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Bianchessi L, Flach E, Monacchia G, Dagleish M, Maley M, Turin L, Rocchi MS. Identification and characterisation of Gamma-herpesviruses in zoo artiodactyla. Virol J 2024; 21:49. [PMID: 38395934 PMCID: PMC10893651 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses within the γ-herpesviruses subfamily include the causative agents of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) in several species of the order Artiodactyla. MCF is a usually fatal lymphoproliferative disease affecting non-adapted host species. In adapted host species these viruses become latent and recrudesce and transmit during times of stress or immunosuppression. The undetected presence of MCF-causing viruses (MCFVs) is a risk to non-adapted hosts, especially within non-sympatric zoological collections. This study investigated the presence of MCFVs in six different zoological collections in the UK, to evaluate the presence of subclinical/latent MCFVs in carrier animals. METHODS One-hundred and thirty eight samples belonging to 54 different species of Artiodactyla were tested by Consensus Pan-herpes PCR. The positive samples were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses to understand their own evolutionary relationships and those with their hosts. RESULTS Twenty-five samples from 18 different species tested positive. All viruses but one clustered in the γ-herpesvirus family and within the Macavirus as well as the non-Macavirus groups (caprinae and alcelaphinae/hippotraginae clusters, respectively). A strong association between virus and host species was evident in the Macavirus group and clustering within the caprinae group indicated potential pathogenicity. CONCLUSION This study shows the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic MCFVs, as well as other γ-herpesviruses, in Artiodactyla species of conservation importance and allowed the identification of new herpesviruses in some non-adapted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bianchessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Milan, Italy
| | - Edmund Flach
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London (retired), Regents Park, NW1 4RY, London, UK
| | - Giulia Monacchia
- CIRM Italian Malaria Network, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mark Dagleish
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Public Health and Disease Investigation, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeleine Maley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 OPZ, Penicuik, UK
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mara Silvia Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 OPZ, Penicuik, UK
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Dagleish M, Cartney M, Watson B, Wells B, Rocchi M. Increased incidence of dogs with fatal louping ill virus infection. Vet Rec 2024; 194:155-156. [PMID: 38362973 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dagleish
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - Molly Cartney
- Vets Now Dundee, 5 King's Cross Road, Dundee, DD2 3PT
| | - Ben Watson
- South Moor Vets, Endsleigh, Ivybridge, Devon, PL21 9JL
| | - Beth Wells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ
| | - Mara Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ
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Wheelhouse N, Hearn J, Livingstone M, Flockhart A, Dagleish M, Longbottom D. Identification of Parachlamydiaceae DNA in nasal and rectal passages of healthy dairy cattle. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2642-2648. [PMID: 34932865 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The order Chlamydiales comprises a broad range of bacterial pathogens and endosymbionts, which infect a wide variety of host species. Within this order, members of the family Parachlamydiaceae, which includes Parachlamydia and Neochlamydia species, have been particularly associated with infections in both humans and cattle, including having a potential pathogenic role in cases of bovine abortion. While the route of transmission has yet to be defined, it has been hypothesised that asymptomatic carriage and contamination of the immediate environment may be a route of inter-animal transmission. We investigated the asymptomatic carriage of Chlamydia-related organisms in healthy cattle. METHODS & RESULTS DNA was isolated from nasal and rectal swabs obtained from 38 healthy dairy heifers. A Chlamydiales sp. 16S rRNA qPCR was performed on each sample. A total of 18/38 nasal samples and all 38/38 rectal samples were identified as positive for Chlamydiales sp. Each positive sample was sequenced confirming the presence of DNA belonging to the Parachlamydiaceae. CONCLUSIONS The presence of Parachlamydiaceae DNA in nasal and rectal swab samples of healthy cattle provides evidence for the asymptomatic carriage of parachlamydial organisms within cattle. SIGNIFICANCE & IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides evidence of potential routes of environmental contamination that could provide a route for inter-animal and animal transmission of Parachlamydiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wheelhouse
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack Hearn
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Allen Flockhart
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Rocchi
- Surveillance Unit; Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Madeleine Maley
- Surveillance Unit; Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Mark Dagleish
- Surveillance Unit; Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Brian Boag
- The James Hutton Institute; Invergowrie Dundee DD2 5DA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
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6
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Rocchi M, Dagleish M, McInnes C. Tick bites and tick-transmitted diseases. Vet Rec 2018; 182:609. [PMID: 29794196 DOI: 10.1136/vr.k2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Rocchi
- The Moredun Research, Institute Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ
| | - Mark Dagleish
- The Moredun Research, Institute Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ
| | - Colin McInnes
- The Moredun Research, Institute Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ
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Livingstone M, Wheelhouse N, Ensor H, Rocchi M, Maley S, Aitchison K, Wattegedera S, Wilson K, Sait M, Siarkou V, Vretou E, Entrican G, Dagleish M, Longbottom D. Pathogenic outcome following experimental infection of sheep with Chlamydia abortus variant strains LLG and POS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177653. [PMID: 28494018 PMCID: PMC5426687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pathogenesis of two variant strains (LLG and POS) of Chlamydia abortus, in comparison to a typical wild-type strain (S26/3) which is known to be responsible for late term abortion in small ruminants. Challenge with the three strains at mid-gestation resulted in similar pregnancy outcomes, with abortion occurring in approximately 50–60% of ewes with the mean gestational lengths also being similar. However, differences were observed in the severity of placental pathology, with infection appearing milder for strain LLG, which was reflected in the lower number of organisms shed in vaginal swabs post-partum and less gross pathology and organisms present in placental smears. Results for strain POS were somewhat different than LLG with a more focal restriction of infection observed. Post-abortion antibody responses revealed prominent differences in seropositivity to the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) present in elementary body (EB) preparations under denaturing conditions, most notably with anti-LLG and anti-POS convalescent sera where there was no or reduced detection of MOMP present in EBs derived from the three strains. These results and additional analysis of whole EB and chlamydial outer membrane complex preparations suggest that there are conformational differences in MOMP for the three strains. Overall, the results suggest that gross placental pathology and clinical outcome is not indicative of bacterial colonization and the severity of infection. The results also highlight potential conformational differences in MOMP epitopes that perhaps impact on disease diagnosis and the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah Ensor
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mara Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Maley
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Aitchison
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Wilson
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Sait
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Siarkou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Vretou
- Formerly Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Madeleine Maley
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Mark Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Catherine Vick
- Milan Veterinary Practice; Somerset Road, Douglas Isle of Man IM2 5AQ
| | - Dennis Ryan
- Ennis Veterinary Clinic; Clon Road Ennis County Clare Republic of Ireland
| | - Alison Lee
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine; Belfield Dublin 4 Republic of Ireland
| | - Hanne Jahns
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine; Belfield Dublin 4 Republic of Ireland
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Abstract
Post-mortem examination is a key step in the diagnostic process of infectious diseases in sheep and goats. Diagnostic pathology deals with identification and study of lesions, at the same time providing also significant clues regarding pathogenesis of the diseases. This article reviews the salient pathological findings associated with the most significant infectious diseases of sheep and goats present in countries where small ruminants are a relevant agricultural industry. Lesions are reviewed according to the different organ systems where they occur. Emphasis has been given in the description of the salient lesional patterns than can be identified in each organ and which can be of help in the differential diagnosis of the lesions caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or prions. Finally, a review of the usefulness of ancillary tests that may be used on various tissue samples for performing an aetiological diagnosis, is included; the application of various techniques, from immunohistochemistry to molecular biology-based tests, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benavides
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - L González
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - M Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - V Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain.
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Wheelhouse N, Dagleish M. Diagnosing the causes of ruminant abortion: Where are we now? Vet J 2014; 201:243-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cope I, Wheelhouse N, Pocknell A, Dagleish M, Summers B. An unusual presentation of
Chlamydia pneumoniae
infection in a Royal Python (
Python regius
). Vet rec case rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Cope
- Department of ExoticsCambridge Vet GroupCambridgeCambridgeshireUK
| | | | | | | | - Brian Summers
- The Royal Veterinary CollegeHawkshead Lane, North MymmsHatfieldHertfordshireAL9 7TAUK
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Longbottom D, Livingstone M, Maley S, van der Zon A, Rocchi M, Wilson K, Wheelhouse N, Dagleish M, Aitchison K, Wattegedera S, Nath M, Entrican G, Buxton D. Intranasal infection with Chlamydia abortus induces dose-dependent latency and abortion in sheep. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57950. [PMID: 23469113 PMCID: PMC3585262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Latency is a key feature of the animal pathogen Chlamydia abortus, where infection remains inapparent in the non-pregnant animal and only becomes evident during a subsequent pregnancy. Often the first sign that an animal is infected is abortion occurring late in gestation. Despite this, little is understood of the underlying mechanisms that control latency or the recrudescence of infection that occurs during subsequent pregnancy. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental model of latency by mimicking the natural route of infection through the intranasal inoculation of non-pregnant sheep with C. abortus. Methodology/Principal Findings Three groups of sheep (groups 1, 2 and 3) were experimentally infected with different doses of C. abortus (5×103, 5×105 and 5×107 inclusion forming units (IFU), respectively) prior to mating and monitored over 2 breeding cycles for clinical, microbiological, pathological, immunological and serological outcomes. Two further groups received either negative control inoculum (group 4a,b) or were inoculated subcutaneously on day 70 of gestation with 2×106 IFU C. abortus (group 5). Animals in groups 1, 2 and 5 experienced an abortion rate of 50–67%, while only one animal aborted in group 3 and none in group 4a,b. Pathological, microbiological, immunological and serological analyses support the view that the maternal protective immune response is influenced by initial exposure to the bacterium. Conclusions/Significance The results show that intranasal administration of non-pregnant sheep with a low/medium dose of C. abortus results in a latent infection that leads in a subsequent pregnancy to infection of the placenta and abortion. In contrast a high dose stimulates protective immunity, resulting in a much lower abortion rate. This model will be useful in understanding the mechanisms of infection underlying latency and onset of disease, as well as in the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines for controlling infection.
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Alleaume C, Dagleish M, Cousens C. Precision-cut Lung Slices to Study the Pathogenesis of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wheelhouse N, Howie F, Gidlow J, Greub G, Dagleish M, Longbottom D. Involvement of Parachlamydia in bovine abortions in Scotland. Vet J 2012; 193:586-8. [PMID: 22341682 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine abortion represents a major animal welfare issue and a cause of substantial economic loss yet the rate of successful diagnosis remains low. Chlamydia-related organisms including Parachlamydia have recently emerged as putative cattle abortifacients. Placental tissue samples and fetal lung from bovine abortion submissions across Scotland in Spring 2011 were investigated by histopathology for the presence of suspect Chlamydia-related organisms. Evidence of Chlamydia-related organisms was observed in 21/113 (18.6%) placenta samples. Thirteen of the suspect cases and 18 histopathology negative cases were analysed by molecular and immunohistochemical methods. All samples were PCR positive for Parachlamydia but sequencing revealed high homology between identified environmental 16S sequences in all but three cases. Parachlamydial antigen was detected in 10/31 placental samples (32.2%) with pathology consistent with chlamydial infection. This work supports the need for further surveillance investigations and experimental studies to determine the role of Parachlamydia in bovine abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wheelhouse
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Haddock G, Mullin M, MacCallum A, Sherry A, Tetley L, Watson E, Dagleish M, Smith DGE, Everest P. Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 forms distinct microcolonies on in vitro-infected human small intestinal tissue prior to biofilm formation. Microbiology 2010; 156:3079-3084. [PMID: 20616103 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.039867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human small and large intestinal tissue was used to study the interaction of Campylobacter jejuni with its target tissue. The strain used for the study was 81-176 (+pVir). Tissue was processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and by immunohistochemistry for light microscopy. Organisms adhered to the apical surface of ileal tissues at all time points in large numbers, in areas where mucus was present and in distinct groups. Microcolony formation was evident at 1-2 h, with bacteria adhering to mucus on the tissue surface and to each other by flagellar interaction. At later time points (3-4 h), biofilm formation on ileal tissue was evident. Flagellar mutants did not form microcolonies or biofilms in tissue. Few organisms were observed in colonic tissue, with organisms present but not as abundant as in the ileal tissue. This study shows that C. jejuni 81-176 can form microcolonies and biofilms on human intestinal tissue and that this may be an essential step in its ability to cause diarrhoea in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Haddock
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret Mullin
- Institute of Biological and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amanda MacCallum
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aileen Sherry
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laurence Tetley
- Institute of Biological and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Mark Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - David G E Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Everest
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK
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