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Utami M, Yenn TW, Alam MW, Ravindran B, Husniati, Purnama I, Salmahaminati, Hidayat H, Dhetaya FN, Salsabilla SN. Efficient photocatalytic bactericidal performance of green-synthesised TiO 2/reduced graphene oxide using banana peel extracts. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26636. [PMID: 38420369 PMCID: PMC10901103 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the fabrication of titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/rGO) utilising banana peel extracts (Musa paradisiaca L.) as a reducing agent for the photoinactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was explored. The GO synthesis was conducted using a modified Tour method, whereas the production of rGO involved banana peel extracts through a reflux method. The integration of TiO2 into rGO was achieved via a hydrothermal process. The successful synthesis of TiO2/rGO was verified through various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas sorption analysis (GSA), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The results indicated that the hydrothermal-assisted green synthesis effectively produced TiO2/rGO with a particle size of 60.5 nm. Compared with pure TiO2, TiO2/rGO demonstrated a reduced crystallite size (88.505 nm) and an enhanced surface area (22.664 m2/g). Moreover, TiO2/rGO featured a low direct bandgap energy (3.052 eV), leading to elevated electrical conductivity and superior photoconductivity. To evaluate the biological efficacy of TiO2/rGO, photoinactivation experiments targeting E. coli and S. aureus were conducted using the disc method. Sunlight irradiation emerged as the most effective catalyst, achieving optimal inactivation results within 6 and 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisari Utami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Tong Woei Yenn
- Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia
| | - Mir Waqas Alam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Husniati
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Indra Purnama
- Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Lancang Kuning, Pekanbaru, 28266, Indonesia
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Lancang Kuning, Pekanbaru, 28266, Indonesia
| | - Salmahaminati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Habibi Hidayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Faustine Naomi Dhetaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Siva Nur Salsabilla
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
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Pratika RA, Wijaya K, Utami M, Mulijani S, Patah A, Alarifi S, Ram Mani R, Kumar Yadav K, Ravindran B, Chung WJ, Chang SW, Munusamy-Ramanujam G. The potency of hydrothermally prepared sulfated silica (SO 4/SiO 2) as a heterogeneous acid catalyst for ethanol dehydration into diethyl ether. Chemosphere 2023; 341:139822. [PMID: 37598950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The dehydration of ethanol into diethyl ether over a SO4/SiO2 catalyst was investigated. The SO4/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by the sulfation method using 1, 2, and 3 M of sulfuric acid (SS1, SS2, and SS3) via hydrothermal treatment. This study is focused on the synthesis of a SO4/SiO2 catalyst with high total acidity that can be subsequently utilized to convert ethanol into diethyl ether. The total acidity test revealed that the sulfation process increased the total acidity of SiO2. The SS2 catalyst (with 2 M sulfuric acid) displayed the highest total acidity of 7.77 mmol/g, whereas the SiO2 total acidity was only 0.11 mmol/g. Meanwhile, the SS3 catalyst (with 3 M sulfuric acid) has a lower total acidity of 7.09 mmol/g due to the distribution of sulfate groups on the surface having reached its optimum condition. The crystallinity and structure of the SS2 catalyst were not affected by the hydrothermal treatment or the sulfate process on silica. Furthermore, The SS2 catalyst characteristics in the presence of sulfate lead to a flaky surface in the morphology and non-uniform particle size. In addition, the surface area and pore volume of the SS2 catalyst decreased (482.56-172.26 m2/g) and (0.297-0.253 cc/g), respectively, because of the presence of sulfate on the silica surface. The SS2 catalyst's pore shape information explains the formation of non-uniform pore sizes and shapes. Finally, the activity and selectivity of SO4/SiO2 catalysts in the conversion of ethanol to diethyl ether yielded the highest ethanol conversion of 70.01% and diethyl ether product of 9.05% from the SS2 catalyst (the catalyst with the highest total acidity). Variations in temperature reaction conditions (175-225 °C) show an optimum reaction temperature to produce diethyl ether at 200 °C (11.36%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Ayu Pratika
- Study Program of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Indonesia
| | - Karna Wijaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Maisari Utami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Sri Mulijani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Aep Patah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravishankar Ram Mani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Taman Connaught, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Woo Jin Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Munusamy-Ramanujam
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM-IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Utami M, Wang S, Musawwa MM, Mafruhah L, Fitri M, Wijaya K, Davidraj J, Abd-Elkader OH, Yadav KK, Ravindran B, Chung W, Chang SW, Munusamy-Ramanujam G. Photocatalytic degradation of naphthol blue from Batik waste using functionalized TiO 2-based composites. Chemosphere 2023:139224. [PMID: 37336442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a first-time comparative study examining the photocatalytic activity of functionalized TiO2-based composites to eliminate naphthol blue in Batik wastewater. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was synthesized by oxidizing solid graphite using the Hummers' method followed by sonication and reduction. N-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) was synthesized from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and urea (CH₄N₂O) precursors by the sol-gel method. N-TiO2 modified RGO (RGO/NT) was synthesized using a hydrothermal method from N-TiO2 and RGO. Prepared TiO2-based composites and commercial TiO2, for comparison were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrometer (UV-Vis DRS). FTIR characterization indicated Ti-N bonding in N-TiO2 and RGO/NT. XRD patterns showed that commercial TiO2 had a rutile phase, while N-TiO2 and RGO/NT had an anatase phase with crystal sizes of 30.09, 16.28, and 12.02 nm, respectively. SEM results displayed the presence of small and glossy white N-TiO2 dispersed on the surface of RGO. Characterization using UV-Vis DRS showed that the band gap energy values for TiO2, N-TiO2, and RGO/NT were 3.25, 3.12, and 3.08 eV with absorption regions at the wavelengths of 382, 398, and 403 nm, respectively. The highest photocatalytic activity for RGO/NT for degrading naphthol blue was obtained at pH 5, with a photocatalyst mass of 60 mg, and an irradation of 15 min. Photocatalytic degradation by RGO/NT on Batik wastewater under visible light showed higher effectivity than under UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisari Utami
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia.
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Muhammad Miqdam Musawwa
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
| | - Lulu' Mafruhah
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
| | - Melinda Fitri
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
| | - Karna Wijaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Omar H Abd-Elkader
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do,16227, South Korea.
| | - Woojin Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do,16227, South Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do,16227, South Korea
| | - Ganesh Munusamy-Ramanujam
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division, Interdisciplinary Ins Titute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM-IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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Utami M, Wang S, Musawwa MM, Purbaningtias TE, Fitri M, Yuspita I, Abd-Elkader OH, Yadav KK, Munusamy-Ramanujam G, Bang D, Chang SW, Balasubramani R. Simultaneous photocatalytic removal of organic dye and heavy metal from textile wastewater over N-doped TiO 2 on reduced graphene oxide. Chemosphere 2023; 332:138882. [PMID: 37164194 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) and hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) are hazardous pollutants in textile waste and cannot be completely removed using conventional methods. So far, there have been no specific studies examining the synthesis and activity of N-TiO2/rGO as a photocatalyst for removing MB and Cr(VI) from textile wastewater. This work especially highlights the synthesis of N-TiO2/rGO as a photocatalyst which exhibits a wider range of light absorption and is highly effective for simultaneous removal of MB-Cr(VI) under visible light. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) was used as the precursor for N-TiO2 synthesis using the sol-gel method. Graphite was oxidized using Hummer's method and reduced with hydrazine to produce rGO. N-TiO2/rGO was synthesized using a hydrothermal process and then analyzed using several characterization instruments. The X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) showed that the anatase N-TiO2/rGO phase was detected at the diffraction peak of 2θ = 25.60°. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (SEM-EDS and TEM) dispersive X-ray spectrometry images show that N-TiO2 particles adhere to the surface of rGO with uniform size and N and Ti elements are present in the N-TiO2/rGO combined investigated. Gas absorption analysis data (GSA) shows that N-TiO2/rGO had a surface area of 77.449 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.335 cc/g, and a pore size of 8.655 nm. The thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) curve showed the anatase phase at 500-780 °C with a weight loss of 0.85%. The N-TiO2/rGO composite showed a good photocatalyst application. The photocatalytic activity of N-TiO2/rGO for textile wastewater treatment under visible light showed higher effectiveness than ultraviolet light, with 97.92% for MB and 97.48% for Cr(VI). Combining N-TiO2 with rGO is proven to increase the light coverage in the visible light region. Removal of MB and Cr(VI) can be carried out simultaneously and results in a removal efficiency of 95.96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisari Utami
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia.
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Muhammad Miqdam Musawwa
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Tri Esti Purbaningtias
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Melinda Fitri
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Indah Yuspita
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Omar H Abd-Elkader
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India
| | - Ganesh Munusamy-Ramanujam
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM-IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Donggyu Bang
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Ravindran Balasubramani
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, South Korea.
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Utami M, Zahra’ HA, Khoirunisa, Dewi TA. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO 2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The composite of magnetic activated carbon derived from peanut shells functionalized titanium dioxide (Fe3O4/TiO2/AC) has been successfully synthesized. The composite was employed to remove indigosol green and Cr(vi) under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. In this work, the activated carbon was synthesized from a sustainable source of peanut shell by carbonization and activation method employing NaOH as the activating agent. Magnetite was prepared by chemical co-precipitation technique using FeCl3·6H2O and FeSO4·7H2O, and then, the deposition of TiO2 was performed under ultrasonic irradiation. A variety of material characterization, consisting of Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, was used to analyze the physicochemical properties of the composite. The effects of pH, irradiation time, and composite mass during optimization performance were investigated. The characterizations represent the dispersed TiO2 in the anatase phase with the existence of magnetic particles. The activity tests revealed the superiority of the composite for applications involving adsorption and photocatalysis under visible light source compared to UV light. It was found that Fe3O4/TiO2/AC yields the efficiency for the removal of indigosol green and Cr(vi) from Batik liquid waste of 92.91 and 76.92%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisari Utami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia , Yogyakarta , 55584 , Indonesia
| | - Hasna’ Azizah Zahra’
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia , Yogyakarta , 55584 , Indonesia
| | - Khoirunisa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia , Yogyakarta , 55584 , Indonesia
| | - Tania Amara Dewi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia , Yogyakarta , 55584 , Indonesia
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Utami M, Setiawan P, Izul Falah I, Suheryanto, Shidiq M, Wijaya K, Jarin T, Sumathijones C, Abd- Elkader OH, O H Abd-Elkader M, Woong Chang S, Ravindran B. Synthesis of biodiesel from castor oil catalyzed by sodium hydroxide dispersed on bentonite. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2022; 53:102526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Utami M, Trisunaryanti W, Shida K, Tsushida M, Kawakita H, Ohto K, Wijaya K, Tominaga M. Hydrothermal preparation of a platinum-loaded sulphated nanozirconia catalyst for the effective conversion of waste low density polyethylene into gasoline-range hydrocarbons. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41392-41401. [PMID: 35541575 PMCID: PMC9076478 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08834b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A platinum-loaded sulphated nanozirconia (Pt/nano ZrO2–SO4) bifunctional metal–acid catalyst was synthesized using a hydrothermal process. The nano ZrO2–SO4 was initially prepared by dispersing the nano ZrO2 in H2SO4, followed by wet impregnation via heating in an aqueous PtCl4 solution. This material was subsequently calcined and reduced under hydrogen gas to produce the catalyst. The Pt/nano ZrO2–SO4 was found to be a highly active, selective and stable solid acid catalyst for the conversion of waste low density polyethylene (LDPE) to high value hydrocarbons. The catalytic activity and stability of this material were evaluated during the hydrocracking of waste LDPE while optimizing the reaction temperature, time and catalyst-to-feed ratio. The activity of catalyst prepared by hydrothermal was attributed to highly dispersion of Pt species interacting with the support and inhibition of the agglomeration process. The impregnation method of hydrothermal generated highly active and selective catalyst with Pt loads of 1 wt%. The hydrocracking of waste LDPE over Pt/nanoZrO2–SO4 at 250 °C for 60 min with a catalyst-to-feed proportion of 1 wt% gave the largest gasoline fraction. A Pt/nano ZrO2–SO4 bifunctional metal–acid catalyst was synthesized using a hydrothermal process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisari Utami
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta 55584 Indonesia.,Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
| | - Wega Trisunaryanti
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
| | - Kenji Shida
- Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | | | - Hidetaka Kawakita
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Saga University Saga 840-8502 Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohto
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Saga University Saga 840-8502 Japan
| | - Karna Wijaya
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
| | - Masato Tominaga
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Saga University Saga 840-8502 Japan
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