Ticagrelor downregulates the expression of proatherogenic and proinflammatory miR125-b compared to clopidogrel: A randomized, controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Platelet P2Y12 antagonist ticagrelor reduces cardiovascular mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to clopidogrel, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Because activated platelets release proatherogenic and proinflammatory microRNAs, including miR-125a, miR-125b and miR-223, we hypothesized that the expression of these miRNAs is lower on ticagrelor, compared to clopidogrel.

OBJECTIVES

We compared miR-125a, miR-125b and miR-223 expression in plasma of patients after AMI treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel.

METHODS

After percutaneous coronary intervention on acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel, 60 patients with first AMI were randomized to switch to ticagrelor or to continue with clopidogrel. Plasma expression of miR-223, miR-125a-5p, miR-125b was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction at baseline and after 72 h and 6 months of treatment with ticagrelor or clopidogrel in patients and one in 30 healthy volunteers. Multiple electrode aggregometry using ADP test was used to determine platelet reactivity in response to P2Y12 inhibitors.

RESULTS

Expression of miR-125b was higher in patients with AMI 72 h and 6 months, compared to healthy volunteers (p = 0.001), whereas expression of miR-125a-5p and miR-223 were comparable. In patients randomized to ticagrelor, expression of miR-125b decreased at 72 h (p = 0.007) and increased back to baseline at 6 months (p = 0.005). Expression of miR-125a-5p and miR-223 was not affected by the switch from clopidogrel to ticagrelor.

CONCLUSIONS

Ticagrelor treatment leads to lower plasma expression of miR-125b after AMI, compared to clopidogrel. Higher expression of miR-125b might explain recurrent thrombotic events and worse clinical outcomes in patients treated with clopidogrel, compared to ticagrelor.

Population structure and genetic diversity of Polish Arabian horses based on pedigree data

With a history tracing back to at least the 18th century and a substantial global influence on various breeds, Polish Arabian horse population is of paramount importance for both breeders and conservationists. However, its genetic makeup and the population dynamics are still not well understood. This study presents an analysis of the modern Polish Arabian horse population using pedigree data, focusing on the breed's genetic diversity and population structure. Our analysis encompassed 1 498 individuals defined as the reference population (RP) and their 11 065 ancestors, which resulted in the dataset of 12 254 individuals (total population). We traced their genealogy to assess inbreeding coefficients (F), founder effects, and genetic variability measures such as the effective number of founders (fe), ancestors (fa), or founder genome equivalents (fge). The results indicated a good pedigree quality with an average of 28.1 maximum traced generations, revealing high pedigree completeness for initial generations with a decline beyond the seventh generation. The genetic diversity parameters showed a considerable bottleneck effect, with an effective number of founders at 73, which reflects a substantial loss of genetic diversity over time. Despite the vast total number of founders (852), only a few have had a lasting impact on the current population, signaling the need for revised breeding strategies to maintain diversity. The study identified a slight but consistent rise in inbreeding over the last century, with a marginal recent decline, and a significant difference in the contribution of various founders. The average F was 5.8%, with 99.6% of the reference population being inbred. The analysis of effective population size (Ne) highlighted potential risks for genetic diversity, urging for revision of breeding goals to consider a wider array of founder lineages. The study indicated that stallions belonging to RP can be attributed to 15 distinct sirelines, whereas mares to 45 unique damlines, more than considered in the current breeding program (8 and 15, respectively). Conclusively, the study underlines the need for ongoing monitoring and strategic breeding to maintain and enhance the genetic diversity of Polish Arabians, considering the breed's historical significance and contemporary genetic challenges.

Coagulation Disorders and Thrombotic Complications in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is associated with multiple cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors which increase the risk of thrombotic complications, such as atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subsequently, thromboembolic risk stratification in this population poses a great challenge. Since date from the large randomized clinical trials mostly include both patients with truly preserved EF, and those with heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction, there is an unmet need to characterize the patients with truly preserved EF. Considering the significant evidence gap in this area, we sought to describe the coagulation disorders and thrombotic complications in patients with HFpEF and discuss the specific thromboembolic risk factors in patients with HFpEF, with the goal to tailor risk stratification to an individual patient.

SGLT2 Inhibitors vs. GLP-1 Agonists to Treat the Heart, the Kidneys and the Brain

Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1-R) agonists are novel therapeutic agents used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, large-scale randomized clinical trials have been conducted to assess the cardiovascular safety of these medications. The findings of these trials have revealed that both SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1-R agonists exhibit favorable cardioprotective effects, including reduction in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, a decreased risk of chronic kidney disease progression, a decrease in hospitalization for heart failure (HF), an effect shown by SGLT2 inhibitors, and stroke prevention, an effect shown by GLP-1-R agonists. Based on the results from above studies, the European and American Diabetes Associations have issued new recommendations strongly endorsing the use of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1-R agonists in combination with metformin for patients with T2DM who have additional cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities or risk factors. The primary aim of this combined therapy is to prevent CV events. Although both medication groups offer beneficial effects, they demonstrate slightly different profiles. SGLT2 inhibitors have exhibited better effects regarding a reduced incidence of HF, whereas GLP-1-R agonists have shown a reduced risk of CV events, particularly stroke. Moreover, recent European Society of Cardiology as well as American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines of HF treatment stressed the importance of SGLT2 inhibitor administration in patients with HF regardless of T2DM. In this context, we present and discuss the outcomes of the most recent trials investigating the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1-R agonists on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients, both with and without T2DM. Additionally, we explore the synergistic effects of combining SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1-R agonists in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Automatic air volume control system for ventilation of two patients using a single ventilator: a large animal model study

The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak led to a global ventilator shortage. Hence, various strategies for using a single ventilator to support multiple patients have been considered. A device called Ventil previously validated for independent lung ventilation was used in this study to evaluate its usability for shared ventilation. We performed experiments with a total number of 16 animals. Eight pairs of pigs were ventilated by a ventilator or anesthetic machine and by Ventil for up to 27 h. In one experiment, 200 ml of saline was introduced to one subject's lungs to reduce their compliance. The experiments were analyzed in terms of arterial blood gases and respiratory parameters. In addition to the animal study, we performed a series of laboratory experiments with artificial lungs (ALs). The resistance and compliance of one AL (affected) were altered, while the tidal volume (TV) and peak pressure (Ppeak) in the second (unaffected) AL were analyzed. In addition, to assess the risk of transmission of pathogens between AL respiratory tracts, laboratory tests were performed using phantoms of virus particles. The physiological level of analyzed parameters in ventilated animals was maintained, except for CO₂ tension, for which a permissive hypercapnia was indicated. Experiments did not lead to injuries in the animal's lungs except for one subject, as indicated by CT scan analysis. In laboratory experiments, changes in TV and Ppeak in the unaffected AL were less than 11%, except for 2 cases where the TV change was 20%. No cross-contamination was found in simulations of pathogen transmission. We conclude that ventilation using Ventil can be considered safe in patients undergoing deep sedation without spontaneous breathing efforts.

Extreme weather layer method for implementation of nature-based solutions for climate adaptation: Case study Słupsk

One of the most severe climate risks that is expected to affect all regions is related to stormwater. Climate models, constructed based on long-term trends, show that extreme weather events such as storms, cloudbursts and a large rise in sea level will be significant in the coming decades. Moreover, even the frequency and intensity of "normal" rainfall events, such as microbursts, are expected to be remarkably higher than today in some regions. The efficiency of urban drainage systems is affected by the land use in its whole catchment. In addition to the climate stress, there is ongoing continuous densification of urban space, resulting in more buildings and larger areas being covered with impervious surfaces. Planning decisions today approving such compaction do not consider the impacts beyond the close proximity of the land parcel. As a result, by following the current planning practices, cities are becoming extremely vulnerable to stormwater flooding (flash floods). This study presents a holistic and dynamic planning method - the Extreme Weather Layer (EWL) - that makes it possible to analyse the impact of a single development (e.g. paving a gravel parking lot with asphalt or turning an area of urban greenery into a shopping centre) on the performance of the urban drainage system and therefore on the flooding risk of the whole catchment. The EWL is based on a widely accepted drainage modelling engine coupled with GIS system and other databases which provide spatial information. Thus, the EWL combined with the systemic approach of turning from grey to green infrastructure could be a smart tool for implementing NBS solutions for stormwater management in climate adaptation in urban areas. This smart tool could indicate how much more green infrastructure is needed and which places in the city the mitigative NBS measures would help significantly.

Technical solutions and benefits of introducing rain gardens - Gdańsk case study

Nowadays, Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) are developing as innovative multifunctional tools to maximize urban ecosystem services such as storm water preservation, reduction of runoff and flood protection, groundwater pollution prevention, biodiversity enhancement, and microclimate control. Gdańsk is one of the first Polish cities to widely introduce rain gardens (one example of an NBS) in different areas such as parks, city center, main crossroads, and car parks. They involve different technical innovations individually tailored to local architecture, including historic buildings and spaces. Gdańskie Wody, which is responsible for storm water management in the city, adopted a pioneering strategy and started the construction of the first rain garden in 2018. Currently, there are a dozen rain gardens in the city, and this organisation's policy stipulates the construction of NBSs in new housing estates without building rainwater drainage. Various types of rain gardens can be created depending on location characteristics such as geo-hydrology, as well as local conditions and needs. Furthermore, each of them might be equipped with specific technical solutions to improve the rain garden's function - for example, an oil separator or setter can be included to absorb the initial, most polluted runoff. During winter, the large amount of sodium chloride usually used to grit the roads may pose the greatest threat to biodiversity and plants. These installations have been included in a large rain garden in Gdańsk, located in the central reservation of the main streets in the city center. This work presents various technical considerations and their impact on ecosystem functions, and the urban circularity challenges provided by rain gardens operating in different technologies and surroundings. The precipitation quantity and the following infiltration rate were estimated by installing pressure transducers. Furthermore, mitigation of the urban heat island was analysed based on remote sensing images.

From the pills to environment - Prediction and tracking of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug concentrations in wastewater

The extend of environment pollution by pharmaceuticals is in a stage that required more automatic and integrated solutions. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most popular pharmaceutical in the world and emerging pollutants of natural waters. The aim of the paper was to check the correlation of the sales data of selected NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac) and their concentration in the WWTP in order to enable predicting their loads, having only the sales data. For calculations, we apply three discharge scenarios (the fates between purchased to the presence in influents), having in mind that some part of sold mass can be improperly dispose to sewage system. To support predictions, chemical analysis was conducted in two conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Poland during 2018 and 2020, thereby before and during pandemic situation. The NSAIDs concentration in the influent was higher than that which would be obtained if all of the administrated mass of the pharmaceutical went through the metabolic pathway of transformation. This means that substantial mass of sold NSAIDs in improperly dispose to sewage system, and this factor need to be taken into account in future predictions. Furthermore, results indicate that the variance of naproxen and diclofenac concentrations in the influent has no correlation with relatively stable sales throughout whole year. The pandemic situation had yet no direct effect to diclofenac concentrations in influents, despite observed increasing of sales. It was calculated that more than 60 kg of diclofenac was discharged into the Baltic Sea in 2018, and 20 kg in the first half of 2021 from two tested WWTPs. The presence of 4OH-diclofenac in effluents often in higher concentration compared to diclofenac mean that this still biologically active compound need to be taken into account in future risk assessment.

Pleiotropic Effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting-Beyond Platelet Inhibition

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is one of the most frequently used medications worldwide. Yet, the main indications for ASA are the atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD). Despite the increasing number of percutaneous procedures to treat CAD, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains the treatment of choice in patients with multivessel CAD and intermediate or high anatomical lesion complexity. Taking into account that CABG is a potent activator of inflammation, ASA is an important part in the postoperative therapy, not only due to ASA antiplatelet action, but also as an anti-inflammatory agent. Additional benefits of ASA after CABG include anticancerogenic, hypotensive, antiproliferative, anti-osteoporotic, and neuroprotective effects, which are especially important in patients after CABG, prone to hypertension, graft occlusion, atherosclerosis progression, and cognitive impairment. Here, we discuss the pleiotropic effects of ASA after CABG and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the benefits of treatment with ASA, beyond platelet inhibition. Since some of ASA pleiotropic effects seem to increase the risk of bleeding, it could be considered a starting point to investigate whether the increase of the intensity of the treatment with ASA after CABG is beneficial for the CABG group of patients.

Assessment of diversity and composition of bacterial community in sludge treatment reed bed systems

Due to their low emission of odours and lack of the need to apply additional chemical agents, sludge treatment reed beds (STRBs) constitute an economically feasible and eco-friendly approach to sewage sludge management. Correctly designed and operated STRBs ensure effective reduction of the dry matter content coupled with the mineralisation of organic compounds. Successful operation of STRBs relies on complex interactions between the plants and microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling. While the biocenoses of wetland systems dedicated to wastewater treatment have been intensively investigated, in the case of sludge treatment applications, there is a deficit of available microbial data. The aim of this study was to explore the diversity and spatial distribution of the bacteria in three distinct STRBs which differ in maturation and feeding patterns. Analyses of the dry mass and organic matter content showed the general trend of the sludge stabilisation processes advancing through the bed depth, with the best performance in the Matured Continuous Feed (MCF) bed being noted. Samples from the MCF bed showed the statistically greatest biodiversity in relation to the other beds. Moreover, increased biodiversity of microorganisms was observed on the surface of the STRBs and the bottom zone of the MCF equipped with a passive aeration system, which proves the application of such solutions in order to enhance the performance of the process. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes contributed approximately 80% of all identified sequences read. Network analysis revealed dominant role of Bacteroidetes in the formation of interspecies co-existence patterns. Nitrospira was the most abundant organism responsible for nitrogen metabolism in the STRBs.

Is sequential batch reactor an efficient technology to protect recipient against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol in treated wastewater?

The tested facility was a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Swarzewo, where the wastewater treatment takes place in aeration chambers with activated sludge using sequential batch reactors (SBRs). The concentration of the following pharmaceuticals: ibuprofen, paracetamol, flurbiprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and its metabolites 5OH-diclofenac and 4OH-diclofenac was tested in influents and effluents. Simultaneously, the conventional parameters were characterised. The removal of conventional pollutants was high (94.4-99.5%). At the same time, the removal of pharmaceuticals was variable. In the case of diclofenac and its metabolites, the concentration in the effluent was higher than in the influents. The risk quotients (RQs) calculated for analyzed pharmaceuticals suggest low environmental risk for selected species. However, negative impact for the biota due to the chronic presence of diclofenac cannot be excluded. It can be concluded that the SBRs, similarly to traditional flow activated sludge technology, are not efficient in the removal of target pharmaceuticals.

Early Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative and Neurovascular Disorders in Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease worldwide. There is a strong association between DM and neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. The first group mainly consists of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy and stroke, whereas, the second group includes Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The aforementioned diseases have a common pathophysiological background including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis and vascular injury. The increasing prevalence of neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders among diabetic patients has resulted in an urgent need to develop biomarkers for their prediction and/or early detection. The aim of this review is to present the potential application of the most promising biomarkers of diabetes-related neurodegenerative and neurovascular disorders, including amylin, β-amyloid, C-reactive protein (CRP), dopamine, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glycogen synthase kinase 3β, homocysteine, microRNAs (mi-RNAs), paraoxonase 1, phosphoinositide 3-kinases, tau protein and various growth factors. The most clinically promising biomarkers of neurovascular and neurodegenerative complications in DM are hsCRP, GGT, homocysteine and miRNAs. However, all biomarkers discussed in this review could become a part of the potential multi-biomarker screening panel for diabetic patients at risk of neurovascular and neurodegenerative complications.

Comparison of mouse, rat and rabbit models for adipose - Derived stem cells (ASC) research

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Cellular therapies are becoming more popular and there is a big demand for suitable animal model for research in field of tissue engineering. Both the small (rodents) and large animals have their advantages for cellular therapy experiments. Appropriate animal research model would be a bridge between basic research and clinical medicine. The aim of this study was to compare mouse, rat and rabbit as animal models useful for adipose - derived stem cell research.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Quantity, phenotype, clonogenic and differentiation potential of cells isolated from different localizations of adipose tissue from WAG and LEW/W rat strains, rabbit and mouse were analysed.

RESULTS

The highest number of cells from 1 g of tissue were isolated from cervical white fat of LEW/W rat. ASCs isolated from rat had also the highest clonogenic potential. Phenotype and capability to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages are at the same level for rat and rabbit.

CONCLUSIONS

Rat as a research model can be a rational solution between large animal models and typical laboratory mice because of their size, genetic homogenity, availability of genetically modified stains and possibility to perform research mimicking clinical applications.

Nitrogen removal in vertical flow constructed wetlands: influence of bed depth and high nitrogen loadings

The aim of the study was to evaluate the nitrogen removal and its effects on the plant's growth and leaves morphology. using two subsurface vertical flow (VF bed), with different depths (0.24 m² × 0.70 m; 0.24 m² × 0.35 m) and nitrogen load increments. The VF bed were planted with Vetiveria zizanioides, filled with light expanded clay aggregates (Leca®NR 10/20) and fed in parallel mode with synthetic wastewater. High ammonium nitrogen concentration ([NH₄ ⁺-N] from 68 ± 3 to 290 ± 8 mg L^-1) was used without toxicity symptoms in plants, although the effects of ammonium nitrogen load were stopped the growth of the plants. Significant differences between ammonium nitrogen removed in each VF bed obtained for total nitrogen (TN_infl.) ≥ 27 ± 0.8 g m^-2 d^-1. The nitrification was contributed to ammonium nitrogen removal because was found higher values of nitrate and nitrite in the effluent. These values were more higher in VF bed 1 than in the VF bed 2, since ammonium nitrogen removal were also more higher in VF bed 1 than in the VF bed 2. Total nitrogen mass balance was carried out and the results show that the nitrification/denitrification process occurred with nitrogen plants uptake. It was observed that the VF bed depth has an influence on all nitrogen removal processes. As higher the depth root system it is seemed to favour the creation of zones with different oxidations conditions that allow the nitrogen compounds to be removed intensively.

Kinetics of pollutants removal in vertical and horizontal flow constructed wetlands in temperate climate

This paper reports a comparative study on kinetics of organic matter expressed as BOD₅ and nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands operated in Poland. Analyzed data were collected at eight wetland systems, composed of subsurface flow beds: horizontal flow (HF) and vertical flow (VF), in different number and sequences. The analysis involved particularly mass removal rates (MRR) and first-order removal rate coefficients of BOD₅ and total nitrogen (k_A and k_v for VF and HF filters, respectively, and k₂₀ as a parameter averaged for a temperature of 20 °C). It was found that the higher the load of pollutants applied to the beds, the higher MRR values were obtained. The average k-rates in analyzed systems were mostly lower than those reported in the literature, especially in the case of total nitrogen. Its removal obtained in horizontal flow beds was k_v = 0.002-0.042 d^-1, while in vertical flow systems k_A varied from 0.007 m d^-1 to 0.0037 m d^-1. According to data given by previous studies, first-order reaction rates for nitrogen removal varied in range from k_v = 0.048 d^-1 to k_v = 0.19 d^-1 and k_A from 0.007 to 0.1 m d^-1 in HF and VF beds, respectively. Regarding BOD₅ shown in literature, removal rate k_v for HF beds varied from 0.071 to 6.11 d^-1, and k_A for VF beds varied from 0.019 to 1.0 m d^-1, while in this study lower k-rates were obtained: k_v = 0.005-0.085 d^-1 and k_A = 0.015-0.130 m d^-1. Relatively long monitoring period, for some of constructed wetland up to 16 years, resulted in good data set and enables creation of the graphs, which could be helpful in evaluation and designing of constructed wetlands for PE bigger than 50, in moderate climate conditions.

Nutrient loss from three small-size watersheds in the southern Baltic Sea in relation to agricultural practices and policy

Agriculture is the major contributor of waterborne nutrient fluxes into the Baltic Sea, one of the world's most eutrophication-sensitive areas. Poland, as a large, densely populated state ohf the Baltic Region, with dominating agricultural land use, largely contributes to riverborne loads of N and P. The aim of our study was to examine the input of nutrients from three small first-order agricultural watersheds (Bladzikowski Stream, Gizdepka river and Mrzezino canal) in the Pomerania region, into the Bay of Puck, inner part of the Gulf of Gdansk. This study attempts to give a partial answer as to the question if inputs of nutrients from the 3 analysed watersheds comply with the targets of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) and Country Allocated Reduction Targets (CART). The impact of agricultural practices was assessed on the basis of farm questionnaires and calculations of nutrient balances for the examined farms. The nutrient concentrations in the soil and drainage ditches were examined, followed by an assessment of nutrient concentrations in the watercourses at the sampling points located close to the estuaries. The average mineral N fertiliser consumption (109 kg N/ha) in the analysed watersheds was higher than Poland's average. The average N and P surpluses for surveyed farms (96.4 kg/ha and 4.4 kg/ha, respectively) were higher than the EU mean in case of N and markedly lower in case of P. We used Principal Component Analysis which confirmed that there were correlations between nutrient surpluses and nutrient concentrations in streams and/or drainage ditches. The N-NO₃ and P_min concentrations were also correlated to precipitation. The average N concentrations in the analysed watercourses were equal to 1.53 mg/L for Gizdepka, 1.88 mg/L for Mrzezino canal and 3.52 mg/L for Bładzikowski Stream. The mean P concentrations observed in the investigated watercourses were markedly higher than 0.1 mg/L. With regard to BSAP objectives, as well as CART set for Poland, the average nutrient concentrations in rivers should be approximately at the level of 2.5 mg N/L and 0.07 mg P/L.

Phosphorus removal by application of natural and semi-natural materials for possible recovery according to assumptions of circular economy and closed circuit of P

In the last few years the idea of circular economy has become essential. Thus, designing methods of nutrients removal should be based on using materials that make it possible to recover those nutrients. Recently, methods applied in wastewater treatment plants cannot provide optimal results; moreover, the application of commercial coagulants like ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride can cause difficulties in potential recovery of phosphorus from sludge. Sorption materials, both natural and modified, are appearing as successful for wastewater treatment, especially for treatment wetland effluent. To pursue circular economy principles, the capacity of waste materials needs to be tested with regard to nutrients removal. If in addition a possibility to recover them appears, it will be possible to close the circuit. The aim of the investigation, according to HELCOM and EU Water Framework Directive recommendations, was to explore the possibility of ensuring good and stable quality of effluent by the application of natural materials for phosphorous removal with possible minimum energy and material consumption. The objective was to determine the sorption capacity of two selected materials (waste material and chemically modified material) in steady conditions. The research focused also on the time of mixing, a period of sedimentation of absorbent materials, and the influence of used materials on the basic parameters of the solution: pH, temperature, total suspended solids, conductivity, turbidity, and color. M1 was a waste material after thermal treatment of carbonate-siliceous rock in temperature above 700 °C (Rockfos®). Material M2 was lanthanum-modified bentonite, a material of anthropogenic origin. Both selected materials have shown a high ability to reduce phosphates concentration in synthetic wastewater. Sorption capacity of materials M1 and M2 were 45.6 mg/g and 5.6 mg/g, respectively.

Spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals in conventional wastewater treatment plant with Sludge Treatment Reed Beds technology

Pharmaceutical residues are an emerging environmental problem. It is strongly confirmed that pharmaceuticals are present in soils and environmental waters (surface, marine and even groundwater), and that wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are the main source of pharmaceuticals in the watershed. The aim of this study was to recognize the spatial distribution and seasonal changes of selected pharmaceuticals in conventional WWTP with Sludge Treatment Reed Beds (STRBs) technology used for dewatering and stabilization of sewage sludge, because these systems have never been studied in terms of pharmaceuticals distribution or removal potential. The research was conducted in conventional WWTP in Gniewino, where raw wastewater was treated using mechanical, biological and chemical removal of the organic matter and nutrients, and sewage sludge was treated with STRB. Determinations of pharmaceuticals (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - ibuprofen, paracetamol, flurbiprofen, naproxen, diclofenac and its metabolites) and basic parameters were carried out in samples of influent and effluent from WWTP and in the liquid phase of surplus activated sludge (SAS) as well as reject water from STRB. The potential of removal varied among target pharmaceuticals. Ibuprofen and naproxen were completely removed by the standard applied technology of the Gniewino WWTP. Diclofenac and its metabolites were the chemicals with the lowest removal potential in wastewater and the highest detection frequency. These pharmaceuticals were also detected in the liquid phase of SAS as well as in reject water. However, removal potential when using STRB was higher than 94% (mostly higher than 99%), independent of the season. Indeed, the STRB technology is not only efficient in sludge dewatering and nutrient removal (primary purpose), but also elimination of polar pollutants. Nevertheless, removal in STRB did not mean that pharmaceuticals were totally eliminated because these compounds could be "trapped and stored" in beds (by the process of sorption) or transformed into other products. This study is a starting point for further exploration of STRB technology for elimination of emerging pollutants.

Computational multivariate modelling of electrical activity of the porcine uterus during spontaneous and hormone-induced oestrus

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? Does oestrous cycle synchronization influence myoelectrical activity of porcine myometrium? What is the main finding and its importance? Exogenous hormones used to synchronize oestrus in pigs altered myoelectrical activity, which was effectively modelled. Higher-order multivariate statistic modelling provided evidence of similar activity in both types of oestrus, but a larger order of EMG signals during induced oestrus. Higher-order statistical analysis of the probabilistic model suggests the beginning of the early follicular phase and the mid-luteal phase to be most important in evaluation of the natural patterns of myoelectrical activity. Higher-order multivariate cumulants are more informative than classical statistics in characterization of myoelectrical activity changes in porcine myometrium.

ABSTRACT

In pig production units, control of the oestrous cycle and synchronization of ovulation have become routine herd management procedures. During the oestrous cycle, in both induced and spontaneous conditions, the ovaries and the uterus undergo hormone-dominated physiological changes, which are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a functional role of uterine contractions in promoting fertilization. We have used electromyography to determine whether the use of exogenous hormones, such as equine chorionic gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin, which have the potential to control the timing of ovulation in female pigs, changes the multivariate relationships between parameters of electrical bursts and modulates the patterns of myoelectrical activity. We used the mathematical approach of higher-order multivariate cumulants in complex modelling of the myometrial electrical activity. The experiment was conducted on 12 mature Polish Landrace sows, and uterine activity was recorded during both spontaneous and induced oestrous cycles. The burst parameters were determined using six features in the time domain and, after Fast Fourier transformation, in the frequency domain. Evaluation of myoelectrical activity patterns was conducted based on classical univariate statistical methods and multivariate probabilistic modelling. The classical statistical approach indicated weaker myoelectrical activity after hormonal stimulation, whereas the higher-order multivariate statistical model showed evidence of similar status of activity and a larger order of signals during induced oestrus. Routine oestrous cycle synchronization affects the multivariate probabilistic model of myometrial electrical activity.

The effects of 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel exhaust exposure on hematological and biochemical blood indices of Fisher344 male rats - The FuelHealth project

Diesel exhaust emissions (DEE), being one of the main causes of ambient air pollution, exert a detrimental effect on human health and increase morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate potential adverse effects of exhausts emissions from B7 fuel, the first-generation biofuel containing 7% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and SHB20 fuel, the second-generation biofuel containing 20% FAME/hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), after a whole-body exposure with and without diesel particle filter (DPF). The experiment was performed on 95 male Fischer 344 rats, divided into 10 groups (8 experimental, 2 control). Animals were exposed to DEE (diluted with charcoal-filtered room air to 2.1-2.2% (v/v)) for 7 or 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week) in an inhalation chamber. DEE originated from Euro 5 engine with or without DPF treatment, run on B7 or SHB20 fuel. Animals in the control groups were exposed to clean air. Our results showed that the majority of haematological and biochemical parameters examined in blood were at a similar level in the exposed and control animals. However, exposure to DEE from the SHB20 fuel caused an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration. Moreover, 7 days exposure to DEE from SHB20 fuel induced genotoxic effects manifested by increased levels of DNA single-strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, inhalation of both types of DEE induced oxidative stress and caused imbalance of anti-oxidant defence enzymes. In conclusion, exposure to DEE from B7, which was associated with higher exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, resulted in decreased number of T and NK lymphocytes, while DEE from SHB20 induced a higher level of DNA single-strand breaks, oxidative stress and increased red blood cells parameters. Additionally, DPF technology generated increased number of smaller PM and made the DEE more reactive and more harmful, manifested as deregulation of redox balance.

Uterine EMG activity in the non-pregnant sow during estrous cycle

BACKGROUND

Uterine myoactivity is crucial for successful reproductive performance of the sow. Spontaneous contractions of the uterus are strictly controlled and coordinated. Uterine electromyographic (EMG) activity undergoes hormonal regulation with rapid and long-term effects. What is more, interstitial Cajal-like Cells (ICLC) appear essential for smooth muscle contractility in the reproductive tract where they are suspected to be playing a major role in generating, coordinating, modulating and synchronizing slow triggering waves. The aim of this study was to investigate the myoelectrical activity of sow's uterus during estrus cycle.

RESULTS

Study was conducted on 10 Polish Landrace sows. Propagation mechanisms and their connection with the uterine EMG activity were considered in correlation with expression of c-kit, progesterone and oxytocin receptors of the non-pregnant sow. ICLC were labeled with antibody directed against c-kit receptor and visualized by confocal microscopy and scanning cytometer for positive cells percentage assessment. EMG signal was recorded directly from the myometrium with telemetry transmitters and electrodes located in different topographic regions of reproductive tracts. The stages of estrus cycle were determined by monitoring levels of luteinizing hormone, progesterone and estrogen with radioimmunoassays. Significant differences of the EMG signal parameters between diestrus and estrus and the correlations with density of labelled receptors were demonstrated. Moreover, the electrophysiological studies indicated that ICLC in the myometrium in the tip of uterine horn may participate in the regulation of slow waves duration and frequency.

CONCLUSIONS

The pattern of EMG signal propagation in the wall of the non-pregnant porcine uterus occurs in an orderly, bidirectional fashion and at distinctive speed, with no differences between diestrus and estrus.

Long-term operation of Kickuth-type constructed wetland applied to municipal wastewater treatment in temperate climate

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problem of changes of effectiveness of Kickuth-type constructed wetland with subsurface flow applied to domestic wastewater treatment. This study is based on an example of a wetland 3000 m² in surface, serving 800 inhabitants, located in Poland. The results of chemical analysis showed that after an initial year of 'start-up time', the efficiency of pollutant removal gradually increased to reach an apex in the 6th year of operation. Such maximum efficiency continued up to the 10th year of operation; afterwards it gradually dropped. Moreover, after 12 years of operation, a serious problem with overland flow was observed, which indicated the porous media clogging processes.

Endometriosis resembling endometrial cancer in a postmenopausal patient

Endometriosis occurs in 2-4% of postmenopausal women. There have been a few reports of endometriosis in women in whom neither history nor diagnostic imaging indicated the presence of this disease, either at reproductive age or after menopause. A case is described of an 84-year-old patient with extensive deep pelvic endometriosis imitating advanced neoplastic process.

Using terrestrial laser scanning in inventorying of a hybrid constructed wetland system

The goal of this paper was to evaluate the possibility of using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for inventorying of a hybrid constructed wetland (CW) wastewater treatment plant. The object under study was a turtle-shaped system built in 2015 in Eastern Poland. Its main purpose is the treatment of wastewater from the Museum and Education Centre of Polesie National Park. The study showed that the CW system had been built in compliance with the technical documentation, as differences between values obtained from the object and those given in the design project (max. ± 20 cm for situation and ±5 cm for elevation) were within the range defined by the legislator. It was also shown that the results were sufficiently precise to be used for as-built surveying of the aboveground elements of the CW system. The TLS technique can also be employed to analyse quantitative changes in object geometry arising during long-term use (e.g. landmass slides or erosion), the identification of which can help in selecting the hot-spots at risk of damage and thus restore the object to its original state as well as prevent new changes.

The influence of enteral obestatin administration to suckling rats on intestinal contractility

This study investigated the effect of enteral administration of obestatin on the contractility of whole-thickness preparations of duodenum and middle jejunum, as well as on the morphology of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Suckling rats were assigned to 3 groups (n=12) treated with: C-saline solution; LO-obestatin (125nmol/kgb.wt); HO-obestatin (250nmol/kgb.wt). Saline solution or obestatin were administered twice daily, from the 14th to the 21st day of life. Sections were studied in an organ bath, for isometric recording in the presence of acetylocholine (ACh), atropine (ATR) and tetradotoxin (TTX). Thickness of intestinal muscularis layer, the number of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) were measured in the paraffin sections. The immunodetection of Muscarinic Acetylocholine Receptor 2 (M2 receptor) was performed in the intestinal segments. In both intestinal segments HO treatment decreased the amplitude of spontaneous contraction compared to that observed in the C group. In the middle jejunum, the LO treatment also decreased the amplitude. TTX and ATR had no effect on amplitude of spontaneous contraction in the jejunum of LO and HO-treated animals. Compared to the C group, duodenal sections from HO animals and middle jejunum sections from LO and HO groups displayed a lower amplitude in response to ACh and EFS evoked contraction. An increase in the thickness of the muscularis layer was observed in the duodenum of LO and HO groups whereas the number ICC did not change significantly after treatment with obestatin. Moreover, the enteral administration of obestatin did not effect significantly on the cytoplasmic expression of M2 receptor in the jejunum. Our study demonstrated that enteral administration of obestatin to suckling rats influences small intestine contractility in the segment specific manner.

Assessment of the technological reliability of a hybrid constructed wetland for wastewater treatment in a mountain eco-tourist farm in Poland

The aim of the present study was to assess the technological reliability of a domestic hybrid wastewater treatment installation consisting of a classic three-chambered (volume 6 m³) septic tank, a vertical flow trickling bed filled with granules of a calcinated clay material (KERAMZYT), a special wetland bed constructed on a slope, and a permeable pond used as a receiver. The test treatment plant was located at a mountain eco-tourist farm on the periphery of the spa municipality of Krynica-Zdrój, Poland. The plant's operational reliability in reducing the concentration of organic matter, measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), was 100% when modelled by both the Weibull and the lognormal distributions. The respective reliability values for total nitrogen removal were 76.8% and 77.0%, total suspended solids - 99.5% and 92.6%, and PO₄-P - 98.2% and 95.2%, with the differences being negligible. The installation was characterized by a very high level of technological reliability when compared with other solutions of this type. The Weibull method employed for statistical evaluation of technological reliability can also be used for comparison purposes. From the ecological perspective, the facility presented in the study has proven to be an effective tool for protecting local aquifer areas.

Application of subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands to reject water treatment in dairy wastewater treatment plant

The paper presents the effects of applying subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands (SS VF) for the treatment of reject water generated in the process of aerobic sewage sludge stabilization in the biggest dairy wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Poland. Two SS VF beds were built: bed (A) with 0.65 m depth and bed (B) with 1.0 m depth, planted with reeds. Beds were fed with reject water with hydraulic load of 0.1 m d^-1 in order to establish the differences in treatment efficiency. During an eight-months research period, a high removal efficiency of predominant pollutants was shown: BOD₅ 88.1% (A) and 90.5% (B); COD 84.5% (A) and 87.5% (B); TSS 87.6% (A) and 91.9% (B); TKN 82.4% (A) and 76.5% (B); N-NH₄⁺ 89.2% (A) and 85.7% (B); TP 30.2% (A) and 40.6% (B). There were not statistically significant differences in the removal efficiencies between bed (B) with 1.0 m depth and bed (A) with 0.65 m depth. The research indicated that SS VF beds could be successfully applied to reject water treatment in dairy WWTPs. The study proved that the use of SS VF beds in full scale in dairy WWTPs would result in a significant decrease in pollutants' load in reject water. In the analyzed case, decreasing the load of ammonia nitrogen was of greatest importance, as it constituted 58% of the total load treated in dairy WWTP and posed a hazard to the stability of the treatment process.

Endometriotic lesions mimicking advanced ovarian cancer - A case report and a review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Approximately 2-5% of women affected by endometriosis are postmenopausal. The disease may simulate various malignancies. A case of endometriosis in a postmenopausal woman, spreading similarly to ovarian cancer, is reported. A broad review of existing literature on postmenopausal endometriosis, endometriosis involving the urinary tract, and the links between endometriosis and cancer are also presented.

CASE DESCRIPTION

A 51-year-old woman was diagnosed with a pelvic mass. She complained of pain in the lower abdomen that began three weeks prior, and had no history of dysmenorrhea, acyclic pelvic pain, or infertility. CT scan revealed a solid and cystic tumor in the region of the right adnexa, infiltrating the surrounding tissues, with possible infiltration of the urinary bladder, as well as soft-tissue lesions of the small intestinal mesentery. Bilateral hydronephrosis and distension of the ureters were also present. A malignant neoplasm of the ovary or the corpus uteri was suspected. Total abdominal hysterectomy and appendectomy were performed. A superficial infiltration of the urinary bladder was also excised. The pathology report revealed endometriotic foci in the tumor and in the bladder infiltration, as well as an endometriotic cyst in the right ovary. Two years postoperatively the patient is disease-free and in good condition.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians should remain conscious of the possibility of endometriosis mimicking advanced ovarian cancer and infiltrating the peritoneum and internal organs of the abdominal cavity, including the urinary tract. Imaging techniques, including CT and MRI, are not always effective in establishing the correct diagnosis preoperatively.

Tumor necrosis factor-α alters integrins and metalloprotease ADAM12 levels and signaling in differentiating myoblasts

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in the regulation of myogenesis. We hypothesized that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) modifies ECM during differentiation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Exogenous TNF-α (1 ng/ml) stimulated myoblast fusion on the 3rd day (by 160% vs control) but not on the 5th day of myogenesis. The level of integrin α5 was significantly augmented by TNF-α during 5 day-differentiation; however, integrin β1 was higher than control only on the 3rd day of cytokine treatment. Both the abundance of integrin α5 bound to actin and the level of integrin β1 complexed with integrin α5 increased in the presence of TNF-α, especially on the 3rd day of differentiation. Similarly, the stimulatory effects of TNF-α on integrin α3, metalloprotease ADAM12 and kinases related to integrins, FAK and ILK, were limited to the 3rd day of differentiation. We concluded that TNF-α-induced changes in ECM components in differentiating myogenic cells, i.e. i) increased expression of integrin α5, β1, α3, and metalloprotease ADAM12, ii) enhanced formation of α5β1 integrin receptors and interaction of integrin α5-cytoskeleton, and iii) increased expression of kinases associated with integrin signaling, FAK and ILK, were temporarily associated with the onset of myocyte fusion.

Hierarchically structured ZSM-5 obtained by optimized mesotemplate-free method as active catalyst for methanol to DME conversion

In the presented studies, a new method for the synthesis of hierarchical porous materials with ZSM-5 zeolite properties was applied.

Ovarian cancer diagnosed accidentally during treatment for ruptured ectopic pregnancy: is fertility-sparing surgery a viable alternative? Case report and review of the literature

According to cancer incidence statistics, it is estimated that 226,000 women are diagnosed annually with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and 140,000 die of the disease worldwide. Ovarian cancer represents the fourth leading cause of all cancer-related deaths in women, and the first cause of death among all gynecological malignancies. With the constant shift towards later parenthood, the growing incidence of EOC in women of reproductive age is noted. Most young EOC women are concerned with preserving their fertility despite oncological outcomes. Nowadays gynecologic oncologists are being asked to include into their decision-making processes the patients' desire for fertility preserving alternatives. The question remains whether it is possible to use fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) without compromising the survival. In the present report, the authors present a case of a 27-year-old patient with ovarian cancer accidentally diagnosed during surgical treatment of an ectopic pregnancy. In this paper, the proper selection of the patients for the conservative management, oncological safety, indications for subsequent chemotherapy, the risk of relapses, obstetrical outcomes, and further oncological control were analyzed based on the largest and most relevant series outcomes data and recommendations. Numerous recent studies have confirm that FSS in young women with early stage of epithelial ovarian cancer, who wish to preserve their childbearing potential, after appropriate selection, appears a viable and safe option. However, there is still a possibility of relapse and regular oncological control is strongly recommended.

Effect of biologically active substances present in water extracts of white mustard and coriander on antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation of mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells

Coriander and white mustard, an annual plants originated in the Mediterranean region, have been cultivated and used as spices for a long time. Recent studies have shown that they may constitute a potential source of phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of polyphenols in coriander and white mustard water extracts and to investigate their antioxidant activity in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells, which serve as a good model of cells with intensive metabolism. HPLC analysis showed that polyphenols were able to permeate from the water extracts of studied plants into the undifferentiated myoblasts as well as myocytes undergoing differentiation, increasing the concentration of reduced glutathione and upregulating glutathione reductase and peroxidase activity. White mustard and coriander extracts also decreased the levels of oxysterols and sum of tiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in both: myoblasts and differentiating myocytes, demonstrating protective effect on cell membranes. The obtained results indicate that polyphenols synthesized by both herbs may have beneficial effects on muscle tissue.

Impact of influent wastewater quality on nitrogen removal rates in multistage treatment wetlands

Nitrogen removal in treatment wetlands is influenced by many factors, and the presence of electron donors (biodegradable organic matter) and electron acceptors (nitrate ions) is the main limiting one; for obtaining these conditions, multistage treatment wetlands (MTWs) are required, where an extensive nitrification can be obtained in the first stages under aerobic conditions leaving then to the following anoxic/anaerobic stages the duty of the denitrification. Most of the biodegradable organic matter is however oxidised in the first stages, and therefore, the inlet to the denitrification beds is usually poor of easily degradable carbon sources. This study is comparing the long-term performances obtained at several MTWs operating in Europe (North and South) and North Africa in order to understand if there is a significant avail in making use of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratio during the design phase for ensuring proper performances in terms of N overall removal. The statistic analysis performed in this study have shown that MTWs are capable to ensure sufficient removal of both organic and nutrients even in unfavourable proportions of macronutrients (C and N). The usual assumptions for conventional biological treatment systems concerning adequate C/N ratios seem to be dubious in case of wastewater treatment in MTWs.

Postradiation carcinosarcoma of the corpus uteri--a case report

INTRODUCTION

Radiation therapy is a very effective treatment modality, commonly used for numerous gynecological malignancies, e.g. cervical cancer. Unfortunately, ionizing radiation is associated with numerous side effects, including secondary cancer formation. A case of carcinosarcoma of the corpus uteri in a woman with a history of pelvic irradiation for cervical carcinoma is reported. The literature has been reviewed to present the incidence, optimal management, and prognosis in cases of postradiation uterine carcinosarcoma.

CASE

A 55-year-old woman with a history of pelvic radiotherapy for cervical cancer five years earlier was diagnosed with a pelvic mass. Endovaginal ultrasound examination revealed a solid and cystic tumor, 12.5 cm in diameter. The patient was scheduled for surgery. Gross examination revealed an enlarged, plain corpus uteri, 12 cm in diameter. Both adnexa were normal. Pelvic and abdominal peritoneum were macroscopically normal and normal on palpation. Iliac and obturatory lymph nodes were enlarged on both sides. Radical hysterectomy, omentectomy, and ilio-obturator lymph node dissection were performed. The pathology report revealed carcinosarcoma of the corpus uteri with lymph nodes metastases--FIGO IIIC1. No adjuvant treatment was given. The patient is still alive and disease-free one year after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians should.remain conscious of the potential carcinogenic effect of radiation therapy. Uterine carcinosarcoma may occur years after radiotherapy applied for cervical cancer. Therefore, long-term control following pelvic irradiation is always necessary.

In vitro-to-in vivo correlation of the skin penetration, liver clearance and hepatotoxicity of caffeine

This work illustrates the use of Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) modelling for the healthy Caucasian population in in vitro-to-in vivo correlation of kinetic measures of caffeine skin penetration and liver clearance (based on literature experiments), as well as dose metrics of caffeine-induced measured HepaRG toxicity. We applied a simple correlation factor to quantify the in vitro and in vivo differences in the amount of caffeine permeated through the skin and concentration-time profiles of caffeine in the liver. We developed a multi-scale computational approach by linking the PBTK model with a Virtual Cell-Based Assay to relate an external oral and dermal dose with the measured in vitro HepaRG cell viability. The results revealed higher in vivo skin permeation profiles than those determined in vitro using identical exposure conditions. Liver clearance of caffeine derived from in vitro metabolism rates was found to be much slower than the optimised in vivo clearance with respect to caffeine plasma concentrations. Finally, HepaRG cell viability was shown to remain almost unchanged for external caffeine doses of 5-400 mg for both oral and dermal absorption routes. We modelled single exposure to caffeine only.

Expression of microRNAs and their target genes and pathways associated with ovarian follicle development in cattle

Development of ovarian follicles is controlled at the molecular level by several gene products whose precise expression leads to regression or ovulation of follicles. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression through sequence-specific base pairing with target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) causing translation repression or mRNA degradation. The aim of this study was to identify miRNAs expressed in theca and/or granulosa layers and their putative target genes/pathways that are involved in bovine ovarian follicle development. By using miRCURY microarray (Exiqon) we identified 14 and 49 differentially expressed miRNAs (P < 0.01) between dominant and subordinate follicles in theca and granulosa cells, respectively. The expression levels of four selected miRNAs were confirmed by qRT-PCR. To identify target prediction and pathways of differentially expressed miRNAs we used Union of Genes option in DIANA miRPath v.2.0 software. The predicted targets for these miRNAs were enriched for pathways involving oocyte meiosis, Wnt, TGF-beta, ErbB, insulin, P13K-Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways. This study identified differentially expressed miRNAs in the theca and granulosa cells of dominant and subordinate follicles and implicates them in having important roles in regulating known molecular pathways that determine the fate of ovarian follicle development.

The acute effects of daily nicotine intake on heart rate--a toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic modelling study

Joint physiologically-based toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (PBTK/TD) modelling was applied to simulate concentration-time profiles of nicotine, a well-known stimulant, in the human body following single and repeated dosing. Both kinetic and dynamic models were first calibrated by using in vivo literature data for the Caucasian population. The models were then used to estimate the blood and liver concentrations of nicotine in terms of the Area Under Curve (AUC) and the peak concentration (Cmax) for selected exposure scenarios based on inhalation (cigarette smoking), oral intake (nicotine lozenges) and dermal absorption (nicotine patches). The model simulations indicated that whereas frequent cigarette smoking gives rise to high AUC and Cmax in blood, the use of nicotine-rich dermal patches leads to high AUC and Cmax in the liver. Venous blood concentrations were used to estimate one of the most common acute effects, mean heart rate, both at rest and during exercise. These estimations showed that cigarette smoking causes a high peak heart rate, whereas dermal absorption causes a high mean heart rate over 48h. This study illustrates the potential of using PBTK/TD modelling in the safety assessment of nicotine-containing products.

The influence of high glucose and high insulin on mechanisms controlling cell cycle progression and arrest in mouse C2C12 myoblasts: the comparison with IGF-I effect

BACKGROUND

Myogenesis is susceptible to the availability of nutrients and humoral factors and suboptimal fetal environments affect the number of myofibers and muscle mass.

AIM

We examined the mechanisms regulating cell cycle progression and arrest in skeletal myoblasts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mouse C2C12 myoblasts were subjected to proliferation or induction of differentiation in the presence of high glucose and high insulin (HGHI glucose 15 mmol/l, insulin 50 nmol/l), and these effects were compared with the influence of anabolic factor for skeletal muscle, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I 30 nmol/l).

RESULTS

High glucose and high insulin, similarly to IGF-I, increased the intracellular level of cyclin A, cyclin B1 and cyclin D1 during myoblast proliferation. In HGHI-treated myoblasts, these cyclins were localized mostly in the nuclei, and the level of cdk4-bound cyclin D1 was augmented. HGHI significantly stimulated the expression of cyclin D3, total level of p21 and cdk-bound fraction of p21 in differentiating cells. The cellular level of MyoD was augmented by HGHI both in proliferating and differentiating myogenic cells.

CONCLUSIONS

High glucose and insulin modify the mechanisms controlling cell cycle progression and the onset of myogenesis by: (1) increase of cyclin A, cyclin B1 and cyclin D1 in myoblast nuclei, and stimulation of cyclin D1-cdk4 binding; (2) increase in cyclin D3 and MyoD levels, and the p21-cdk4 complexes after induction of differentiation. Hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia during fetal or postnatal life could exert effects similar to IGF-I and can be, therefore, favourable for skeletal muscle growth and regeneration.

Enteral leptin administration affects intestinal autophagy in suckling piglets

Leptin has been shown to play an integral role in the endocrine regulation of metabolism. Moreover, a substantial amount of this peptide has been found in colostrum and milk. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of exogenous leptin, administered intragastrically, on the process of autophagy and the changes in cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the small intestine mucosa. Three groups (n = 6) of neonatal piglets were used in the study. The pigs were fed either by their sows (sow-reared piglets) or with only milk formula, or with milk formula together with leptin administered via a stomach tube (10 μg/kg BW) every 8 h for 6 d. We have shown that pure milk formula feeding significantly elevates (P < 0.05) autophagy compared with that observed in sow-reared piglets. Compared with the control group, feeding milk formula supplemented with leptin resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in immunodetection of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, as well as significantly accelerated epithelial cell renewal (P < 0.05). We demonstrated that autophagy is involved in the remodeling of the small intestine mucosa and that leptin, when administered enterally, may be an important factor for its regulation.

IGF-I retards proper development of acinar structures formed by bovine mammary epithelial cells via sustained activation of Akt kinase

Insulin-like growth factor-I is involved in mammary gland development, promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Mitogenic actions of IGF-I are mainly mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. We have found that in the presence of IGF-I bovine BME-UV1 MECs cultured on reconstituted basement membrane form large spheroids with disrupted polarity and no cavity in the center. These cells showed enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, decreased level of cleaved caspase-3, and sustained proliferative activity throughout the 16-d period of 3-dimensional culture. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by a specific inhibitor of PI3K, LY294002, resulted in the restoration of the normal acinar phenotype. However, this effect was noted only when LY294002 was added in the second week of 3-dimensional culture, which corresponded with the time of cell cycle arrest and polarity formation under control conditions. Normal development of acini was also obtained when BME-UV1 cells were treated simultaneously with IGF-I and 17β-estradiol. The addition of 17β-estradiol regulated Akt activation, enabling the subsequent initiation of polarization processes. 17β-Estradiol also increased the level of IGFBP-3 protein in MECs cultured on Matrigel in the presence of IGF-I. The presented results indicate important interactions between signaling pathways activated by estrogen and IGF-I, which regulate alveologenesis in bovine mammary gland.