Greece
| | - K Mikedi
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens 157 73, Greece
| | - L McGregor
- Markes International Ltd., Gwaun Elai Medi Science Campus, Llantrisant, RCT CF72 8XL, UK
| | - C Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 115 27 Goudi, Greece
| | - M Statheropoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens 157 73, Greece
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Statheropoulos M, Pallis GC, Mikedi K, Giannoukos S, Agapiou A, Pappa A, Cole A, Vautz W, Thomas CLP. Dynamic Vapor Generator That Simulates Transient Odor Emissions of Victims Entrapped in the Voids of Collapsed Buildings. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3887-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404175e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Statheropoulos
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - G. C. Pallis
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - K. Mikedi
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - S. Giannoukos
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
| | - A. Agapiou
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - A. Pappa
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - A. Cole
- Markes International Ltd, Gwaun Elai Medi Science
Campus, Llantrisant, Rhondda Cynon Taf CF72 8XL, United Kingdom
| | - W. Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut
für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia 44139, Germany
| | - C. L. Paul Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Analytical Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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Stavrakakis P, Agapiou A, Mikedi K, Karma S, Statheropoulos M, Pallis GC, Pappa A. A scale-up field experiment for the monitoring of a burning process using chemical, audio, and video sensors. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:891-900. [PMID: 23832773 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fires are becoming more violent and frequent resulting in major economic losses and long-lasting effects on communities and ecosystems; thus, efficient fire monitoring is becoming a necessity. A novel triple multi-sensor approach was developed for monitoring and studying the burning of dry forest fuel in an open field scheduled experiment; chemical, optical, and acoustical sensors were combined to record the fire spread. The results of this integrated field campaign for real-time monitoring of the fire event are presented and discussed. Chemical analysis, despite its limitations, corresponded to the burning process with a minor time delay. Nevertheless, the evolution profile of CO2, CO, NO, and O2 were detected and monitored. The chemical monitoring of smoke components enabled the observing of the different fire phases (flaming, smoldering) based on the emissions identified in each phase. The analysis of fire acoustical signals presented accurate and timely response to the fire event. In the same content, the use of a thermographic camera, for monitoring the biomass burning, was also considerable (both profiles of the intensities of average gray and red component greater than 230) and presented similar promising potentials to audio results. Further work is needed towards integrating sensors signals for automation purposes leading to potential applications in real situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stavrakakis
- Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, 157-73, Athens, Greece,
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Agapiou A, Mikedi K, Karma S, Giotaki ZK, Kolostoumbis D, Papageorgiou C, Zorba E, Spiliopoulou C, Amann A, Statheropoulos M. Physiology and biochemistry of human subjects during entrapment. J Breath Res 2013; 7:016004. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mochalski P, Buszewska M, Agapiou A, Statheropoulos M, Buszewski B, Amann A. Preliminary Investigation of Permeation Profiles of Selected Head-Space Urine Volatiles (2-Heptanone, n-Octanal) Using IMS. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huo R, Agapiou A, Bocos-Bintintan V, Brown LJ, Burns C, Creaser CS, Devenport NA, Gao-Lau B, Guallar-Hoyas C, Hildebrand L, Malkar A, Martin HJ, Moll VH, Patel P, Ratiu A, Reynolds JC, Sielemann S, Slodzynski R, Statheropoulos M, Turner MA, Vautz W, Wright VE, Thomas CLP. The trapped human experiment. J Breath Res 2011; 5:046006. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/4/046006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Statheropoulos M, Agapiou A, Spiliopoulou C, Pallis GC, Sianos E. Environmental aspects of VOCs evolved in the early stages of human decomposition. Sci Total Environ 2007; 385:221-7. [PMID: 17669473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the time profile, measured as "accumulation", of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during the early stages of human decomposition was investigated. A human cadaver was placed in a sealed bag at approximately the 4th day after death. Evolved VOCs were monitored for 24 h by sampling at different time intervals. VOCs produced were analyzed by thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS). Over 30 substances were identified in total. These included mainly aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenated compounds (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones) and organic sulfides. The last were the most prominent class of compounds identified. Eleven compounds were present in all the sampling cycles and constitute a "common core": ethanol, 2-propanone, dimethyl disulfide, methyl benzene, octane, 2-butanone, methyl ethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide and o-, m- and p-xylenes. The last sampling cycle yielded the most abundant compounds in number and quantities. Inorganic gases such as CO2, CO, NH3 and H2S were also determined. The fundamental physicochemical properties of the evolved VOCs were used for evaluating their environmental impacts. It appears that the decay process, which is a dynamic procedure, can provide chemical signals that might be detected and properly evaluated by experts in the fields of forensic sciences, search and rescue units and environmental scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Statheropoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Sector I, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, 157 73 Athens, Greece
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Dokas I, Statheropoulos M, Karma S. Integration of field chemical data in initial risk assessment of forest fire smoke. Sci Total Environ 2007; 376:72-85. [PMID: 17321566 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A risk assessment framework was used to assess the risks of forest fire smoke (ffs) to the exposed communities, critical infrastructures and the environment. The present work is focused on the planning and problem formulation phases of this risk assessment procedure. Specifically, as part of the problem formulation phase, integration of the available ffs chemical data was carried out by answering critical questions regarding the ffs. In this way, critical factors have been identified, which mostly define and characterize ffs as a cause of problems and possible symptoms. The integrated information can be used in order to determine assessment endpoints, conceptual models, and risk hypotheses, as presented in an indicative example referred to a simple risk scenario. This work, enhanced with additional risk scenarios, can be used for the next phases of the risk assessment procedure, such as risk analysis and risk characterization. Future research needs for adequate evaluation of ffs impacts on communities, infrastructures, and the environment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dokas
- ADVISES RTN, Universität Paderborn Fakultät für Elektrotechnik, Informatik und Mathematik Institut für Informatik, Fürstenallee 11, 33102 Paderborn, Germany
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Tzamtzis N, Karma S, Pappa A, Statheropoulos M. On-line monitoring of pine needles combustion emissions in the presence of fire retardant using a “thermogravimetry (TG)-bridge/mass spectrometry method”. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 573-574:439-44. [PMID: 17723558 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work a new method called TG-bridge/mass spectrometry is presented, for the on-line monitoring of the pine needles combustion emissions in a common lab furnace. The TG-bridge (thermogravimetry-bridge) system has been developed in-house as a TG-MS (thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry) interface, for TG-MS analysis. In this work, TG-bridge was used for directly sampling of the combustion emissions from the inside of the furnace and transferring them into the mass spectrometer (MS), without disturbing the sub-pressure conditions inside the MS ion source. The effect of Fire-Trol 931 (a long-term fire retardant) on the emissions, produced during the combustion of pine needles, is tested in the lab for future application in the field. It was shown that in treated samples, increased evolution of ammonia and aromatic compounds took place, compared to untreated samples. Maximum concentrations of specific compounds, such as benzene and toluene, evolved during the combustion experiments in the furnace, were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tzamtzis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Athens 157 73, Greece.
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Statheropoulos M, Mikedi K, Agapiou A, Georgiadou A, Karma S. Discriminant Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds data related to a new location method of entrapped people in collapsed buildings of an earthquake. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Statheropoulos M, Agapiou A, Georgiadou A. Analysis of expired air of fasting male monks at Mount Athos. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 832:274-9. [PMID: 16483856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Expired air chemical analysis is investigated as a search and locate method for the early detection of entrapped people under the ruins of collapsed buildings after an earthquake. Fasting individuals were examined as a group that simulates the medical status of some of such victims. Exhaled air from seven fasting male monks (after 63 h) was analysed using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) analysis. Over 150 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified and the 43 most frequent are presented. Acetone showed by far the highest "positive alveolar gradient". Other compounds included phenol, di-limonene, 2-pentanone, isoprene and acetaldehyde. Quantitative results showed a 30-fold increase of acetone concentration (5.8 ppmv) compared to control measurements of a volunteer. Breath acetone was also identified through a portable gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometer showing possible, under certain conditions, effectiveness of the method in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Statheropoulos
- National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), School of Chemical Engineering, Sector I, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens 15773, Greece
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12
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Statheropoulos M, Spiliopoulou C, Agapiou A. A study of volatile organic compounds evolved from the decaying human body. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 153:147-55. [PMID: 16139103 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two men were found dead near the island of Samos, Greece, in the Mediterranean sea. The estimated time of death for both victims was 3-4 weeks. Autopsy revealed no remarkable external injuries or acute poisoning. The exact cause of death remained unclear because the bodies had advanced decomposition. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) evolved from these two corpses were determined by thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis (TD/GC/MS). Over 80 substances have been identified and quantified. The most prominent among them were dimethyl disulfide (13.39 nmol/L), toluene (10.11 nmol/L), hexane (5.58 nmol/L), benzene 1,2,4-trimethyl (4.04 nmol/L), 2-propanone (3.84 nmol/L), 3-pentanone (3.59 nmol/L). Qualitative and quantitative differences among the evolved VOCs and CO2 mean concentration values might indicate different rates of decomposition between the two bodies. The study of the evolved VOCs appears to be a promising adjunct to the forensic pathologist as they may offer important information which can be used in his final evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Statheropoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Sector I, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., 157 73 Athens, Greece
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Statheropoulos M, Sianos E, Agapiou A, Georgiadou A, Pappa A, Tzamtzis N, Giotaki H, Papageorgiou C, Kolostoumbis D. Preliminary investigation of using volatile organic compounds from human expired air, blood and urine for locating entrapped people in earthquakes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 822:112-7. [PMID: 15996539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 03/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary investigation on the possibility of using volatile organic compounds (VOCs) determination of expired air, blood and urine, for the early location of entrapped people in earthquakes, has been carried out. A group of 15 healthy subjects has been sampled. The identification of a common "core" of substances might provide indications of human presence that can be used for the development of a real time field analytical method for the on site detection of entrapped people. Expired air samples have been analyzed by thermal desorption GC/MS and VOCs from blood and urine by headspace SPME-GC/MS. Acetone was the only compound found common in all three matrices. Isoprene was found in both expired air and blood samples. Acetone and isoprene along with a number of saturated hydrocarbons were among the major constituents identified in expired air analysis. Various ketones (2-pentanone, 4-heptanone, 2-butanone) were also determined over urine specimens. Using the techniques and methods of field analytical chemistry and technology appears to be the proper approach for applying the results of the present study in real situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Statheropoulos
- National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), School of Chemical Engineering, Sector I, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Athens 157 73, Greece
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Statheropoulos M, Mikedi K, Tzamtzis N, Pappa A. Application of factor analysis for resolving thermogravimetric–mass spectrometric analysis spectra. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Statheropoulos M, Kyriakou S. Quantitative thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric analysis for monitoring the effects of fire retardants on cellulose pyrolysis. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Statheropoulos M, Pappa A, Karamertzanis P, Meuzelaar H. Noise reduction of fast, repetitive GC/MS measurements using principal component analysis (PCA). Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Statheropoulos M, Tzamtzis N, Mikedi K. Short column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and principal component analysis for the identification of coeluted substances in doping control analysis. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998; 706:245-51. [PMID: 9551810 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of four doping control substances in an artificial mixture, using short column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was examined. Two chromatographic peaks were recorded in the chromatogram, using a short capillary column (1.8 m) at an oven temperature of 180 degrees C. The first peak was associated with a mixture of a solvent derivative and an artifact. The second one corresponded to the mixture of four control substances. Principal component analysis was applied on a selected GC-MS data set of the latter peak to determine clear full spectra of pure substances from mixture spectra. The time of GC-MS analysis was significantly reduced to less than 1 min from 30 min which is a typical GC-MS analysis time, using standard methods of doping control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Statheropoulos
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Chemical Engineering, Greece
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Georgakopoulos C, Statheropoulos M, Montaudo G. Pyrolysis pathways of polyethers and a method for the interpretation of the pyrolysis mass spectra of polyethers. Polym Degrad Stab 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Statheropoulos M, Smaragdis E, Tzamtzis N, Georgakopoulos C. Principal component analysis for resolving coeluting substances in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry doping control analysis. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Spiliopoulos G, Statheropoulos M, Parissakis G. Mass spectrometric study of the stabilization of PVC with Ba/Cd stearates and dibasic lead phosphite. Eur Polym J 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(87)90023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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