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Sengupta S, Basak P, Ghosh P, Pramanik A, Chakraborty A, Mukhopadhyay M, Sen A, Bhattacharyya M. Study of nano-hydroxyapatite tagged alkaline protease isolated from Himalayan sub-alpine Forest soil bacteria and role in recalcitrant feather waste degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127317. [PMID: 37820911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Purified calcium serine metalloprotease from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain SMPB12 exhibits highest enzyme activity at pH 9 and temperature range between 15 °C-25 °C. Enzyme supplemented with 40 μM Ca-Hap-NP (NP-protease) showed maximum elevated activity of 17.29 μmole/min/ml (1.9-fold of original protease activity). The thermostability of the enzyme was maintained for 1 h at 60 °C over an alkaline pH range 7.5-10, as compared to the NP untreated enzyme whose activity was of 8.97 μmole/min/ml. A significant loss of activity with EDTA (1.05 μmole/min/ml, 11.75 %), PMSF (0.93 μmole/min/ml, 10.46 %) and Hg2+ (3.81 μmole/min/ml, 42.49 %) was also observed. Kinetics study of NP-protease showed maximum decreases in Km (28.11 %) from 0.28 mM (NP untreated enzyme) to 0.22 mM (NP-protease) along with maximum increase in Vmax (42.88 %) from 1.25 μmole/min/ml to 1.79 μmole/min/ml at varying temperatures. The enhanced activity of NP-protease was able to efficiently degrade recalcitrant solid wastes like feather to produce value-added products like amino acids and helps in declogging recalcitrant solid wastes. The nano-enabled protease may be utilized in a smaller amount for degrading in bulk recalcitrant solid proteinaceous waste at 15 °C temperature as declogging agents providing an eco-friendly efficient process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shritoma Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pijush Basak
- Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Piya Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Pramanik
- Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | - Aparna Sen
- Department of Microbiology, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Bhattacharya D, Mukhopadhyay M, Shivam K, Tripathy S, Patra R, Pramanik A. Recent developments in photodynamic therapy and its application against multidrug resistant cancers. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:062005. [PMID: 37827172 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad02d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received a lot of attention for its potential use in cancer treatment. It enables the therapy of a multifocal disease with the least amount of tissue damage. The most widely used prodrug is 5-aminolevulinic acid, which undergoes heme pathway conversion to protoporphyrin IX, which acts as a photosensitizer (PS). Additionally, hematoporphyrin, bacteriochlorin, and phthalocyanine are also studied for their therapeutic potential in cancer. Unfortunately, not every patient who receives PDT experiences a full recovery. Resistance to different anticancer treatments is commonly observed. A few of the resistance mechanisms by which cancer cells escape therapeutics are genetic factors, drug-drug interactions, impaired DNA repair pathways, mutations related to inhibition of apoptosis, epigenetic pathways, etc. Recently, much research has been conducted to develop a new generation of PS based on nanomaterials that could be used to overcome cancer cells' multidrug resistance (MDR). Various metal-based, polymeric, lipidic nanoparticles (NPs), dendrimers, etc, have been utilized in the PDT application against cancer. This article discusses the detailed mechanism by which cancer cells evolve towards MDR as well as recent advances in PDT-based NPs for use against multidrug-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, West Bengal 700013, India
| | - Mainak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700109, India
| | - Kumar Shivam
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
| | - Satyajit Tripathy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, 9301, South Africa
- Amity Institute of Allied Health Science, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
| | - Ranjan Patra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Arindam Pramanik
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
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Mukhopadhyay M, Ghoshal PK, Ganguly D, Chatterjee N. Tetralogy of Fallot Presenting with Superior Vena Cava Syndrome - A Rare Presentation. Heart Views 2023; 24:54-58. [PMID: 37124433 PMCID: PMC10144409 DOI: 10.4103/heartviews.heartviews_62_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) presenting with superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is an exceedingly rare scenario. The diagnosis of this condition is still a difficult task due to its unspecific clinical features and unclear recommendations for the best diagnostic tools. We report an interesting case of a 23-year-old male who was found to have TOF with the presentation of SVC syndrome after a sequential diagnosis. The timely diagnosis helped in the successful management of the patient. Through this case, we want to make clinicians aware of such a rare association and its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradip Kumar Ghoshal
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debpratim Ganguly
- Department of Medicine, Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Nandini Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Saha R, Bhattacharya D, Mukhopadhyay M. Advances in modified antimicrobial peptides as marine antifouling material. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Saha R, Mukhopadhyay M. Time-dependent electrochemical characteristics of a phenolic and non-phenolic compound in the presence of laccase/ABTS system. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275338. [PMID: 36170267 PMCID: PMC9518846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The laccase/ABTS system has found several industrial applications ranging from biodeterioration to biodegradation and bioremediation. However, the capability of the laccase/ABTS system varies depending upon the type of substrate used. Voltammetric studies involving two widely used substrates, i.e., veratryl alcohol (VA) and alkali lignin (AL), were performed to gain new insight into the electrochemical behavior of the reactions. The individual electrochemical reactions established the differential nature of the two compounds over a concentration range, along with the mediator ABTS producing a distinguishing effect on their oxidative reactions, which was further studied over a 12hour period. It was followed by the reaction of both the compounds against the laccase/ABTS system that helped verify the role of the enzyme and the mediator in the electron transfer process and elucidate the mediated oxidations carried out by laccase against the phenolic and non-phenolic substrate through the process of cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mainak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Mukhopadhyay M, Sharma VS, Sahai S, Kar A, Ganguly K. Coronary Angiography Findings among Diabetics and Non Diabetics Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Case-control Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2022. [DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2022/51629.16104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Patients with type-2 diabetes are at high risk for many Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) such as coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart failure. Aim: To evaluate the coronary angiography profile in diabetics and non diabetics presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. Materials and Methods: This case-control study comprised 200 patients (100 were diabetics and 100 were non diabetics) diagnosed with ACS based on Electrocardiography (ECG) and cardiac enzymes. Data about baseline demographic, clinical and angiographic characteristics were collected. Moreover, angiographic thrombus burden grade, Cohen and Rentrop grade for collateral circulation, and Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery(SYNTAX) score were also reported. Results: The mean number of vessel involvement was significantly higher in diabetics as opposed to non diabetics (2.1% vs. 1.5%, p-value=0.001). Left main coronary artery disease (20% vs. 10%, p-value=0.0012), osteoproximal disease (36% vs. 20%; p-value=0.032), bi/trifurcation lesion (40% vs. 22%; p-value=0.032), diffuse disease (60% vs. 30%; p-value=0.012), chronic total occlusion (16% vs. 7%; p-value=0.008), coronary calcification (22% vs. 12%; p-value=0.04), and microvascular disease (10% vs. 4%; p-value=0.02) were significantly more frequent in diabetics compared to non diabetics. Even after thrombolysis, thrombus grade 4-5 was highly observed in diabetics than non diabetics (4% vs. 0%; p-value=0.001). Grade 3 collateral circulation was less frequently developed in diabetics than non diabetics (1% vs. 4%; p-value=0.001). High SYNTAX score was highly noticed among diabetics than non diabetics (36% vs 20%; p-value=0.03). Conclusion: Diabetics with ACS had more thrombus burden of higher grade along with lesser collaterals, and higher SYNTAX score.
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Mukhopadhyay M, Mukherjee A, Basu S, Chaturvedi A, Sharma RK. Ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm due to Infective Endocarditis managed by device closure - a case report. J Cardiol Cases 2021; 25:292-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jccase.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kuila A, Mukhopadhyay M. Editorial for special issue on “Enzymatic processing of food waste for biofuel production”. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Kuila
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Banasthali Vidyapith Jaipur Rajasthan India
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Bhattacharya D, Dutta M, Mukhopadhyay M, Bhattacharyya M, Chowdhury S, Karmakar P. The protective role of metformin in autophagic status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetic patients. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1628-1639. [PMID: 32237184 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Metformin is the most common antidiabetic drug. The main objective of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of metformin in starvation-induced autophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of type 2 diabetic patients. PBMCs were isolated from 10 diabetic patients and 7 non-diabetic healthy volunteers. The autophagic puncta and markers were measured with the help of monodansylcadaverine staining and western blot. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy was also performed. No significant changes were observed in the initial autophagy marker protein levels in PBMCs of T2D after metformin treatment though diabetic PBMCs showed a high level of phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin, p62 and reduced expression of phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase and lysosomal membrane-associated protein 2, indicating a defect in autophagy. Also, induction of autophagy by tunicamycin resulted in apoptosis in diabetic PBMCs as observed by caspase-3 cleavage and reduced expression of Bcl2. Inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin rendered consistent expression of p62 indicating a defect in the final process of autophagy. Further, electron microscopic studies also confirmed massive vacuole overload and a sign of apoptotic cell death in PBMCs of diabetic patients, whereas metformin treatment reduced the number of autophagic vacuoles perhaps by lysosomal fusion. Thus, our results indicate that defective autophagy in T2D is associated with the fusion process of lysosomes which could be overcome by metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mainak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Agarpara, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Saha R, Mukhopadhyay M. Elucidation of the decolorization of Congo Red by Trametes versicolor laccase in presence of ABTS through cyclic voltammetry. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 135:109507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mukhopadhyay M, Roy S, Bera M, Bhattacharya G. Severe OSA Leading to Long Pauses in 24-h Holter ECG Reversed with CPAP. Curr Cardiol Rev 2020; 16:341-349. [PMID: 31820702 PMCID: PMC7903514 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666191210115404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sleep-related problems like sleep apnea are increasing tremendously mostly owing to the disordered lifestyle the present generation is leading which is added like a topping on the base of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The burden on the society is huge taking into consideration the work-time loss and health-related financial issues arising out of these sleep disorders with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) leading the way. Early diagnosis can prevent several complications of OSA. Cardiovascular diseases, including various arrhythmias, arising due to OSA, are described previously. CASE PRESENTATION Herein, an interesting case of OSA, whose pacemaker installation to rectify the long pause could be avoided by simple correction of his OSA using continuous positive airway pressure, is presented. This 49-year-old male patient was diagnosed with severe OSA by using polysomnography and all his significant sinus pauses (highest one with 7.8 sec) during holter ECG monitoring were found to be occurring at night and correcting his OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment reverted all those sinus pauses and the need for any further intervention with pacemaker was discarded. DISCUSSION OSA is caused by either partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway, and there is the simultaneously attenuated upper airway dilator muscle tone while the patient is sleeping. The gold standard test designed for the assessment of OSA is polysomnography, as approved by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and CPAP has been found to be universally beneficial in treating OSA related complications. Physiologically, the ACC/AHA guidelines recommend pacing only in patients with prolonged asymptomatic pauses occurring during wakefulness. This case report proved the above mentioned claim of CPAP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayak Roy
- Address correspondence to this author at the MEDICA Superspecialty Hospital, 127 Mukundapur, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, Pin: 700099, India; E-mail:
| | - Mridul Bera
- Charnock Hospital, RGM 2103, Tegharia Major Arterial Road, Dhalipara, Tegharia, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 7000157, India; MEDICA Superspecialty Hospital, 127 Mukundapur, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, Pin: 700099, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, 120, 1, Andul Road, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, PIN - 711103India
| | - Guruprasad Bhattacharya
- Charnock Hospital, RGM 2103, Tegharia Major Arterial Road, Dhalipara, Tegharia, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 7000157, India; MEDICA Superspecialty Hospital, 127 Mukundapur, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, Pin: 700099, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, 120, 1, Andul Road, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, PIN - 711103India
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Bhattacharya D, Ghosh B, Mukhopadhyay M. Development of nanotechnology for advancement and application in wound healing: a review. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:778-785. [PMID: 31625517 PMCID: PMC8676206 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a series of different dynamic and complex phenomena. Many studies have been carried out based on the type and severity of wounds. However, to recover wounds faster there are no suitable drugs available, which are highly stable, less expensive as well as has no side effects. Nanomaterials have been proven to be the most promising agent for faster wound healing among all the other wound healing materials. This review briefly discusses the recent developments of wound healing by nanotechnology, their applicability and advantages. Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical, optical, and biological properties. Some of them can be directly applied for wound healing or some of them can be incorporated into scaffolds to create hydrogel matrix or nanocomposites, which promote wound healing through their antimicrobial, as well as selective anti- and pro-inflammatory, and proangiogenic properties. Owing to their high surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have not only been used for drug delivery vectors but also can affect wound healing by influencing collagen deposition and realignment and provide approaches for skin tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Biva Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, 81 Nilgunj Road, Kolkata 700109, West Bengal, India
| | - Mainak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, 81 Nilgunj Road, Kolkata 700109, West Bengal, India
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Sen A, Das C, Mukhopadhyay M, Mukhopadhyay S, Deb S, Mukhopadhyay B. Cytohistological correlation in pituitary tumor and immunological assessment with the help of Ki-67. J Postgrad Med 2019; 63:96-99. [PMID: 27779153 PMCID: PMC5414435 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.192797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumors of the pituitary gland and sellar region represent approximately 10–15% of all brain tumors. Pituitary adenoma (PA), the most common pathology of the pituitary gland, can be effectively subclassified only with the help of immunohistochemistry (IHC). This is important and needed for individual patient management. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the study was to analyze the importance of intraoperative imprint smear cytology and correlating with final histopathological diagnosis. Furthermore, to classify the different types of PA with the help of IHC, prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and growth hormone (GH) and to predict the benign, atypical, or malignant nature of the tumor with the help of prognostic marker Ki-67. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was done in 34 cases. The patients whose pituitary gland samples are referred from the endocrine and the neurosurgery department to the pathology department for histopathological examinations were selected. We have studied the clinical features, radiology and touch imprint cytology, histopathology, and IHC with the help of PRL, ACTH, GH, and Ki-67 of PA over 2 years. Results: In our study, we had 32 cases of PA of 34 cases over a span of 2 years. We have seen that there is a correlation between cytological and histological diagnosis of the subtypes of PA in 62% cases, and the Kappa statistics show a moderate extent of agreement (Kappa - 0.320, 95% confidence interval = 0.031–0.609). Ki-67 when compared to the radiological grading showed a high degree of comparability (Chi-square test: P < 0.001). All cases with invasion had a higher Ki-67. On using the Fisher's exact test, we found that the Ki-67 expression with GH-producing adenomas and ACTH-producing adenomas was comparable (P = 1.000) while in PRL-producing adenomas too this was not significant (P = 0.269). Conclusion: PA can be effectively classified with the help of IHC. Intraoperative cytology is important in diagnosing PA, but histopathology remains the gold standard in diagnosing and differentiating PA from other pathologies of the pituitary gland. The radiological grading together with immunological classification and the prognostic markers of Ki-67 is important in deciding the benign or atypical nature of the adenomas thus helping in better patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sen
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - C Das
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - M Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - S Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology, The Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - S Deb
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bangur Institute of Neurology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - B Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bhattacharya D, Mukhopadhyay M, Bhattacharyya M, Karmakar P. Is autophagy associated with diabetes mellitus and its complications? A review. EXCLI J 2018; 17:709-720. [PMID: 30190661 PMCID: PMC6123605 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder. In coming decades it will be one of the leading causes of death globally. The key factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes are cellular injuries and disorders of energy metabolism leading to severe diabetic complications. Recent studies have confirmed that autophagy plays a pivotal role in diabetes and its complications. It has been observed that autophagy regulates the normal function of pancreatic β cells and insulin-target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. This review will summarize the regulation of autophagy in diabetes and its complications, and explore how this process would emerge as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700019
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032
| | | | | | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032
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Luk AO, Li X, Zhang Y, Guo X, Jia W, Li W, Weng J, Yang W, Chan WB, Ozaki R, Tsang CC, Mukhopadhyay M, Ojha AK, Hong EG, Yoon KH, Sobrepena L, Toledo RM, Duran M, Sheu W, Q Do T, Nguyen TK, Ma RC, Kong AP, Chow CC, Tong PC, So WY, Chan JC. Quality of care in patients with diabetic kidney disease in Asia: The Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) Registry. Diabet Med 2016; 33:1230-9. [PMID: 26511783 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic kidney disease independently predicts cardiovascular disease and premature death. We examined the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD, defined as an estimated GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) ) and quality of care in a cross-sectional survey of adults (age ≥ 18 years) with Type 2 diabetes across Asia. METHODS The Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation programme is a disease-management programme implemented using an electronic portal that systematically captures clinical characteristics of all patients enrolled. Between July 2007 and December 2012, data on 28 110 consecutively enrolled patients (China: 3415, Hong Kong: 15 196, India: 3714, Korea: 1651, Philippines: 3364, Vietnam: 692, Taiwan: 78) were analysed. RESULTS In this survey, 15.9% of patients had CKD, 25.0% had microalbuminuria and 12.5% had macroalbuminuria. Patients with CKD were less likely to achieve HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) (36.0% vs. 42.3%) and blood pressure < 130/80 mmHg (20.8% vs. 35.3%), and were more likely to have retinopathy (26.2% vs. 8.7%), sensory neuropathy (29.0% vs. 7.7%), cardiovascular disease (26.6% vs. 8.7%) and self-reported hypoglycaemia (18.9% vs. 8.2%). Despite high frequencies of albuminuria (74.8%) and dyslipidaemia (93.0%) among CKD patients, only 49.0% were using renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and 53.6% were on statins. On logistic regression, old age, male gender, tobacco use, long disease duration, high HbA1c , blood pressure and BMI, and low LDL cholesterol were independently associated with CKD (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The poor control of risk factors, suboptimal use of organ-protective drugs and high frequencies of hypoglycaemia highlight major treatment gaps in patients with diabetic kidney disease in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - X Li
- Asia Diabetes Foundation, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Asia Diabetes Foundation, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - X Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - W Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - W Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J Weng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Beijing, China
| | - W Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - W B Chan
- Qualigenics Diabetes Centre, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - R Ozaki
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C C Tsang
- Alice Ho Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | - E G Hong
- Hallym University College of Medicine, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - K H Yoon
- The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Korea
| | - L Sobrepena
- Heart of Jesus Hospital, San Jose City, Philippines
| | - R M Toledo
- Senor Sto. Nino Hospital, Tarlac, Philippines
| | - M Duran
- New Bilibid Prison Hospital, Bureau of Corrections, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - W Sheu
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - T Q Do
- Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T K Nguyen
- HCMC University of Pharmaceutical and Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - R C Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A P Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C C Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - P C Tong
- Qualigenics Diabetes Centre, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W Y So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J C Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Asia Diabetes Foundation, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chatterjee N, Chatterjee C, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay M, Brahmachari R, Patar K. Pattern of Urinary Antibiograms in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Eastern India. J Assoc Physicians India 2016; 64:26-30. [PMID: 27734638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in urinary tract infections have led to emergence of 'superbugs' worldwide. Periodical review of antibiograms is of utmost importance for optimum patient benefit. OBJECTIVE To identify the spectrum of organisms responsible for urinary tract infection and evaluate the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity of the organisms. METHODS Urine samples were collected from all consecutive patients getting admitted in the medicine indoor irrespective of symptomatology. The clean-catch technique of midstream urine was used for patients able to void spontaneously while specimens of catheterized patients were obtained prior to catheter change. All samples were sent for routine examination as well as culture sensitivity tests. Descriptive statistical methods were used with the help of SPSS-15th version. RESULTS The total number of patients was 262, 160 (60.3%) were male and 102 (39.7%) female. The age of the subjects varied from 18 to 85 years. Significant bacteruria was found in 35.9% patients. The commonest organisms isolated overall were E coli (59.6%) followed by enterococcus spp (14.9%) and Klebsiella (10.6%). Among catheterized subjects apart from E coli (64%), Klebsiella was found to be commoner (12%) than Enterococcus 10%. Most Enterobactereacae showed good response to aminoglycosides, cephoperazone sulbactam and nitrofurantoin. However, organisms like Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Morganella and pseudomonas were poorly responsive to the above and required higher antibiotics like carbapenems, and polymixin B. Staph. aureus was responsive to linezolid and vancomycin only. CONCLUSIONS The progression of resistance of common urinary pathogens to higher antibiotics is an inexorable process. Our study reveals that new generation cephalosporins, quinolones and macrolides cannot keep up with the rapidity of emergence of multiresistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandan Chatterjee
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, ESI-PGIMSR Medical College, Joka, Kolkata, West Bengal
| | - Sinjan Ghosh
- Post Graduate Trainee, Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal
| | - Mainak Mukhopadhyay
- Post Graduate Trainee, Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal
| | - Ramkrishna Brahmachari
- Post Graduate Trainee, Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal
| | - Kartik Patar
- Post Graduate Trainee, Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal
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Ghosh S, Chatterjee N, Mukhopadhyay M, Brahmachari R, Maity P, Das AK. Urinary Ascites - A Consequence of Intraoperative Injury. J Assoc Physicians India 2015; 63:77-78. [PMID: 27608874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with complications after surgery often pose enormous challenges to physicians. We report the case of a young lady developing fever, oliguria and intractable ascites refererred to us after undergoing abdominal surgery. She was diagnosed subsequently to have a urinoma with urinary ascites masquerading as a case of sepsis. Percutaneous nephrostomy followed by definitive repair and reimplantation of ureter later led to subsidence of the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - A K Das
- Professor, Department of Urology, Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal
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Basu A, Biswas NM, Roy P, Maity PK, Mukhopadhyay M. Chronic Paraspinal Pain due to Multiple Aortic Aneurysms. J Assoc Physicians India 2015; 63:70-72. [PMID: 26591150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysms of the aorta are not uncommon, both of the thoracic aorta or the abdominal aorta and may be associated with congenital aortic valve diseases, cystic medial necrosis, Marfan's Syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, or atherosclerosis. We report a case of a 46 year old smoker who had developed multiple aneurysms of the aorta in both the thoracic and abdominal parts and was incidentally diagnosed on work-up of a chronic back pain associated with venous prominence on left side of chest and left arm.
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Abstract
Spontaneous rupture of the spleen with hemoperitoneum is a very rare, but serious manifestation of dengue fever (DF). We report a case of a young female who was presented with atraumatic abdominal pain, hypovolemic shock, anemia, ascites and hepatosplenomegaly with a recent history of a febrile illness. Subsequent investigations proved the presence of hemoperitoneum with spontaneous splenic rupture with seropositivity for DF. Early diagnosis and conservative management in this case resulted in a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandini Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pranab Maity
- Department of Medicine, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kartik Patar
- Department of Medicine, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Chatterjee N, Mukhopadhyay M, Ghosh S, Mondol M, Das C, Patar K. An observational study of dengue fever in a tertiary care hospital of eastern India. J Assoc Physicians India 2014; 62:224-227. [PMID: 25327063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue fever (DF) has become a significant resurgent tropical disease in the past 20 years all over the globe. The recent outbreak in West Bengal has once again underlined our failure in vector control and prevention. Our study outlines the clinical spectrum as well as the geographical expansion of the disease beyond urban confines. MATERIAL AND METHODS All patients with acute febrile illness positive for IgM antibody for Dengue virus were taken as cases. The patients were subjected to clinical examination and baseline investigations so as to fill in a structured proforma. RESULT The total number of patients were 180 of whom 92 (51.1%) were male and 88 (48.9%) were female. The maximum number of patients belonged to the age group 20-29 years (26.9%). The patients mostly hailed from Kolkata followed by Nadia, 24- Parganas(S), Murshidabad and Midnapur. The most common presentation apart from fever and bodyache were gastrointestinal symptoms. 42% patients complained of abdominal pain, 24% had vomiting, 9.6% diarrhoea. Bleeding manifestations occurred in 23% of patients. CNS features were documented 10.4%. Case fatality came out to be 3.8%. Investigations revealed thrombocytopenia in 55% and leucopenia 32.7%, transaminitis in 72% Evidence of organomegaly (22.2%) and serositis (42%) were detected. Complications included intracranial haemorrhage, DIC, pancreatitis, myocarditis and even a solitary case of splenic rupture. CONCLUSION The current outbreak was affecting both the genders equitably and mostly the younger age group from rural as well as urban areas. A febrile illness characterised by myalgia, mild bleeding and gastrointestinal symptoms, it was more or less promptly responsive to early conservative therapy like fluids, FFP and platelet transfusion where required.
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Maity PK, Chakrabarti N, Mondal M, Patar K, Mukhopadhyay M. Deep vein thrombosis: a rare signature of herpes zoster. J Assoc Physicians India 2014; 62:72-74. [PMID: 25327102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of varicella zoster Infection is known to cause manifold complications. However, deep vein thrombosis has been rarely described as an associate. Here we present the case of a young immunocompetent male with such a predicament.
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Abstract
Background: Tropical pyomyositis is characterized by suppuration within skeletal muscles, manifesting as single or multiple abscesses. Though primarily a disease of tropics, it is increasingly being reported from temperate regions in immunosuppressed patients. However, India has only few sporadic case reports. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the causative organisms, clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities, treatment protocols and outcome data in tropical pyomyositis patients. Subjects and Methods: The study was carried out in Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata over 3 years (July 2010 to June 2013). A total of 12 patients were diagnosed with tropical pyomyositis (confirmed with aspiration and culture of pus from muscle). All the investigation and treatment data were recorded systematically. Results: The presenting feature was high fever and myalgia in all 12 patients. Quadriceps femoris was the most commonly involved muscle (50%); followed by iliopsoas (25%). Culture of the aspirate showed Staphylococcus aureus in nine patients (75%), Klebsiella pneumonia in one patient (8.33%) and no growth in two patients (16.67%) even after tubercular and fungal culture. Conclusions: Tropical pyomyositis can affect immune-competent individuals. S. aureus is the most commonly cultured organism. Immediate initiation of appropriate antibiotics and surgical debridement are required to avoid complications. The prognosis remains excellent if promptly treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitoti Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mainak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Atri Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pijush Kanti Biswas
- Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nandini Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nirod Baran Debnath
- Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Abstract
The effect of lycoriside, an acylglucosyloxy alkaloid from Crinum asiaticum Linn, (family Amaryllidaceae), with or without sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside, was studied on the rate of degranulation of peritoneal mast cells of albino rats. Lycoriside, at lower concentrations (1-20 µg/ml), in vitro, produced statistically significant protection against Tween 80-induced degranulation, as also to sensitized mast cells challenged with an antigen (horse serum). It also provided protection against compound 48/80-induced degranulation of mast cells when administered in vivo (1-5 mg/kg, po). At higher concentrations (100 µg/ml and above), in vitro, however, it had a mast-cell degranulation effect per se. The addition of sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside to lycoriside did not modify the effect of the latter compound. The mechanism of the dual response elicited by lycoriside is appraised in view of a concentration-dependent anti- or prerelease effect on mast-cell mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosal
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Utpal DE, Dhritiman M, Mukhopadhyay M. Mason on a surgical mission. Med J Malaysia 2012; 67:331-332. [PMID: 23082429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Utpal
- Calcutta Medical College, 88, College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India.
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Saha M, Aich T, Das C, Mukhopadhyay M, Patar K. Medical image. Septicaemia with acute renal failure. N Z Med J 2012; 125:154-155. [PMID: 22522277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Saha
- Department of Medicine, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India.
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Singh AK, Mukhopadhyay M. Olive oil glycerolysis with an immobilized lipase Candida antarctica in a solvent free system. Grasas y Aceites 2012. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.094811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kuila A, Mukhopadhyay M, Tuli DK, Banerjee R. Accessibility of Enzymatically Delignified Bambusa bambos for Efficient Hydrolysis at Minimum Cellulase Loading: An Optimization Study. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:805795. [PMID: 21904671 PMCID: PMC3166577 DOI: 10.4061/2011/805795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, Bambusa bambos was used for optimization of enzymatic pretreatment and saccharification. Maximum enzymatic delignification achieved was 84%, after 8 h of incubation time. Highest reducing sugar yield from enzyme-pretreated Bambusa bambos was 818.01 mg/g dry substrate after 8 h of incubation time at a low cellulase loading (endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, exoglucanase, and xylanase were 1.63 IU/mL, 1.28 IU/mL, 0.08 IU/mL, and 47.93 IU/mL, respectively). Enzyme-treated substrate of Bambusa bambos was characterized by analytical techniques such as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR spectrum showed that the absorption peaks of several functional groups were decreased after enzymatic pretreatment. XRD analysis indicated that cellulose crystallinity of enzyme-treated samples was increased due to the removal of amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses. SEM image showed that surface structure of Bambusa bambos was distorted after enzymatic pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Kuila
- Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India
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Mukhopadhyay M, Sinha R, Pal M, Bhattacharyya S, Dan A, Roy MM. Role of common biochemical markers for the assessment of fracture union. Indian J Clin Biochem 2011; 26:274-8. [PMID: 22754192 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-011-0143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The progress of fracture union requires close monitoring. Whereas, clinical examination and radiographic studies assess the outcome, biochemical markers like serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline reflect the actual status of bone resorption and bone formation over a short time frame. 36 patients of long bone fracture were randomly allocated for the study. When the patient reported to the Department of Orthopedics after fracture, serum and urinary samples were collected and X-ray of the affected part were taken. Subsequent samples were collected and X-ray taken just after management (either operative or conservative), after 3rd, 5th, 8th and 12th week, respectively after onset of fracture. According to the course of callus formation the patients were divided into two groups that progressed to proper union or malunion. The levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary total and free hydroxyproline levels were measured and statistically analysed and compared. A statistically significant positive correlation between total urinary hydroxyproline excretion and serum alkaline phosphatase indicate progress towards satisfactory union. Thus, serial monitoring of biochemical markers of bone turnover can be used as an adjunct to clinical and radiological evidence of fracture healing.
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Kuila A, Mukhopadhyay M, Tuli D, Banerjee R. Production of ethanol from lignocellulosics: an enzymatic venture. EXCLI J 2011; 10:85-96. [PMID: 27857667 PMCID: PMC5109006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The major objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on Lantana camara for improved yield of reducing sugar and bioethanol production. An optimum enzymatic delignification (88.79 %) was achieved after 8 h of incubation. After delignification the substrate was further treated with the mixture of carbohydratases for appropriate saccharification. The enzyme treated substrate yielded maximum reducing sugar (713.33 mg/g dry substrate) after 9 h of saccharification. Monosaccharide content in the saccharified samples were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Using conventional yeast strain, 9.63 g/L bioethanol was produced from saccharified samples of Lantana camara. Structural changes of Lantana camara before and after enzymatic pretreatment were further investigated through Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Kuila
- Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 721302
| | - Mainak Mukhopadhyay
- Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 721302
| | - D.K. Tuli
- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., R & D Centre, Faridabad, India 121 007
| | - Rintu Banerjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 721302,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Rintu Banerjee, Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 721302; Tel: +91-3222-283104(O)/+91-3222-283105(R), Fax: +91-3222-282244, E-mail:
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Patra R, Mukhopadhyay B, Goswami SM, Mukhopadhyay M, Patra S. Complete diphalia with renal agenesis. J Indian Med Assoc 2011; 109:120. [PMID: 21888179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishavdeb Patra
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata 700020
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Kuila A, Singh A, Mukhopadhyay M, Banerjee R. Process optimization for aqueous extraction of reducing sugar from cashew apple bagasse: A potential, low cost substrate. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tripathy BB, Saha K, Shukla RM, Mukhopadhyay M, Mukhopadhyay B. Gastric teratoma in a female infant. J Indian Med Assoc 2010; 108:694-696. [PMID: 21510560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gastric teratoma is a rare lesion seen most often in male infants. This patient, aged one year, female was having a massive benign gastric teratoma. The size of the tumour was 22 cm x 10 cm x 8 cm and weighted 2.250 kg making it one of the largest gastric teratoma. The tumour was removed by surgery. Histopathology revealed presence of all 3 elements in the form of skin, cartilage, fibrofatty tissue, blood vessels and gland with tall columnar epithelium. Postoperative period was uneventful.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Tripathy
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, NRS Medical College, Kolkata
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Mukhopadhyay M, Mandal A, Banerjee D, Bhattacharyya SP, Mukherjee S. Effect of surfactant-perturbed nanocaging on the ground and excited state proton transfer reaction. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12543-9. [PMID: 19007198 DOI: 10.1021/jp806211v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of mixed cyclodextrin-surfactant systems on the ground and excited state proton transfer reactions of 4-methyl-2,6-diformylphenol (MFOH) in aqueous solution has been investigated by steady state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. It has been found that micellar media perturbs the solvation of MFOH and facilitates nanocaging. In the presence of micelle, MFOH preferentially resides in the interfacial region. Depending on the local pH due to compartmentalization of reaction media, normal or anionic form of MFOH dominates. Encapsulation of the probe within the cyclodextrin nanocavity enhances the shorter lifetime component of MFOH unexpectedly, which has been explained on the basis of reduced solvation and reduced dipolar effect due to confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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Thapa R, Mukhopadhyay M, Bhattacharya A. Discordance for Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in twins. Singapore Med J 2008; 49:e369-e371. [PMID: 19122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome or chondroectodermal dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by a variable spectrum of clinical findings. Classical EVC syndrome comprises a tetrad of clinical manifestations of chondrodystrophy, polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cardiac defects. It is extremely rare for EVC syndrome to occur in one of a pair of newborn twins. Review of the existing literature revealed that only one such case has been reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thapa
- Department of Paediatrics, The Institute of Child Health, 11 Dr Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata 700017, India.
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Bhattacharyya S, Mukhopadhyay M, Bhattacharyya I, Lahiri SK, Mitra PK, Dutta UK. A study on body mass index (BMI) and some biochemical parameters of the medicos with family history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and coronary heart disease. J Indian Med Assoc 2007; 105:370, 372, 374 passim. [PMID: 18178989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), coronary heart disease (CHD) is alarming; risk factors are fairly stable, passing fairly well from childhood to adulthood; genetic factors play a role. This is important to know the status of some biochemical parameters viz, fasting plasma glucose level, fasting serum insulin (FI), serum triglyceride (STG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) among the medicos with family history (FH) of DM, HT or CHD and the relationship of biochemical parameters with body mass index (BMI). Mean age of the sample (n=67) was 22 years with 76.12% males and 23.88% females; 44.78%, 29.85% and 19.40% had FH of DM, HT and CHD respectively; 8.96% had the FH of three diseases. High BMI was seen in 62.69% cases; it was significantly high among those with FH of DM (p<0.05) but not significant against HT (p>0.05) or CHD (p>0.05). All had normal fasting plasma glucose level. Positive association existed (a) between BMI with FI, LDL and HDL, FI with LDL and HDL, TG with TC, TC with LDL and HDL, LDL with HDL among those with FH of DM; (b) between BMI with FI, STG and HDL, FI with LDL and HDL, TC with LDL and HDL, LDL with HDL among those with FH of HT; (c) between BMI with FI, STG and HDL, FI with TC, LDL and HDL, TC with LDL and HDL, LDL with HDL among those with FH of CHD. Multiple correlation coefficients (R) also indicated moderate association.
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Mukhopadhyay M, Banerjee D, Mukherjee S. Excited state proton transfer in di-(2-hydroxy-3-formyl-5-tert butyl phenyl) methane and solvent effect. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2006; 64:287-95. [PMID: 16531101 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The proton transfer reaction and the spectroscopic properties of di-(2-hydroxy-3-formyl-5-tert butyl phenyl) methane (HFPM) have been examined in different nonpolar and polar solvents at room temperature and 77 K, by means of absorption, emission and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. In the ground state, the primary closed form has been identified in all the nonpolar and polar solvents and the anion is detected only in presence of base in some of the polar solvents. After photoexcitation, the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is indicated by a large Stokes shifted emission (approximately 10,600 cm-1) in all the nonpolar and polar solvents used, except in water and ethylene glycol (EG). The ESIPT band is likely to be originated from the enol tautomer of the HFPM. Two types of anion and H-bonded complex have been detected in the excited state. In water and EG, only anion and H-bonded complex have been detected in the excited state. At 77 K, HFPM shows phosphorescence in pure ethanol, and in n-hexane in presence of triethylamine. It has been suggested that the appearance of phosphorescence is due to the rotation of the formyl group. The measured nonradiative decay rates have always been found to dominate in the decay processes of the excited state of HFPM. Some semiempirical calculations have been undertaken to rationalize the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Mukhopadhyay M, Banerjee D, Koll A, Filarowski A, Mukherjee S. Proton transfer reaction of a new orthohydroxy Schiff base in some protic and aprotic solvents at room temperature and 77 K. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2005; 62:126-31. [PMID: 16257703 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ground and excited state proton transfer reactions of a new orthohydroxy Schiff base, salicylidine-3,4,7-methyl amine (SMA) has been studied by means of absorption, emission and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in some polar protic and aprotic solvents at room temperature and 77K. The spectral behavior of SMA has been investigated both in neutral and basic conditions. The intramolecularly hydrogen bonded enol and zwitterion have been detected in pure methanol and ethanol, the anion is detected in basic condition. At 77K, SMA shows phosphorescence in pure methanol and ethanol. From nanosecond measurements and quantum yields of fluorescence, we have estimated the decay rates of proton transfer reaction in methanol and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Mukhopadhyay M, Banerjee D, Koll A, Mandal A, Filarowski A, Fitzmaurice D, Das R, Mukherjee S. Excited state intermolecular proton transfer and caging of salicylidine-3,4,7-methyl amine in cyclodextrins. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kar M, Saha I, Kar JK, Mukhopadhyay M. Wandering ascaris coming out through the T-tube tract--a rare occurrence. J Indian Med Assoc 2004; 102:168-9. [PMID: 15473279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A case of ascariasis of the common bile duct in the postoperative period of cholecystectomy and choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage is reported. The living adult wandering ascaris came out through the T-tube tract immediately after removal of the T-tube. No such previous report has been found in the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Kar
- Department of Surgery, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
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Kar M, Bhattacharyya U, Laha RN, Saha I, Mukhopadhyay M. Haemobilia due to a large gall bladder polyp. J Indian Med Assoc 2003; 101:554-5. [PMID: 15168995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A 61-year-old male presented with recurrent bouts of haematemesis and melaena for last 10 days. On examination, he was found anaemic and had jaundice and a mass felt in the right hypochondrium. He required multiple blood transfusions. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopic (OGD) evaluation demonstrated no lesion, no fresh bleeding noticed from ampulla of Vater. Ultrasonographic evaluation demonstrated a heterogeneous mass within the gall bladder lumen with a chink of free lumen between the mass and gall bladder wall and also dilated biliary tract. Laparotomy confirmed mass within the gall bladder lumen without any lymph node involvement at porta or any liver metastasis, and had dilated common bile duct. Cholecystectomy was carried out. The cut section of the gall bladder showed a polypoid mass (5.5 cm x 4 cm) projecting inside lumen having a haemorrhagic spot on irregular surface and which was attached with fundus of the gall bladder through a small stalk. Choledochotomy showed only blood clots within the duct-choledochoduodenostomy was also done. Histopathological examination showed adenomatous polyp with foci of carcinoma in-situ or ly without any evidence of local metastasis. Follow-up was uneventful till after 11 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Kar
- Department of Surgery, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 700014
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Mukhopadhyay M, Pelka P, DeSousa D, Kablar B, Schindler A, Rudnicki MA, Campos AR. Cloning, genomic organization and expression pattern of a novel Drosophila gene, the disco-interacting protein 2 (dip2), and its murine homolog. Gene 2002; 293:59-65. [PMID: 12137943 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and initial characterization of a novel gene encoding the Disco interacting protein 2 (Dip2). dip2 DNA complementary to RNA (cDNA) showed a high degree of sequence similarity to cDNAs of unknown function previously identified in humans and Caenorhabditis elegans. We have cloned the mouse homolog of the dip2 cDNA and characterized the expression of this gene by Northern blotting analysis and in situ hybridization to whole mount embryos. Our observations demonstrate that there is a remarkable degree of sequence conservation at the dip2 locus that is reflected in the nervous system-specific expression of both the Drosophila and mouse homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukhopadhyay
- National Institute of Health, Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Slow release prostaglandin pessary (propess) is compared with instant release prostaglandin gel (prostin) for the induction of labour in nulliparous women with a modified Bishop's score of less than 6. In this randomised study 50 women received prostin gel and 45 received propess. More than one dose of prostaglandin was required to achieve amniotomy more often in the propess group (53%) compared with the prostin group (34%) (P=0.03). Propess was unable to demonstrate any advantage over Prostin gel group. Propess was not cost-effective in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukhopadhyay
- The Jessop Hospital for Women, Leavygreave Road, Sheffield, UK
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Razeghi P, Mukhopadhyay M, Myers TJ, Williams JN, Moravec CS, Frazier OH, Taegtmeyer H. Myocardial tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression does not correlate with clinical indices of heart failure in patients on left ventricular assist device support. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72:2044-50. [PMID: 11789791 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)03172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical unloading with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) can improve clinical indices of heart failure and alter myocardial tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) expression, but a correlation between clinical and molecular indices has not been established. METHODS We enrolled 14 patients with end-stage heart failure treated with drugs and mechanical unloading in a protocol including the collection of myocardial tissue samples at LVAD implantation and explantation. Ten nonfailing donor hearts served as controls. TNFalpha expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Clinical indices of heart failure were retrospectively analyzed and correlated with myocardial TNFalpha expression. RESULTS Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension decreased (p < 0.01) and cardiac index (p < 0.001) increased with unloading. Abnormal values of serum sodium, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and albumin showed a trend toward normalization with mechanical unloading. TNFalpha expression was increased in 5 of 14 patients and decreased with mechanical unloading in 4 of them. Surprisingly, there was no correlation between mRNA levels of TNFalpha and any of the clinical indices studied. CONCLUSIONS Although clinical indices of heart failure improve and elevated levels of myocardial TNFalpha expression decrease with mechanical unloading, there is no correlation between the two. Thus, clinical and molecular indices of heart failure in LVAD-supported patients do not always correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Razeghi
- Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 77030, USA
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Das SC, Kapoor KN, Mukhopadhyay M. Comparative evaluation of hydrophobicity measures for virulence determination of Staphylococcus epidermidis from hospitalized patients & healthy individuals. Indian J Med Res 2001; 114:160-3. [PMID: 12025255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Hydrophobicity is one of the recognized markers for identifying pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. A number of tests are available for measuring the hydrophobic character but three tests viz., salt aggregation test (SAT), n-hexadecane adherence assay (HAA) and xylene adherence assay (XAA) are in common practice with different degrees of sensitivity. However, in the Indian context, no systematic study has been reported on the hydrophobicity of S. epidermidis. Hence, the present study was undertaken to compare the three methods for hydrophobicity measurement for identifying the pathogenic isolates of S. epidermidis. METHODS Of the 597 samples obtained from milker's and butcher's (hand and nose), hospitalized pre-operative patients (hand, nose, ear), and post-operative patients (blood) examined, 212 isolates of S. epidermidis were recovered using established laboratory procedures. The isolates were screened by the three tests viz., SAT, HAA and XAA. The identified hydrophobic isolates were further tested by mouse inoculation method. RESULTS Of the 212 S. epidermidis isolates studied, 24 (11.32%), 23 (10.84%) and 4 (1.88%) were found to be hydrophobic as detected by HAA, XAA and SAT, respectively. No isolates from apparently healthy individuals were found to be hydrophobic by SAT while 13 (8.76%) and 10 (8.24%) strains from apparently healthy individuals were detected to be hydrophobic by HAA and XAA, respectively. Seven (33.38%) isolates each were hydrophobic by HAA and XAA and 4 (22.22%) by SAT among the isolates from hospitalized post-operative patients. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The results suggested that there was no difference in the number of strains detected as hydrophobic by HAA and XAA, and any of the two tests may be used for screening the hydrophobic strains of S. epidermidis from healthy individuals and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Das
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
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Fiorenza MT, Mukhopadhyay M, Westphal H. Expression screening for Lhx3 downstream genes identifies Thg-1pit as a novel mouse gene involved in pituitary development. Gene 2001; 278:125-30. [PMID: 11707329 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thg-1pit, a novel mouse gene, was detected in a screen for genes that are differentially expressed in the developing pituitary of wild-type and Lhx3 null mutant embryos. The predicted translation product of the Thg-1pit gene contains a C-terminal TSC-box adjacent to a leucine zipper motif. These features are characteristic for the TSC-22/DIP/bun family of proteins. The onset of prominent Thg-1pit expression coincides with Lhx3 activation at early stages of pituitary development. Expression is further enhanced as cells begin to differentiate within the developing pituitary gland. No expression is observed in the pituitary rudiment of mutants that lack Lhx3 function. A possible role is thus suggested for Lhx3 activities in the regulation of Thg-1pit function during early steps of pituitary organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Fiorenza
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2790, USA
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Mukhopadhyay M, Shtrom S, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Chen L, Tsukui T, Gomer L, Dorward DW, Glinka A, Grinberg A, Huang SP, Niehrs C, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Westphal H. Dickkopf1 is required for embryonic head induction and limb morphogenesis in the mouse. Dev Cell 2001; 1:423-34. [PMID: 11702953 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(01)00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dickkopf1 (Dkk1) is a secreted protein that acts as a Wnt inhibitor and, together with BMP inhibitors, is able to induce the formation of ectopic heads in Xenopus. Here, we show that Dkk1 null mutant embryos lack head structures anterior of the midbrain. Analysis of chimeric embryos implicates the requirement of Dkk1 in anterior axial mesendoderm but not in anterior visceral endoderm for head induction. In addition, mutant embryos show duplications and fusions of limb digits. Characterization of the limb phenotype strongly suggests a role for Dkk1 both in cell proliferation and in programmed cell death. Our data provide direct genetic evidence for the requirement of secreted Wnt antagonists during embryonic patterning and implicate Dkk1 as an essential inducer during anterior specification as well as a regulator during distal limb patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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