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Lecrenier MC, Plasman L, Cordonnier A, Baeten V. Preliminary Feed Sedimentation Step for the Sensitive and Specific Detection of Processed Animal Proteins by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:15774-15784. [PMID: 37824504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The circular economy is one of the main building blocks of the European Green Deal. In this context, the use of former foodstuffs containing ruminant gelatin was recently authorized in nonruminant feed. This minor modification makes it more challenging, if not impossible, to interpret the analytical results of the official control for animal proteins. The presence of ruminant DNA from authorized byproducts (i.e., milk and/or gelatin) may hide the use of prohibited byproducts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of sedimentation to increase the sensitivity and specificity of bovine-processed animal proteins (PAPs) detection by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Both approaches (standard versus optimized method) were evaluated by UHPLC-MS/MS on various animal feeds and samples from an interlaboratory study. The optimized method was able to achieve the adulteration level below the level of 0.1% PAPs required by the European Commission. This approach presents a simple and economical solution to improve the method without the need for new equipment or expertise since it is already in place in the control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lisa Plasman
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cordonnier
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Anselmo A, Veys P, Fumière O, Lecrenier MC, Cordonnier A, Michez D, Baeten V. Challenges related to the application of analytical methods to control insect meals in the context of European legislation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37163652 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2211677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since their approval for use in aquaculture in 2017, processed insect proteins have been extensively studied for their nutritional quality in animal feed. This new type of meal is highly promising but requires, as for other products used in animal feed, strict sanitary control in accordance with European legislation. Within this legal framework, light microscopy and PCR remain the official methods but have some analytical limitations that other methods could overcome. This paper aims to provide an overview of the European legislation concerning use of processed insect proteins, but also to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the official methods for their analysis. It also points out other analytical methods, which have already proved their worth for the analysis of processed animal proteins, which could be used as complementary methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigaël Anselmo
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
- University of Mons (UMons), Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Veys
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Olivier Fumière
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cordonnier
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- University of Mons (UMons), Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Mons, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
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Lecrenier MC, Marien A, Veys P, Belghit I, Dieu M, Gillard N, Henrottin J, Herfurth UM, Marchis D, Morello S, Oveland E, Poetz O, Rasinger JD, Steinhilber A, Baeten V, Berben G, Fumière O. Inter-laboratory study on the detection of bovine processed animal protein in feed by LC-MS/MS-based proteomics. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lecrenier MC, Veys P, Fumière O, Berben G, Saegerman C, Baeten V. Official Feed Control Linked to the Detection of Animal Byproducts: Past, Present, and Future. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:8093-8103. [PMID: 32614586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the expansion of the human population, availability of food, and in extension of animal feed, is a big issue. Favoring a circular economy by the valorization of byproducts is a sustainable way to be more efficient. Animal byproducts are an interesting source of feed materials due to their richness in proteins of high nutritional value. Prevention and control efforts have allowed a gradual lifting of the feed ban regarding the use of animal byproducts. Nevertheless, the challenge remains the development of analytical methods enabling a distinction between authorized and unauthorized feed materials. This Review focuses on the historical and epidemiological context of the official control, the evaluation of current and foreseen legislation, and the available methods of analysis for the detection of constituents of animal origin in feedingstuffs. It also underlines the analytical limitations of the approach and discusses some prospects of novel methods to ensure food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), University of Liège (ULiège), Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal Veys
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Olivier Fumière
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Berben
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), University of Liège (ULiège), Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Belghit I, Lock EJ, Fumière O, Lecrenier MC, Renard P, Dieu M, Berntssen MHG, Palmblad M, Rasinger JD. Species-Specific Discrimination of Insect Meals for Aquafeeds by Direct Comparison of Tandem Mass Spectra. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E222. [PMID: 31067722 PMCID: PMC6562778 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect protein has the potential to become a sustainable feed ingredient for the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. In the European Union, insect derived protein is placed under the same legislation as processed animal proteins (PAP). It is therefore of interest to develop methods for regulatory use, which unambiguously identify the species origin of insect-based ingredients. We performed (i) total protein quantification of insect samples using the traditional nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25 and the sum of anhydrous amino acids, (ii) quantitative amino acid profiling and (iii) high-throughput tandem mass spectrometry to describe and differentiate 18 different commercial-grade insect meal samples derived from Hermetia illucens (8), Tenebrio molitor (5), Alphitobius diaperinus (3) and Acheta domesticus (2). In addition, we investigated and compared different protein extraction and digestion protocols for proteomic analysis. We found that irrespective of sample preparation, shotgun proteomics in combination with direct spectral comparison were able to differentiate insect meal according to their taxonomic classification. The insect specific spectral libraries created in the present work can in future be used to develop more sensitive targeted methods of insect PAP identification and quantification in commercial feed mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Belghit
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Olivier Fumière
- Centre Wallon de Recherches agronomiques (CRA-W), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | | | - Patricia Renard
- University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Marc Dieu
- University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
- University of Namur, mass spectrometry facility (MaSUN), rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Magnus Palmblad
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, 2316 Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Lecrenier MC, Baeten V, Taira A, Abbas O. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy for detecting blood meal and blood products. Talanta 2018; 189:166-173. [PMID: 30086902 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful method for protein analysis. Its sensitivity and selectivity allow its use for the detection of blood meal and blood products. This study proposes a novel approach for the detection of hemoglobin in animal feed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS). The objective was to develop a fast and easy method to detect hemoglobin powder and blood meal. Analyses were carried out on standard reference material (hemoglobin and albumin) in order to optimize SFS method conditions for hemoglobin detection. The method was then applied to protein extracts of commercial feed material and compound feed. The results showed that SFS spectra of blood meal and blood products (hemoglobin powder and plasma powder) could be used to characterize hemoglobin. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to area-normalized SFS spectra of artificially adulterated samples made it possible to define a limit of detection of hemoglobin powder or blood meal of 0.5-1% depending on the feed material. The projection in the PCA graphs of SFS spectra of real commercial compound feeds known to contain or to be free from blood-derived products showed that it was possible to discriminate samples according to the presence of hemoglobin. These results confirmed that SFS is a promising screening method for the detection of hemoglobin in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Food and Feed Quality Unit of Agricultural Product Valorisation Department - Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium; University of Liège - ULiège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Food and Feed Quality Unit of Agricultural Product Valorisation Department - Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium; Catholic University of Louvain - UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Taira
- Catholic University of Louvain - UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ouissam Abbas
- Food and Feed Quality Unit of Agricultural Product Valorisation Department - Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium
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Lecrenier MC, Planque M, Dieu M, Veys P, Saegerman C, Gillard N, Baeten V. A mass spectrometry method for sensitive, specific and simultaneous detection of bovine blood meal, blood products and milk products in compound feed. Food Chem 2017; 245:981-988. [PMID: 29287469 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feed sustainability is one of the biggest challenges for the next few years. Solutions have to be found that take feed quality and safety into account. Animal by-products are one valuable source of proteins. However, since the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, their use has been strictly regulated. The objective of this study was to propose a routine, sensitive and specific method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of blood-derived products and milk powder in feed. Contaminated aquafeeds were analysed in order to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the method. This new method meets both selectivity and sensitivity (0.1% (w/w)) requirements imposed by the European Commission for animal proteins detection methods. It offers an innovative and complementary solution for the simultaneously identification of authorised and unauthorised animal by-products such as processed animal proteins (PAPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lecrenier
- Food and Feed Quality Unit, Agricultural Product Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - M Planque
- CER Groupe, Health Department, rue du Point du jour 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Biology (URBC) - NARILIS, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - M Dieu
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Biology (URBC) - NARILIS, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium; MaSUN, Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - P Veys
- Food and Feed Quality Unit, Agricultural Product Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - N Gillard
- CER Groupe, Health Department, rue du Point du jour 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium.
| | - V Baeten
- Food and Feed Quality Unit, Agricultural Product Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Lecrenier MC, Marbaix H, Dieu M, Veys P, Saegerman C, Raes M, Baeten V. Identification of specific bovine blood biomarkers with a non-targeted approach using HPLC ESI tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 213:417-424. [PMID: 27451199 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal by-products are valuable protein sources in animal nutrition. Among them are blood products and blood meal, which are used as high-quality material for their beneficial effects on growth and health. Within the framework of the feed ban relaxation, the development of complementary methods in order to refine the identification of processed animal proteins remains challenging. The aim of this study was to identify specific biomarkers that would allow the detection of bovine blood products and processed animal proteins using tandem mass spectrometry. Seventeen biomarkers were identified: nine peptides for bovine plasma powder; seven peptides for bovine haemoglobin powder, including six peptides for bovine blood meal; and one peptide for porcine blood. They were not detected in several commercial compound feed or feed materials, such as blood by-products of other animal origins, milk-derived products and fish meal. These biomarkers could be used for developing a species-specific and blood-specific detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lecrenier
- Food and Feed Quality Unit, Agricultural Product Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - H Marbaix
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Biology (URBC) - NARILIS, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - M Dieu
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Biology (URBC) - NARILIS, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium; MaSUN, Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - P Veys
- Food and Feed Quality Unit, Agricultural Product Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - M Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Biology (URBC) - NARILIS, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - V Baeten
- Food and Feed Quality Unit, Agricultural Product Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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