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Del Vecchio M, Avanzini P, Gerbella M, Costa S, Zauli FM, d'Orio P, Focacci E, Sartori I, Caruana F. Anatomo-functional basis of emotional and motor resonance elicited by facial expressions. Brain 2024:awae050. [PMID: 38365267 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulation theories predict that the observation of other's expressions modulates neural activity in the same centers controlling their production. This hypothesis has been developed by two models, postulating that the visual input is directly projected either to the motor system for action recognition (motor resonance) or to emotional/interoceptive regions for emotional contagion and social synchronization (emotional resonance). Here we investigated the role of frontal/insular regions in the processing of observed emotional expressions by combining intracranial recording, electrical stimulation and effective connectivity. First, we intracranially recorded from prefrontal, premotor or anterior insular regions of 44 patients during the passive observation of emotional expressions, finding widespread modulations in prefrontal/insular regions (anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus) and motor territories (rolandic operculum and inferior frontal junction). Subsequently, we electrically stimulated the activated sites, finding that (a) in the anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula, the stimulation elicited emotional/interoceptive responses, as predicted by the 'emotional resonance model', (b) in the rolandic operculum it evoked face/mouth sensorimotor responses, in line with the 'motor resonance' model, and (c) all other regions were unresponsive or revealed functions unrelated to the processing of facial expressions. Finally, we traced the effective connectivity to sketch a network-level description of these regions, finding that the anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula are reciprocally interconnected while the rolandic operculum is part of the parieto-frontal circuits and poorly connected with the formers. These results support the hypothesis that the pathways hypothesized by the 'emotional resonance' and the 'motor resonance' models work in parallel, differing in terms of spatio-temporal fingerprints, reactivity to electrical stimulation and connectivity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Vecchio
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Costa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Flavia Maria Zauli
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio d'Orio
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Focacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Ivana Sartori
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 43125, Parma, Italy
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2
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Rozzi S, Gravante A, Basile C, Cappellaro G, Gerbella M, Fogassi L. Ventrolateral prefrontal neurons of the monkey encode instructions in the 'pragmatic' format of the associated behavioral outcomes. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 229:102499. [PMID: 37429374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex plays an important role in coding rules and producing context-appropriate behaviors. These processes necessarily require the generation of goals based on current context. Indeed, instructing stimuli are prospectively encoded in prefrontal cortex in relation to behavioral demands, but the coding format of this neural representation is, to date, largely unknown. In order to study how instructions and behaviors are encoded in prefrontal cortex, we recorded the activity of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) ventrolateral prefrontal neurons in a task requiring to perform (Action condition) or withhold (Inaction condition) grasping actions on real objects. Our data show that there are neurons responding in different task phases, and that the neuronal population discharge is stronger in the Inaction condition when the instructing cue is presented, and in the Action condition in the subsequent phases, from object presentation to action execution. Decoding analyses performed on neuronal populations showed that the neural activity recorded during the initial phases of the task shares the same type of format with that recorded during the final phases. We propose that this format has a pragmatic nature, that is instructions and goals are encoded by prefrontal neurons as predictions of the behavioral outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Gravante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Basile
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cappellaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
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3
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Errante A, Gerbella M, Mingolla GP, Fogassi L. Activation of Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Thalamus During Observation and Execution of Mouth, hand, and foot Actions. Brain Topogr 2023:10.1007/s10548-023-00960-1. [PMID: 37133782 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-00960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Humans and monkey studies showed that specific sectors of cerebellum and basal ganglia activate not only during execution but also during observation of hand actions. However, it is unknown whether, and how, these structures are engaged during the observation of actions performed by effectors different from the hand. To address this issue, in the present fMRI study, healthy human participants were required to execute or to observe grasping acts performed with different effectors, namely mouth, hand, and foot. As control, participants executed and observed simple movements performed with the same effectors. The results show that: (1) execution of goal-directed actions elicited somatotopically organized activations not only in the cerebral cortex but also in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus; (2) action observation evoked cortical, cerebellar and subcortical activations, lacking a clear somatotopic organization; (3) in the territories displaying shared activations between execution and observation, a rough somatotopy could be revealed in both cortical, cerebellar and subcortical structures. The present study confirms previous findings that action observation, beyond the cerebral cortex, also activates specific sectors of cerebellum and subcortical structures and it shows, for the first time, that these latter are engaged not only during hand actions observation but also during the observation of mouth and foot actions. We suggest that each of the activated structures processes specific aspects of the observed action, such as performing internal simulation (cerebellum) or recruiting/inhibiting the overt execution of the observed action (basal ganglia and sensory-motor thalamus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Errante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
- Department of Diagnostics, Neuroradiology unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Gloria P Mingolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Antonio Scuro 10, 37124, Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy.
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4
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Lombardi G, Gerbella M, Marchi M, Sciutti A, Rizzolatti G, Di Cesare G. Investigating form and content of emotional and non-emotional laughing. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4164-4172. [PMID: 36089830 PMCID: PMC10068279 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
As cold actions (i.e. actions devoid of an emotional content), also emotions are expressed with different vitality forms. For example, when an individual experiences a positive emotion, such as laughing as expression of happiness, this emotion can be conveyed to others by different intensities of face expressions and body postures. In the present study, we investigated whether the observation of emotions, expressed with different vitality forms, activates the same neural structures as those involved in cold action vitality forms processing. To this purpose, we carried out a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which participants were tested in 2 conditions: emotional and non-emotional laughing both conveying different vitality forms. There are 3 main results. First, the observation of emotional and non-emotional laughing conveying different vitality forms activates the insula. Second, the observation of emotional laughing activates a series of subcortical structures known to be related to emotions. Furthermore, a region of interest analysis carried out in these structures reveals a significant modulation of the blood-oxygen-leveldependent (BOLD) signal during the processing of different vitality forms exclusively in the right amygdala, right anterior thalamus/hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray. Third, in a subsequent electromyography study, we found a correlation between the zygomatic muscles activity and BOLD signal in the right amygdala only.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo Marchi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Milan, via Comelico 39, 20135 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sciutti
- Italian Institute of Technology, Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit, via Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rizzolatti
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Volturno 39/E, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Cesare
- Corresponding author: Italian Institute of Technology, Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit, Genova, Italy.
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Milham M, Petkov C, Belin P, Ben Hamed S, Evrard H, Fair D, Fox A, Froudist-Walsh S, Hayashi T, Kastner S, Klink C, Majka P, Mars R, Messinger A, Poirier C, Schroeder C, Shmuel A, Silva AC, Vanduffel W, Van Essen DC, Wang Z, Roe AW, Wilke M, Xu T, Aarabi MH, Adolphs R, Ahuja A, Alvand A, Amiez C, Autio J, Azadi R, Baeg E, Bai R, Bao P, Basso M, Behel AK, Bennett Y, Bernhardt B, Biswal B, Boopathy S, Boretius S, Borra E, Boshra R, Buffalo E, Cao L, Cavanaugh J, Celine A, Chavez G, Chen LM, Chen X, Cheng L, Chouinard-Decorte F, Clavagnier S, Cléry J, Colcombe SJ, Conway B, Cordeau M, Coulon O, Cui Y, Dadarwal R, Dahnke R, Desrochers T, Deying L, Dougherty K, Doyle H, Drzewiecki CM, Duyck M, Arachchi WE, Elorette C, Essamlali A, Evans A, Fajardo A, Figueroa H, Franco A, Freches G, Frey S, Friedrich P, Fujimoto A, Fukunaga M, Gacoin M, Gallardo G, Gao L, Gao Y, Garside D, Garza-Villarreal EA, Gaudet-Trafit M, Gerbella M, Giavasis S, Glen D, Ribeiro Gomes AR, Torrecilla SG, Gozzi A, Gulli R, Haber S, Hadj-Bouziane F, Fujimoto SH, Hawrylycz M, He Q, He Y, Heuer K, Hiba B, Hoffstaedter F, Hong SJ, Hori Y, Hou Y, Howard A, de la Iglesia-Vaya M, Ikeda T, Jankovic-Rapan L, Jaramillo J, Jedema HP, Jin H, Jiang M, Jung B, Kagan I, Kahn I, Kiar G, Kikuchi Y, Kilavik B, Kimura N, Klatzmann U, Kwok SC, Lai HY, Lamberton F, Lehman J, Li P, Li X, Li X, Liang Z, Liston C, Little R, Liu C, Liu N, Liu X, Liu X, Lu H, Loh KK, Madan C, Magrou L, Margulies D, Mathilda F, Mejia S, Meng Y, Menon R, Meunier D, Mitchell A, Mitchell A, Murphy A, Mvula T, Ortiz-Rios M, Ortuzar Martinez DE, Pagani M, Palomero-Gallagher N, Pareek V, Perkins P, Ponce F, Postans M, Pouget P, Qian M, Ramirez J“B, Raven E, Restrepo I, Rima S, Rockland K, Rodriguez NY, Roger E, Hortelano ER, Rosa M, Rossi A, Rudebeck P, Russ B, Sakai T, Saleem KS, Sallet J, Sawiak S, Schaeffer D, Schwiedrzik CM, Seidlitz J, Sein J, Sharma J, Shen K, Sheng WA, Shi NS, Shim WM, Simone L, Sirmpilatze N, Sivan V, Song X, Tanenbaum A, Tasserie J, Taylor P, Tian X, Toro R, Trambaiolli L, Upright N, Vezoli J, Vickery S, Villalon J, Wang X, Wang Y, Weiss AR, Wilson C, Wong TY, Woo CW, Wu B, Xiao D, Xu AG, Xu D, Xufeng Z, Yacoub E, Ye N, Ying Z, Yokoyama C, Yu X, Yue S, Yuheng L, Yumeng X, Zaldivar D, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Zuo Z. Toward next-generation primate neuroscience: A collaboration-based strategic plan for integrative neuroimaging. Neuron 2022; 110:16-20. [PMID: 34731649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Open science initiatives are creating opportunities to increase research coordination and impact in nonhuman primate (NHP) imaging. The PRIMatE Data and Resource Exchange community recently developed a collaboration-based strategic plan to advance NHP imaging as an integrative approach for multiscale neuroscience.
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Gerbella M, Borra E, Pothof F, Lanzilotto M, Livi A, Fogassi L, Paul O, Orban G, Ruther P, Bonini L. Histological assessment of a chronically implanted cylindrically-shaped, polymer-based neural probe in the monkey. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33461177 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abdd11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies demonstrated the possibility to fabricate stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) probes with high channel count and great design freedom, which incorporate macro- as well as micro-electrodes offering potential benefits for the pre-surgical evaluation of drug resistant epileptic patients. These new polyimide probes allowed to record local field potentials and multi-unit activity in the macaque monkey as early as one hour after implantation, yielding stable single-unit activity for up to 26 days after implantation. The findings opened new perspectives for investigating mechanisms underlying focal epilepsy and its treatment, but before moving to possible human applications, safety data are needed. Thus, in the present study we evaluate the biocompatibility of this new neural interface by assessing post-mortem the reaction of brain tissue along and around the probe implantation site. APPROACH Three probes were implanted, independently, in the brain of one monkey (Macaca mulatta) at different times. We used specific immunostaining methods for visualizing neuronal cells and astrocytes, for measuring the extent of damage caused by the probe and for relating it with the implantation time. MAIN RESULTS The size of the region where neurons cannot be detected did not exceed the size of the probe, indicating that a complete loss of neuronal cells is only present where the probe was physically positioned in the brain. Furthermore, around the probe shank, we observed a slightly reduced number of neurons within a radius of 50 µm and a modest increase in the number of astrocytes within 100 µm. SIGNIFICANCE In the light of previous electrophysiological findings, the present biocompatibility data suggest the potential usefulness and safety of this probe for human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzio Gerbella
- University of Parma Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, ITALY
| | - Elena Borra
- University of Parma Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Emilia-Romagna, 43126, ITALY
| | - Frederick Pothof
- University of Freiburg, Germany, 79085, Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, 79085, GERMANY
| | - Marco Lanzilotto
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Verdi 8, Torino, Piemonte, 10124, ITALY
| | - Alessandro Livi
- University of Parma Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Emilia-Romagna, 43126, ITALY
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, ITALY
| | - Oliver Paul
- University of Freiburg, Germany, 79085, Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, 79085, GERMANY
| | - Guy Orban
- University of Parma Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Emilia-Romagna, 43126, ITALY
| | - Patrick Ruther
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany, 79085, Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, Freiburg, 79085, GERMANY
| | - Luca Bonini
- Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition, University of Parma Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Emilia-Romagna, 43126, ITALY
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Gerbella M, Pinardi C, Di Cesare G, Rizzolatti G, Caruana F. Two Neural Networks for Laughter: A Tractography Study. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:899-916. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Laughter is a complex motor behavior occurring in both emotional and nonemotional contexts. Here, we investigated whether the different functions of laughter are mediated by distinct networks and, if this is the case, which are the white matter tracts sustaining them. We performed a multifiber tractography investigation placing seeds in regions involved in laughter production, as identified by previous intracerebral electrical stimulation studies in humans: the pregenual anterior cingulate (pACC), ventral temporal pole (TPv), frontal operculum (FO), presupplementary motor cortex, and ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (VS/NAcc). The primary motor cortex (M1) and two subcortical territories were also studied to trace the descending projections. Results provided evidence for the existence of two relatively distinct networks. A first network, including pACC, TPv, and VS/NAcc, is interconnected through the anterior cingulate bundle, the accumbofrontal tract, and the uncinate fasciculus, reaching the brainstem throughout the mamillo-tegmental tract. This network is likely involved in the production of emotional laughter. A second network, anchored to FO and M1, projects to the brainstem motor nuclei through the internal capsule. It is most likely the neural basis of nonemotional and conversational laughter. The two networks interact throughout the pre-SMA that is connected to both pACC and FO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy
| | - C Pinardi
- Neuroradiology Department, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - G Di Cesare
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - G Rizzolatti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Parma 43125, Italy
| | - F Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Parma 43125, Italy
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Di Cesare G, Pinardi C, Carapelli C, Caruana F, Marchi M, Gerbella M, Rizzolatti G. Insula Connections With the Parieto-Frontal Circuit for Generating Arm Actions in Humans and Macaque Monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2140-2147. [PMID: 29741595 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently found that the human dorso-central insular cortex contributes to the execution and recognition of the affective component of hand actions, most likely through modulation of the activity of the parieto-frontal circuits. While the anatomical connections between the hand representation of the insula and, the parietal and frontal regions controlling reaching/grasping actions is well assessed in the monkey, it is unknown the existence of a homolog circuit in humans. In the present study, we performed a multifiber tractography investigation to trace the tracts possibly connecting the insula to the parieto-frontal circuits by locating seeds in the parietal, premotor, and prefrontal nodes of the reaching/grasping network, in both humans and monkeys. Results showed that, in both species, the insula is connected with the cortical action execution/recognition circuit by similar white matter tracts, running in parallel to the third branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the anterior segment of the arcuate fasciculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Di Cesare
- Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences (RBCS), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - C Pinardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - C Carapelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - F Caruana
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - M Marchi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Gerbella
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies (CBN), Via Barsanti, Arnesano, Italy
| | - G Rizzolatti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy
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Lanzilotto M, Ferroni CG, Livi A, Gerbella M, Maranesi M, Borra E, Passarelli L, Gamberini M, Fogassi L, Bonini L, Orban GA. Anterior Intraparietal Area: A Hub in the Observed Manipulative Action Network. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1816-1833. [PMID: 30766996 PMCID: PMC6418391 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge regarding the processing of observed manipulative actions (OMAs) (e.g., grasping, dragging, or dropping) is limited to grasping and underlying neural circuitry remains controversial. Here, we addressed these issues by combining chronic neuronal recordings along the anteroposterior extent of monkeys’ anterior intraparietal (AIP) area with tracer injections into the recorded sites. We found robust neural selectivity for 7 distinct OMAs, particularly in the posterior part of AIP (pAIP), where it was associated with motor coding of grip type and own-hand visual feedback. This cluster of functional properties appears to be specifically grounded in stronger direct connections of pAIP with the temporal regions of the ventral visual stream and the prefrontal cortex, as connections with skeletomotor related areas and regions of the dorsal visual stream exhibited opposite or no rostrocaudal gradients. Temporal and prefrontal areas may provide visual and contextual information relevant for manipulative action processing. These results revise existing models of the action observation network, suggesting that pAIP constitutes a parietal hub for routing information about OMA identity to the other nodes of the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lanzilotto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Livi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Maranesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Borra
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Lauretta Passarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Gamberini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Bonini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Guy A Orban
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
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10
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Lanzilotto M, Ferroni CG, Livi A, Gerbella M, Maranesi M, Borra E, Passarelli L, Gamberini M, Fogassi L, Bonini L, Orban GA. Erratum: Anterior Intraparietal Area: A Hub in the Observed Manipulative Action Network. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:100. [PMID: 31304960 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lanzilotto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Livi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Maranesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Borra
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, Parma, Italy
| | - Lauretta Passarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Gamberini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Bonini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, Parma, Italy
| | - Guy A Orban
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, Parma, Italy
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Abstract
Unlike emotions, which are short-lasting events accompanied by viscero-motor responses, vitality forms are continuous internal states that modulate the motor behaviors of individuals and are devoid of the autonomic modifications that characterize real emotions. Despite the importance of vitality forms in social life, only recently have neurophysiological studies been devoted to this issue. The first part of this review describes fMRI experiments, showing that the dorso-central insula is activated during the execution, the perception and the imagination of arm actions endowed with different vitality forms as well as during the hearing and the production of speech conveying vitality forms. In the second part, we address the means by which the dorso-central insula modulates the networks for controlling action execution and how the sensory and interoceptive information is conveyed to this insular sector. Finally, we present behavioral data showing the importance of vitality forms in social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Cesare
- Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies Unit, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rizzolatti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma 43125, Italy.,Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma 43125, Italy
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12
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Albertini D, Gerbella M, Lanzilotto M, Livi A, Maranesi M, Ferroni CG, Bonini L. Connectional gradients underlie functional transitions in monkey pre-supplementary motor area. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 184:101699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Borra E, Luppino G, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Rockland KS. Projections to the putamen from neurons located in the white matter and the claustrum in the macaque. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:453-467. [PMID: 31483857 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuing investigations of corticostriatal connections in rodents emphasize an intricate architecture where striatal projections originate from different combinations of cortical layers, include an inhibitory component, and form terminal arborizations which are cell-type dependent, extensive, or compact. Here, we report that in macaque monkeys, deep and superficial cortical white matter neurons (WMNs), peri-claustral WMNs, and the claustrum proper project to the putamen. WMNs retrogradely labeled by injections in the putamen (four injections in three macaques) were widely distributed, up to 10 mm antero-posterior from the injection site, mainly dorsal to the putamen in the external capsule, and below the premotor cortex. Striatally projecting labeled WMNs (WMNsST) were heterogeneous in size and shape, including a small GABAergic component. We compared the number of WMNsST with labeled claustral and cortical neurons and also estimated their proportion in relation to total WMNs. Since some WMNsST were located adjoining the claustrum, we wanted to compare results for density and distribution of striatally projecting claustral neurons (ClaST). ClaST neurons were morphologically heterogeneous and mainly located in the dorsal and anterior claustrum, in regions known to project to frontal, motor, and cingulate cortical areas. The ratio of ClaST to WMNsST was about 4:1 averaged across the four injections. These results provide new specifics on the connectional networks of WMNs in nonhuman primates, and delineate additional loops in the corticostriatal architecture, consisting of interconnections across cortex, claustralstriatal and striatally projecting WMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borra
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Luppino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Rozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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14
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Caruana F, Gerbella M, Avanzini P, Gozzo F, Pelliccia V, Mai R, Abdollahi RO, Cardinale F, Sartori I, Lo Russo G, Rizzolatti G. Motor and emotional behaviours elicited by electrical stimulation of the human cingulate cortex. Brain 2018; 141:3035-3051. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Caruana
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Gozzo
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Pelliccia
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma, Italy
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mai
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cardinale
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Sartori
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lo Russo
- Claudio Munari Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Ospedale Niguarda-Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rizzolatti
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Parma, Italy
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15
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Borra E, Ferroni CG, Gerbella M, Giorgetti V, Mangiaracina C, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Rostro-caudal Connectional Heterogeneity of the Dorsal Part of the Macaque Prefrontal Area 46. Cereb Cortex 2017; 29:485-504. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borra
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Carolina Giulia Ferroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, via Eugenio Barsanti, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Mangiaracina
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Rozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Luppino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, Parma, Italy
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16
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Ferrari PF, Gerbella M, Coudé G, Rozzi S. Two different mirror neuron networks: The sensorimotor (hand) and limbic (face) pathways. Neuroscience 2017; 358:300-315. [PMID: 28687313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of functional studies investigating mirror neurons (MNs) explored their properties in relation to hand actions, and very few investigated how MNs respond to mouth actions or communicative gestures. Since hand and mouth MNs were recorded in two partially overlapping sectors of the ventral precentral cortex of the macaque monkey, there is a general assumption that they share a same neuroanatomical network, with the parietal cortex as a main source of visual information. In the current review, we challenge this perspective and describe the connectivity pattern of mouth MN sector. The mouth MNs F5/opercular region is connected with premotor, parietal areas mostly related to the somatosensory and motor representation of the face/mouth, and with area PrCO, involved in processing gustatory and somatosensory intraoral input. Unlike hand MNs, mouth MNs do not receive their visual input from parietal regions. Such information related to face/communicative behaviors could come from the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Further strong connections derive from limbic structures involved in encoding emotional facial expressions and motivational/reward processing. These brain structures include the anterior cingulate cortex, the anterior and mid-dorsal insula, orbitofrontal cortex and the basolateral amygdala. The mirror mechanism is therefore composed and supported by at least two different anatomical pathways: one is concerned with sensorimotor transformation in relation to reaching and hand grasping within the traditional parietal-premotor circuits; the second one is linked to the mouth/face motor control and is connected with limbic structures, involved in communication/emotions and reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Ferrari
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives - Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon, 67 Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, 39 Volturno, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - M Gerbella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, 39 Volturno, 43125 Parma, Italy; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Lecce, Italy
| | - G Coudé
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives - Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon, 67 Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - S Rozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, 39 Volturno, 43125 Parma, Italy
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17
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Borra E, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Luppino G. The macaque lateral grasping network: A neural substrate for generating purposeful hand actions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:65-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Lanzilotto M, Livi A, Maranesi M, Gerbella M, Barz F, Ruther P, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G, Bonini L. Extending the Cortical Grasping Network: Pre-supplementary Motor Neuron Activity During Vision and Grasping of Objects. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:4435-4449. [PMID: 27733538 PMCID: PMC5193144 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Grasping relies on a network of parieto-frontal areas lying on the dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the hemispheres. However, the initiation and sequencing of voluntary actions also requires the contribution of mesial premotor regions, particularly the pre-supplementary motor area F6. We recorded 233 F6 neurons from 2 monkeys with chronic linear multishank neural probes during reaching–grasping visuomotor tasks. We showed that F6 neurons play a role in the control of forelimb movements and some of them (26%) exhibit visual and/or motor specificity for the target object. Interestingly, area F6 neurons form 2 functionally distinct populations, showing either visually-triggered or movement-related bursts of activity, in contrast to the sustained visual-to-motor activity displayed by ventral premotor area F5 neurons recorded in the same animals and with the same task during previous studies. These findings suggest that F6 plays a role in object grasping and extend existing models of the cortical grasping network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lanzilotto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Livi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Maranesi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition (BCSMC), 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition (BCSMC), 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Falk Barz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Ruther
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rizzolatti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition (BCSMC), 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Bonini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition (BCSMC), 43125 Parma, Italy
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19
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Grandi LC, Gerbella M. Single Neurons in the Insular Cortex of a Macaque Monkey Respond to Skin Brushing: Preliminary Data of the Possible Representation of Pleasant Touch. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:90. [PMID: 27252631 PMCID: PMC4877530 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleasant touch may serve as a foundation for affiliative behavior, providing a mechanism for the formation and maintenance of social bonds among conspecifics. In humans, this touch is usually referred to as the caress. Dynamic caressing performed on the hairy skin with a velocity of 1–10 cm/s is perceived as being pleasant and determines positive cardio-physiological effects. Furthermore, imaging human studies show that affiliative touch activates the posterior insular cortex (pIC). Recently, it was demonstrated that pleasant touch in monkeys (i.e., sweeping in a grooming-like manner) is performed with velocities similar to those characteristics of human caress (9.31 cm/s), and causes similarly positive autonomic effects, if performed with velocity of 5 cm/s and 10 cm/s, but not lower or higher. Due to similarities between the human caress and non-human primate sweeping, we investigated for the first time whether single neurons of the perisylvian regions (secondary somatosensory cortex [SII] and pIC) of a rhesus monkey can process sweeping touch differently depending on the stimulus speed. We applied stimulation with two speeds: one that optimally induces positive cardio-physiological effects in the monkey who receives it, and includes the real speed of sweep (5–15 cm/s, sweep fast), and a non-optimal speed (1–5 cm/s, sweep slow). The results show that single neurons of insular cortex differently encode the stimulus speed. In particular, even the majority of recorded somatosensory neurons (82.96%) did not discriminate the two speeds, a small set of neurons (16.59%) were modulated just during the sweep fast. These findings represent the first evidence that single neurons of the non-human primates insular cortex can code affiliative touch, highlighting the similarity between human and non-human primates’ social touch systems. This study constitutes an important starting point to carry out deeper investigation on neuronal processing of pleasant sweeping in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clara Grandi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology Unit, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology Unit, University of Parma Parma, Italy
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Jezzini A, Rozzi S, Borra E, Gallese V, Caruana F, Gerbella M. A shared neural network for emotional expression and perception: an anatomical study in the macaque monkey. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:243. [PMID: 26441573 PMCID: PMC4585325 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the insula has been described as the sensory “interoceptive cortex”. As a consequence, human brain imaging studies have focused on its role in the sensory perception of emotions. However, evidence from neurophysiological studies in non-human primates have shown that the insula is also involved in generating emotional and communicative facial expressions. In particular, a recent study demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the mid-ventral sector of the insula evoked affiliative facial expressions. The present study aimed to describe the cortical connections of this “affiliative field”. To this aim, we identified the region with electrical stimulation and injected neural tracers to label incoming and outgoing projections. Our results show that the insular field underlying emotional expression is part of a network involving specific frontal, cingulate, temporal, and parietal areas, as well as the amygdala, the basal ganglia, and thalamus, indicating that this sector of the insula is a site of integration of motor, emotional, sensory and social information. Together with our previous functional studies, this result challenges the classic view of the insula as a multisensory area merely reflecting bodily and internal visceral states. In contrast, it supports an alternative perspective; that the emotional responses classically attributed to the insular cortex are endowed with an enactive component intrinsic to each social and emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jezzini
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefano Rozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Borra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | | | - Fausto Caruana
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy ; Brain Center for Social and Motor Cognition, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy
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21
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Gerbella M, Borra E, Mangiaracina C, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Corticostriate Projections from Areas of the “Lateral Grasping Network”: Evidence for Multiple Hand-Related Input Channels. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3096-115. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gerbella M, Borra E, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Connections of the macaque Granular Frontal Opercular (GrFO) area: a possible neural substrate for the contribution of limbic inputs for controlling hand and face/mouth actions. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:59-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Borra E, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Projections from Caudal Ventrolateral Prefrontal Areas to Brainstem Preoculomotor Structures and to Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Oculomotor Loops in the Macaque. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:748-64. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Gerbella M, Baccarini M, Borra E, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Amygdalar connections of the macaque areas 45A and 45B. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:831-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Borra E, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Tonelli S, Luppino G. Projections to the Superior Colliculus From Inferior Parietal, Ventral Premotor, and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Areas Involved in Controlling Goal-Directed Hand Actions in the Macaque. Cereb Cortex 2012; 24:1054-65. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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26
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Gerbella M, Borra E, Tonelli S, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Connectional Heterogeneity of the Ventral Part of the Macaque Area 46. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:967-87. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Gerbella M, Belmalih A, Borra E, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Cortical connections of the anterior (F5a) subdivision of the macaque ventral premotor area F5. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 216:43-65. [PMID: 21132509 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We traced the cortical connections of the anterior sector (F5a) of the macaque ventral premotor (PMv) area F5 and compared them with those of the adjacent F5 sectors, F5c and F5p. F5a displays a very dense "intrinsic" connectivity with F5c and F5p, premotor connections limited to F4 and F6/pre-SMA, relatively robust prefrontal connections with areas 46v and 12, and dense connections with rostral opercular frontal areas. Outside the frontal cortex, connections of F5a are dense with the SII region, relatively robust with inferior parietal areas PFG and AIP, weak with the inferior parietal area PF, and moderate with area 24. The comparison with data from injections in F5c and F5p showed that F5a, though sharing some common parietal connections with the other F5 sectors, displays several characterizing features providing robust evidence for its connectional distinctiveness. The present study provides evidence for a general organization of the PMv similar to that of the medial and dorsal premotor cortex, with F5a representing a pre-PMv area. Specifically, the present data suggest that F5a is a privileged site of integration, in the PMv, of parietal sensory-motor signals with higher-order information originating from prefrontal, rostral frontal opercular areas, and F6/pre-SMA. The results of this integration can be then broadcasted to the adjacent F5 sectors for the generation and control of hand actions and cognitive motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzio Gerbella
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Borra E, Belmalih A, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Projections of the hand field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5 to the brainstem and spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:2570-91. [PMID: 20503428 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we first assessed that the hand motor field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5, involved in visuomotor control of hand actions, is connected to both the hand field of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the spinal cord. We then injected retroanterograde tracers in this field to completely illustrate its possible descending motor projections. In the brainstem the F5 hand motor field projects to the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC) and to sectors of the mesencephalic, pontine, and bulbar reticular formation, which are the sources of spinal projections. In the spinal cord, labeled terminals were virtually all confined to the C2-T1 segments, mostly contralaterally. At C6-T1 levels the labeling was weaker and mostly clustered laterally in the intermediate zone. At C2-C5 levels, labeled terminals were much denser and diffusely distributed over the mid-dorsal part of the intermediate zone where a propriospinal system that directly controls hand muscle motoneurons and mediates commands for the control of dexterous finger movements is located (Isa et al. [2007] Physiology 22:145-152). Thus, the F5 hand motor field has a weaker direct access and a stronger indirect access to spinal segments where hand muscle motoneurons are located, suggesting a role of this field in the generation and control of hand movements not only at the M1 level, but also at the spinal cord level. These projections may represent the neural substrate for the F5 hand motor field's role in the recovery of manual dexterity after M1 lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borra
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Parma, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, I-43100 Parma, Italy
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29
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Contini M, Baccarini M, Borra E, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Thalamic projections to the macaque caudal ventrolateral prefrontal areas 45A and 45B. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1337-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gerbella M, Belmalih A, Borra E, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Cortical Connections of the Macaque Caudal Ventrolateral Prefrontal Areas 45A and 45B. Cereb Cortex 2009; 20:141-68. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Belmalih A, Borra E, Contini M, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Multimodal architectonic subdivision of the rostral part (area F5) of the macaque ventral premotor cortex. J Comp Neurol 2009; 512:183-217. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gerbella M, Belmalih A, Borra E, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Multimodal architectonic subdivision of the caudal ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque monkey. Brain Struct Funct 2007; 212:269-301. [PMID: 17899184 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-007-0158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The caudal part of the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPF) is part of several functionally distinct domains. In the present study we combined a cyto- and a myeloarchitectonic approach with a chemoarchitectonic approach based on the distribution of SMI-32 and Calbindin immunoreactivity, to determine the number and extent of architectonically distinct areas occupying this region. Several architectonically distinct areas, completely or partially located in the caudal VLPF, were identified. Two areas are almost completely limited to the anterior bank of the inferior arcuate sulcus, a dorsal one-8/FEF-which extends also more dorsally and should represent the architectonic counterpart of the frontal eye field, and a ventral one-45B-which occupies the ventral half of the bank. Two other areas occupy the ventral prearcuate convexity cortex, a caudal one-area 8r-located just rostral to area 8/FEF and a rostral one-area 45A-which extends as far as the inferior frontal sulcus. Area 45A borders dorsally, in the proximity of the principal sulcus, with area 46 and, ventrally, with area 12. The present data show the existence of two distinct prearcuate convexity areas (8r and 45A), extending other architectonic subdivisions of the caudal VLPF and providing a new, multiarchitectonic frame of reference for this region. The present architectonic data, together with other functional and connectional data, suggest that areas 8/FEF, 45B and 8r are part of the oculomotor frontal cortex, while area 45A is a distinct entity of the VLPF domain involved in high-order processing of nonspatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzio Gerbella
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100, Parma, Italy
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Borra E, Belmalih A, Calzavara R, Gerbella M, Murata A, Rozzi S, Luppino G. Cortical Connections of the Macaque Anterior Intraparietal (AIP) Area. Cereb Cortex 2007; 18:1094-111. [PMID: 17720686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We traced the cortical connections of the anterior intraparietal (AIP) area, which is known to play a crucial role in visuomotor transformations for grasping. AIP displayed major connections with 1) areas of the inferior parietal lobule convexity, the rostral part of the lateral intraparietal area and the SII region; 2) ventral visual stream areas of the lower bank of the superior temporal sulcus and the middle temporal gyrus; and 3) the premotor area F5 and prefrontal areas 46 and 12. Additional connections were observed with the caudal intraparietal area and the ventral part of the frontal eye field. This study suggests that visuomotor transformations for object-oriented actions, processed in AIP, rely not only on dorsal visual stream information related to the object's physical properties but also on ventral visual stream information related to object identity. The identification of direct anatomical connections with the inferotemporal cortex suggests that AIP also has a unique role in linking the parietofrontal network of areas involved in sensorimotor transformations for grasping with areas involved in object recognition. Thus, AIP could represent a crucial node in a cortical circuit in which hand-related sensory and motor signals gain access to representations of object identity for tactile object recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borra
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Parma, I43100 Parma, Italy
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Belmalih A, Borra E, Contini M, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Luppino G. A multiarchitectonic approach for the definition of functionally distinct areas and domains in the monkey frontal lobe. J Anat 2007; 211:199-211. [PMID: 17623035 PMCID: PMC2375766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last century, anatomical studies have shown that the cerebral cortex can be subdivided into structurally distinct regions, giving rise to a new branch of neuroanatomy: 'architectonics'. Since then, architectonics has been often accused of being overly subjective, and its validity for the definition of functionally different cortical fields has been seriously questioned. Since the late 1980s, however, the problem of localization has become particularly important in functional studies of the primate motor cortex, because of evidence that (1) the primate motor cortex is made up of a mosaic of functionally specialized areas and (2) the human motor cortex shares several general organizational principles with the monkey motor cortex. Studies of the macaque agranular frontal cortex that used a multimodal cyto-, myelo- and immuno-architectonic approach have shown that architectonic borders can be reliably and consistently defined across different individuals, even at a qualitative level of analysis. The validity of this approach has been confirmed by its ability to localize functionally distinct areas precisely and to predict the existence of new functional areas. After more than a century, architectonics as a discipline goes far beyond its original aim of generating cortical maps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Borra
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di ParmaItaly
| | - Massimo Contini
- Dipartimento di Anatomia, Istologia e Medicina Legale, Sezione di Anatomia, Università degli studi di FirenzeItaly
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di ParmaItaly
| | - Stefano Rozzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di ParmaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Luppino
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di ParmaItaly
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