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Cháirez-Ramírez MH, de la Cruz-López KG, García-Carrancá A. Polyphenols as Antitumor Agents Targeting Key Players in Cancer-Driving Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:710304. [PMID: 34744708 PMCID: PMC8565650 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.710304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols constitute an important group of natural products that are traditionally associated with a wide range of bioactivities. These are usually found in low concentrations in natural products and are now available in nutraceuticals or dietary supplements. A group of polyphenols that include apigenin, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, EGCG, and kaempferol have been shown to regulate signaling pathways that are central for cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Here, we describe novel mechanistic insights on the effect of this group of polyphenols on key elements of the signaling pathways impacting cancer. We describe the protein modifications induced by these polyphenols and their effect on the central elements of several signaling pathways including PI3K, Akt, mTOR, RAS, and MAPK and particularly those affecting the tumor suppressor p53 protein. Modifications of p53 induced by these polyphenols regulate p53 gene expression and protein levels and posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination that influence stability, subcellular location, activation of new transcriptional targets, and the role of p53 in response to DNA damage, apoptosis control, cell- cycle regulation, senescence, and cell fate. Thus, deep understanding of the effects that polyphenols have on these key players in cancer-driving signaling pathways will certainly lead to better designed targeted therapies, with less toxicity for cancer treatment. The scope of this review centers on the regulation of key elements of cancer signaling pathways by the most studied polyphenols and highlights the importance of a profound understanding of these regulations in order to improve cancer treatment and control with natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Humberto Cháirez-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen Griselda de la Cruz-López
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ojeda-Serna IE, Rocha-Guzmán NE, Gallegos-Infante JA, Cháirez-Ramírez MH, Rosas-Flores W, Pérez-Martínez JD, Moreno-Jiménez MR, González-Laredo RF. Water-in-oil organogel based emulsions as a tool for increasing bioaccessibility and cell permeability of poorly water-soluble nutraceuticals. Food Res Int 2019; 120:415-424. [PMID: 31000257 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of organogels in food and pharmaceutical sciences has several technical problems related with restricted diffusion of the drugs and lack of a proper gelator molecule. These features are important into the new product design. An alternative to improve technological properties in organogels is the use of emulsions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the behavior on bioaccessibility and permeability of bioactives loaded into organogel-based emulsions. The objective of the present experimental work was to study the physical properties of organogel-based emulsions made with vegetable oil loaded with three different bioactives (betulin, curcumin and quercetin) and the influence on their bioaccessibility. Organogels were made of canola or coconut oils and myverol as gelator (10% w/w). Water-in-oil emulsions (at 5, 10 and 12.5 wt% of water content) were prepared by mixing the melted proper organogel and water (80 °C) under high shear conditions (20,000 rpm). Micrographs, rheological tests (amplitude, frequency, temperature sweeps and creep-compliance measurements), DSC and particle size analysis were performed to samples. In vitro digestion (oral, gastric and intestinal phase), lipolysis assays, bioaccessibility and permeability tests by cell culture of Caco-2 were made. Organogels of coconut oil have shown poor emulsification properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Ojeda-Serna
- Departamento de Ings. Química y Bioquímica, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango 34080, DGO, Mexico
| | - N E Rocha-Guzmán
- Departamento de Ings. Química y Bioquímica, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango 34080, DGO, Mexico
| | - J A Gallegos-Infante
- Departamento de Ings. Química y Bioquímica, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango 34080, DGO, Mexico.
| | - M H Cháirez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ings. Química y Bioquímica, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango 34080, DGO, Mexico
| | - W Rosas-Flores
- Departamento de Ings. Química y Bioquímica, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango 34080, DGO, Mexico
| | - J D Pérez-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UASLP, Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, SLP, Mexico
| | - M R Moreno-Jiménez
- Departamento de Ings. Química y Bioquímica, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango 34080, DGO, Mexico
| | - R F González-Laredo
- Departamento de Ings. Química y Bioquímica, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango 34080, DGO, Mexico
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Cháirez-Ramírez MH, Moreno-Jiménez MR, González-Laredo RF, Gallegos-Infante JA, Rocha-Guzmán NE. Lupane-type triterpenes and their anti-cancer activities against most common malignant tumors: A review. EXCLI J 2016; 15:758-771. [PMID: 28337107 PMCID: PMC5318673 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, a great deal of interest has been motivated on plant derived compounds known as nutraceuticals. These compounds exert important beneficial activities that improve people's health status when are consumed regularly, and now they appear as a viable option to explore their possible therapeutic effects against diseases like cancer. Particularly, lupane-type triterpenes have shown great ability to modulate multiple cancer-related signaling pathways and processes, including NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, apoptosis, and many other routes related to proliferation or cell death, which are uncontrolled in malignant tumors. These investigations have promoted in vitro and in vivo studies, searching their mechanisms of action; although more research is still needed to prove its potential in human clinical trials. This review focuses on the ability of betulin, betulinic acid and lupeol to show benefits against the most common types of malignant tumors, which are considered a major global threat for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Cháirez-Ramírez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo., México
| | - M R Moreno-Jiménez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo., México
| | - R F González-Laredo
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo., México
| | - J A Gallegos-Infante
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo., México
| | - Nuria Elizabeth Rocha-Guzmán
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo., México
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Cháirez-Ramírez MH, Sánchez-Burgos JA, Gomes C, Moreno-Jiménez MR, González-Laredo RF, Bernad-Bernad MJ, Medina-Torres L, Ramírez-Mares MV, Gallegos-Infante JA, Rocha-Guzmán NE. Morphological and release characterization of nanoparticles formulated with poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and lupeol: In vitro permeability and modulator effect on NF-κB in Caco-2 cell system stimulated with TNF-α. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 85:2-9. [PMID: 26260749 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lupeol exhibits anti-inflammatory effects; unfortunately it shows low water solubility. An alternative to overcome this is the development of nanomaterials. Several methods for nanomaterial production are available. One of them is emulsification/solvent-evaporation. The objective of the present work was to evaluate physical properties, transport and in vitro modulator effects on NF-κB of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with lupeol. Nanonutraceuticals were prepared with 16% (w/v) of lupeol. Size distribution and morphology were measured by particle size analyzer and TEM. In vitro release of lupeol was studied by three different models: Higuchi, Siepmann & Peppas, and Power law. Transport of nanonutraceutical was studied in a Caco-2 cell model and by GC-MS. Modulator effect on NK-κB was studied by western blot analysis. Nanonutraceuticals were 10% larger than the nanoparticles without lupeol (372 vs 337 nm) and presented a broader size distribution (0.28 vs 0.22). TEM results displayed spherical structures with a broader size distribution. Entrapment efficiency of lupeol was 64.54% and it in vitro release data fitted well to the Power law and Higuchi equation (R > 0.84-0.84). Strong regulation of NF-κB of nanonutraceutical was observed. It was not observed any transport across the Caco-2 cell model at the different experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Cháirez-Ramírez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote, Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | - J A Sánchez-Burgos
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote, Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | - C Gomes
- Texas A&M, Dept. of Biological and Agriculture Engineering, 201 Scoates Hall I 2117 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - M R Moreno-Jiménez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote, Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | - R F González-Laredo
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote, Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | - M J Bernad-Bernad
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Conjunto E, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - L Medina-Torres
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Conjunto E, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - M V Ramírez-Mares
- Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Ave. Tecnológico 1500, Col. Lomas de Santiaguito, 58120 Morelia Mich, Mexico
| | - J A Gallegos-Infante
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote, Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo, Mexico.
| | - N E Rocha-Guzmán
- Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote, Col Nueva Vizcaya, 34080 Durango, Dgo, Mexico.
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