1
|
Mortensen DA, Ryan MR, Smith RG. Another step on the transgene-facilitated herbicide treadmill. Pest Manag Sci 2024. [PMID: 38527910 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Transgenic, dicamba-resistant soybean and cotton were developed to enable farmers to combat weeds that had evolved resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. The dramatic increases in dicamba use these crops facilitated have led to serious problems, including the evolution of dicamba-resistant weeds and widespread damage to susceptible crops and farming communities. Disturbingly, this pattern of dicamba use has unfolded while the total herbicide applied to soybean has nearly doubled since 2006. Without substantive changes to agricultural policy and decision making, the next 'silver-bullet' agrotechnology will likely be no more than another step on the transgene-facilitated herbicide treadmill. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Mortensen
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Matthew R Ryan
- School of Integrative Plant Science-Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Richard G Smith
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huddell AM, Thapa R, Marcillo GS, Abendroth LJ, Ackroyd VJ, Armstrong SD, Asmita G, Bagavathiannan MV, Balkcom KS, Basche A, Beam S, Bradley K, Canisares LP, Darby H, Davis AS, Devkota P, Dick WA, Evans JA, Everman WJ, de Almeida TF, Flessner ML, Fultz LM, Gailans S, Hashemi M, Haymaker J, Helmers MJ, Jordan N, Kaspar TC, Ketterings QM, Kladivko E, Kravchenko A, Law EP, Lazaro L, Leon RG, Liebert J, Lindquist J, Loria K, McVane JM, Miller JO, Mulvaney MJ, Nkongolo NV, Norsworthy JK, Parajuli B, Pelzer C, Peterson C, Poffenbarger H, Poudel P, Reiter MS, Ruark M, Ryan MR, Samuelson S, Sawyer JE, Seehaver S, Shergill LS, Upadhyaya YR, VanGessel M, Waggoner AL, Wallace JM, Wells S, White C, Wolters B, Woodley A, Ye R, Youngerman E, Needelman BA, Mirsky SB. U.S. cereal rye winter cover crop growth database. Sci Data 2024; 11:200. [PMID: 38351049 PMCID: PMC10864324 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-02996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Winter cover crop performance metrics (i.e., vegetative biomass quantity and quality) affect ecosystem services provisions, but they vary widely due to differences in agronomic practices, soil properties, and climate. Cereal rye (Secale cereale) is the most common winter cover crop in the United States due to its winter hardiness, low seed cost, and high biomass production. We compiled data on cereal rye winter cover crop performance metrics, agronomic practices, and soil properties across the eastern half of the United States. The dataset includes a total of 5,695 cereal rye biomass observations across 208 site-years between 2001-2022 and encompasses a wide range of agronomic, soils, and climate conditions. Cereal rye biomass values had a mean of 3,428 kg ha-1, a median of 2,458 kg ha-1, and a standard deviation of 3,163 kg ha-1. The data can be used for empirical analyses, to calibrate, validate, and evaluate process-based models, and to develop decision support tools for management and policy decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Huddell
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Resham Thapa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Lori J Abendroth
- USDA-ARS, Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Victoria J Ackroyd
- Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Gautam Asmita
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea Basche
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Shawn Beam
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Heather Darby
- University of Vermont Extension, St. Albans, VT, USA
| | - Adam S Davis
- USDA-ARS, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pratap Devkota
- West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Jay, FL, USA
| | - Warren A Dick
- School of Environment and Resources, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | | | - Wesley J Everman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael L Flessner
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lisa M Fultz
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Masoud Hashemi
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Haymaker
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, USA
| | - Matthew J Helmers
- Iowa Nutrient Research Center, Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas Jordan
- Agronomy and Plant Genetics Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Thomas C Kaspar
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Quirine M Ketterings
- Nutrient Management Spear Program, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eileen Kladivko
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Kravchenko
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eugene P Law
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lauren Lazaro
- Blue River Technology, and Lousiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Ramon G Leon
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Liebert
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Lindquist
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kristen Loria
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Jodie M McVane
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jarrod O Miller
- Carvel Research and Education Center, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE, USA
| | - Michael J Mulvaney
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - Jason K Norsworthy
- University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Binaya Parajuli
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC, USA
| | - Christopher Pelzer
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Cara Peterson
- Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hanna Poffenbarger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pratima Poudel
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC, USA
| | - Mark S Reiter
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, USA
| | - Matt Ruark
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew R Ryan
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Spencer Samuelson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John E Sawyer
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sarah Seehaver
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Yogendra Raj Upadhyaya
- West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Jay, FL, USA
| | - Mark VanGessel
- Carvel Research and Education Center, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE, USA
| | - Ashley L Waggoner
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John M Wallace
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Samantha Wells
- Agronomy and Plant Genetics Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Charles White
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bethany Wolters
- Department of Agriculture, Geosciences and Natural Resources, University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, TN, USA
| | - Alex Woodley
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rongzhong Ye
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC, USA
| | - Eric Youngerman
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US
| | - Brian A Needelman
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Steven B Mirsky
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Station, Beltsville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Davis JK, Cohen AD, Getman-Pickering ZL, Grab HL, Hodgden B, Maher RM, Pelzer CJ, Rangarajan A, Ryan MR, Ugine TA, Thaler JS. Agricultural soil legacy influences multitrophic interactions between crops, their pathogens and pollinators. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231453. [PMID: 38018107 PMCID: PMC10685131 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil legacy influences plant interactions with antagonists and below-ground mutualists. Plant-antagonist interactions can jeopardize plant-pollinator interactions, while soil mutualists can enhance plant-pollinator interactions. This suggests that soil legacy, either directly or mediated through plant symbionts, affects pollinators. Despite the importance of pollinators to natural and managed ecosystems, information on how soil legacy affects plant-pollinator interactions is limited. We assessed effects of soil management legacy (organic versus conventional) on floral rewards and plant interactions with wild pollinators, herbivores, beneficial fungi and pathogens. We used an observational dataset and structural equation models to evaluate hypothesized relationships between soil and pollinators, then tested observed correlations in a manipulative experiment. Organic legacy increased mycorrhizal fungal colonization and improved resistance to powdery mildew, which promoted pollinator visitation. Further, soil legacy and powdery mildew independently and interactively impacted floral traits and floral reward nutrients, which are important to pollinators. Our results indicate that pollination could be an overlooked consequence of soil legacy and suggests opportunity to develop long-term soil management plans that benefit pollinators and pollination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jules K. Davis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anna D. Cohen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Heather L. Grab
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
- School School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Blythe Hodgden
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ryan M. Maher
- School School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chris J. Pelzer
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anu Rangarajan
- School School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew R. Ryan
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Todd A. Ugine
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Thaler
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Menalled UD, Smith RG, Cordeau S, DiTommaso A, Pethybridge SJ, Ryan MR. Phylogenetic relatedness can influence cover crop-based weed suppression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17323. [PMID: 37833350 PMCID: PMC10576068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cover crops are plants grown to provide regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services in managed environments. In agricultural systems, weed suppression services from cover crops can be an important tool to promote sustainability as reliance on herbicides and tillage for weed management has caused pollution, biodiversity loss, and human health issues. However, to effectively use weed suppression services from cover crops, farmers must carefully select species that fit within their rotations and suppress their problematic weeds. Understanding how the relatedness between cover crops and weeds affects their interactions will help farmers select cover crops for targeted weed management. The phylogenetic distance between species reflects their relatedness and was studied through a series of field experiments that compared weed suppression in winter and summer cover crops with tilled controls. This study demonstrates that cover crops can reduce up to 99% of weed biomass and alter weed community structure by suppressing phylogenetically related weed species. Results also suggest that cover crop planting season can influence weed community structure since only overwintering treatments affected the phylogenetic distance of weed communities. In an applied context, these results help develop cover crop-based weed management systems, demonstrating that problematic weeds can be managed by selecting phylogenetically related cover crop species. More broadly, this study provides a framework for evaluating weed communities through a phylogenetic perspective, which provides new insight into plant interactions in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel D Menalled
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Richard G Smith
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Stephane Cordeau
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Bourgogne, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Antonio DiTommaso
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sarah J Pethybridge
- Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Matthew R Ryan
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liebert J, Benner R, Bezner Kerr R, Björkman T, De Master KT, Gennet S, Gómez MI, Hart AK, Kremen C, Power AG, Ryan MR. Farm size affects the use of agroecological practices on organic farms in the United States. Nat Plants 2022; 8:897-905. [PMID: 35864172 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic agriculture outperforms conventional agriculture across several sustainability metrics due, in part, to more widespread use of agroecological practices. However, increased entry of large-scale farms into the organic sector has prompted concerns about 'conventionalization' through input substitution, agroecosystem simplification and other changes. We examined this shift in organic agriculture by estimating the use of agroecological practices across farm size and comparing indicators of conventionalization. Results from our national survey of 542 organic fruit and vegetable farmers show that fewer agroecological practices were used on large farms, which also exhibited the greatest degree of conventionalization. Intercropping, insectary plantings and border plantings were at least 1.4 times more likely to be used on small (0.4-39 cropland ha) compared with large (≥405 cropland ha) farms, whereas reduced tillage was less likely and riparian buffers were more likely on small compared with medium (40-404 cropland ha) farms. Because decisions about management practices can drive environmental sustainability outcomes, policy should support small and medium farms that already use agroecological practices while encouraging increased use of agroecological practices on larger farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Liebert
- Soil & Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Thomas Björkman
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cornell Agritech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn Teigen De Master
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Miguel I Gómez
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Claire Kremen
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison G Power
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R Ryan
- Soil & Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Menalled UD, Adeux G, Cordeau S, Smith RG, Mirsky SB, Ryan MR. Cereal rye mulch biomass and crop density affect weed suppression and community assembly in no‐till planted soybean. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel D. Menalled
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Guillaume Adeux
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | - Stéphane Cordeau
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | - Richard G. Smith
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Steven B. Mirsky
- USDA–ARS Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Matthew R. Ryan
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bybee‐Finley KA, Cordeau S, Yvoz S, Mirsky SB, Ryan MR. Finding the right mix: a framework for selecting seeding rates for cover crop mixtures. Ecol Appl 2022; 32:e02484. [PMID: 34674351 PMCID: PMC9285019 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cover crop mixtures have the potential to provide more ecosystem services than cover crop monocultures. However, seeding rates that are typically recommended (i.e. seeding rate of monoculture divided by the number of species in the mixture) are non-optimized and often result in the competitive species dominating the mixture, and therefore limiting the amount of ecosystem services that are provided. We created an analytical framework for selecting seeding rates for cover crop mixtures that maximize multifunctionality while minimizing seed costs. The framework was developed using data from a field experiment, which included six response surface designs of two-species mixtures, as well as a factorial replacement design of three-species and four-species mixtures. We quantified intraspecific and interspecific competition among two grasses and two legume cover crop species with grass and legume representing two functional groups: pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.], sorghum sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf], sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Yield-density models were fit to estimate intraspecific and interspecific competition coefficients for each species in biculture. The hierarchy from most to least competitive was sorghum sudangrass > sunn hemp > pearl millet > cowpea. Intraspecific competition of a less competitive species was the greatest when the biculture was composed of two species in the same functional group. Competition coefficients were used to build models that estimated the biomass of each cover crop species in three-species and four-species mixtures. The competition coefficients and models were validated with an additional nine site-years testing the same cover crop mixtures. The biomass of a species in a site-year was accurately predicted 69% of the time (low root mean square error, correlation > 0.5, not biased, r2 > 0.5). Applying the framework, we designed three-species and four-species mixtures by identifying relative seeding rates that produced high biomass with high species evenness (i.e. high multifunctionality) at low seed costs based on a Pareto front analysis of 10,418 mixtures. Accounting for competition when constructing cover crop mixtures can improve the ecosystem services provided, and such an advancement is likely to lead to greater farmer adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Ann Bybee‐Finley
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems LaboratoryUSDA‐ARSBeltsvilleMaryland20705USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48915USA
| | - Stéphane Cordeau
- AgroécologieAgroSup DijonINRAEUniv. BourgogneUniv. Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonF‐21000France
| | - Séverin Yvoz
- AgroécologieAgroSup DijonINRAEUniv. BourgogneUniv. Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonF‐21000France
| | - Steven B. Mirsky
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems LaboratoryUSDA‐ARSBeltsvilleMaryland20705USA
| | - Matthew R. Ryan
- Sustainable Cropping Systems LaboratorySection of Soil and Crop SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moore VM, Schlautman B, Fei SZ, Roberts LM, Wolfe M, Ryan MR, Wells S, Lorenz AJ. Plant Breeding for Intercropping in Temperate Field Crop Systems: A Review. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:843065. [PMID: 35432391 PMCID: PMC9009171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Monoculture cropping systems currently dominate temperate agroecosystems. However, intercropping can provide valuable benefits, including greater yield stability, increased total productivity, and resilience in the face of pest and disease outbreaks. Plant breeding efforts in temperate field crops are largely focused on monoculture production, but as intercropping becomes more widespread, there is a need for cultivars adapted to these cropping systems. Cultivar development for intercropping systems requires a systems approach, from the decision to breed for intercropping systems through the final stages of variety testing and release. Design of a breeding scheme should include information about species variation for performance in intercropping, presence of genotype × management interaction, observation of key traits conferring success in intercropping systems, and the specificity of intercropping performance. Together this information can help to identify an optimal selection scheme. Agronomic and ecological knowledge are critical in the design of selection schemes in cropping systems with greater complexity, and interaction with other researchers and key stakeholders inform breeding decisions throughout the process. This review explores the above considerations through three case studies: (1) forage mixtures, (2) perennial groundcover systems (PGC), and (3) soybean-pennycress intercropping. We provide an overview of each cropping system, identify relevant considerations for plant breeding efforts, describe previous breeding focused on the cropping system, examine the extent to which proposed theoretical approaches have been implemented in breeding programs, and identify areas for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M. Moore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Virginia M. Moore,
| | | | - Shui-zhang Fei
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lucas M. Roberts
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Marnin Wolfe
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Matthew R. Ryan
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Samantha Wells
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Aaron J. Lorenz
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kissing Kucek L, Riday H, Rufener BP, Burke AN, Eagen SS, Ehlke N, Krogman S, Mirsky SB, Reberg-Horton C, Ryan MR, Wayman S, Wiering NP. Pod Dehiscence in Hairy Vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth). Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:82. [PMID: 32194580 PMCID: PMC7063115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hairy vetch, Vicia villosa (Roth), is a cover crop that does not exhibit a typical domestication syndrome. Pod dehiscence reduces seed yield and creates weed problems for subsequent crops. Breeding efforts aim to reduce pod dehiscence in hairy vetch. To characterize pod dehiscence in the species, we quantified visual dehiscence and force required to cause dehiscence among 606 genotypes grown among seven environments of the United States. To identify potential secondary selection traits, we correlated pod dehiscence with various morphological pod characteristics and field measurements. Genotypes of hairy vetch exhibited wide variation in pod dehiscence, from completely indehiscent to completely dehiscent ratings. Mean force to dehiscence also varied widely, from 0.279 to 8.97 N among genotypes. No morphological traits were consistently correlated with pod dehiscence among environments where plants were grown. Results indicated that visual ratings of dehiscence would efficiently screen against genotypes with high pod dehiscence early in the breeding process. Force to dehiscence may be necessary to identify the indehiscent genotypes during advanced stages of selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heathcliffe Riday
- Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Heathcliffe Riday,
| | - Bryce P. Rufener
- Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Allen N. Burke
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Seehaver Eagen
- Crop and Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nancy Ehlke
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Sarah Krogman
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Steven B. Mirsky
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Chris Reberg-Horton
- Crop and Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Matthew R. Ryan
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sandra Wayman
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nick P. Wiering
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Plant breeders are increasing yields and improving agronomic traits in several perennial grain crops, the first of which is now being incorporated into commercial food products. Integration strategies and management guidelines are needed to optimize production of these new crops, which differ substantially from both annual grain crops and perennial forages. To offset relatively low grain yields, perennial grain cropping systems should be multifunctional. Growing perennial grains for several years to regenerate soil health before rotating to annual crops and growing perennial grains on sloped land and ecologically sensitive areas to reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses are two strategies that can provide ecosystem services and support multifunctionality. Several perennial cereals can be used to produce both grain and forage, and these dual-purpose crops can be intercropped with legumes for additional benefits. Highly diverse perennial grain polycultures can further enhance ecosystem services, but increased management complexity might limit their adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Ryan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Steven W Culman
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Wooster
| | - Lee R DeHaan
- Kernza Domestication Program at The Land Institute, Salina, Kansas
| | - Richard C Hayes
- Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Australia
| | - Jacob M Jungers
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul
| | - Matthew G Bakker
- US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Camargo GGT, Ryan MR, Richard TL. Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Crop Production Using the Farm Energy Analysis Tool. Bioscience 2013. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
12
|
|
13
|
Egan JF, Maxwell BD, Mortensen DA, Ryan MR, Smith RG. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-resistant crops and the potential for evolution of 2,4-D-resistant weeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E37; author reply E38. [PMID: 21372267 PMCID: PMC3060243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017414108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Egan
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Bruce D. Maxwell
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717; and
| | - David A. Mortensen
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Matthew R. Ryan
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Richard G. Smith
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ryan MR, Campa H. Expanding competencies to expand capacity for doctoral and post-doctoral students in preparation for diverse careers in life sciences. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2010; 75:39-40. [PMID: 20491393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ryan
- The School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anderson WA, Pratt I, Ryan MR, Flynn A. A Probabilistic Estimation of Fluoride Intake by Infants up to the Age of 4 Months from Infant Formula Reconstituted with Tap Water in the Fluoridated Regions of Ireland. Caries Res 2004; 38:421-9. [PMID: 15316185 DOI: 10.1159/000079622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two probabilistic models were developed to estimate the acute and chronic exposure to fluoride of exclusively formula-fed infants aged 0-4 months as a result of the consumption of infant formula reconstituted with fluoridated tap water in Ireland. The estimates were based on calculated infant formula consumption and accepted body weight standards, together with reported concentrations of fluoride in infant formula powder and measured values for the fluoride content of water in Ireland. The mean acute exposure of infants to fluoride on any single day in areas served by 387 fluoridated water supplies was estimated to be between 0.11 and 0.14 mg/kg body weight depending on age group (95th percentiles 0.2 and 0.26 mg/kg b.w., respectively). These predicted intakes were well below the intake of fluoride associated with acute toxic effects, which is considered to be 5 mg fluoride (F(-))/kg body weight. The mean chronic exposure of infants to fluoride was estimated to be between 0.106 and 0.170 mg/kg b.w./day depending on body weight (95th percentiles 0.108 and 0.172 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively). This estimate described the average daily fluoride intake of infants during the first 4 months of life residing in the areas served by 226 water supplies that achieved an average yearly fluoride concentration below 1.03 mg/l. Dental fluorosis may be considered to be the only risk at these low doses and from our work it is estimated that there is a very low risk of moderate dental fluorosis of the permanent dentition in infants exposed to fluoride at these levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W A Anderson
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Lower Abbey Street, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nosology of neuroendocrine neoplasia has evolved substantially in recent years. The aim of this study was to review the authors' institutional experience and diagnostic accuracy for cytologic specimens of neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) and to identify features most suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation. METHODS The cytologic and histologic findings of 29 archival NEC in which cytology preceded biopsy or resection were compared. The study was comprised of 6 carcinoid tumors, 3 atypical carcinoid tumors, 17 high grade NEC (5 small cell, 9 large cell, and 3 mixed small/large cell), and 3 combined NEC/nonneuroendocrine carcinomas. Cytologic material was derived from 21 fine-needle aspirates (FNA), 6 bronchial brushing/washings, and 2 gastrointestinal tract brushings. RESULTS Of the 29 cases, the correct cytologic diagnosis was rendered in 11. Two cases were identified as NEC but were graded incorrectly. The remaining 16 cases were interpreted as nonsmall cell carcinoma (8 cases); diagnostic or suspicious of carcinoma, not otherwise specified (7 cases); and atypical, indeterminate for malignancy (1 case). On review, neuroendocrine features were identified in 14 of the latter 16 cases. CONCLUSIONS The cytologic diagnosis of NEC, both high and low grade, can be difficult. Because of acinus-like formations and columnar cell shapes, low grade NEC may be mistaken for adenocarcinoma. Small cell carcinomas, especially in bronchial brush and wash preparations, may be difficult to classify beyond malignant. Large cell NEC may be confused with nonneuroendocrine carcinomas because of abundant cytoplasm and nucleoli. Attention to the presence of loose cell aggregates in a background of singly dispersed cells; feathery patterns created by tumor cells clinging to capillaries; rosette formations; delicate, granular cytoplasm; inconspicuous nucleoli; molding in high grade tumors; and, most important, speckled or dusty chromatin patterns are useful in identifying neuroendocrine differentiation in cytologic specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Nicholson
- Lauren V Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jewett MA, Bombardier C, Logan AG, Psihramis KE, Wesley-James T, Mahoney JE, Luymes JJ, Ibañez D, Ryan MR, Honey RJ. A randomized controlled trial to assess the incidence of new onset hypertension in patients after shock wave lithotripsy for asymptomatic renal calculi. J Urol 1998; 160:1241-3. [PMID: 9751327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To answer the question of whether extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) induces hypertension, a prospective, randomized controlled trial of normotensive patients with asymptomatic renal calculi was designed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were randomized to receive immediate ESWL versus observation, reserving ESWL for the onset of symptoms. The rates of new onset hypertension were evaluated for both groups. RESULTS There was no observed difference in the incidence of hypertension between the treatment and observation groups. CONCLUSIONS The risk of hypertension in patients undergoing ESWL therapy is similar to that of a control cohort of initially observed asymptomatic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Jewett
- Division of Urology and University of Toronto Urolithiasis Program, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this article, the architectural and cytologic features of synovial sarcoma are described. METHODS Romanowsky- and Papanicolaou-stained fine-needle aspiration smears and corresponding hematoxylin and eosin sections were retrieved from archival material and examined by light microscopy. RESULTS Microtissue fragments comprised of spindle cells dominated smears and correlated with fibrosarcoma-like areas prevalent in tissue sections. Characteristic fascicular and whorled patterns were apparent, and matrix material representing collagenous stroma varied from fibrillary to hyalinized. Epithelial components included polygonal and rectangular cells isolated from spindle cells, gland-like formations occurring within otherwise spindle cell microtissue fragments, and clubbed, spindle cell collections lined by flattened epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Features of synovial sarcoma as defined previously by histopathology were apparent in cytologic preparations, facilitating a primary diagnosis by cytology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ryan
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ryan MR, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. Biosensor for neurotransmitter L-glutamic acid designed for efficient use of L-glutamate oxidase and effective rejection of interference. Analyst 1997; 122:1419-24. [PMID: 9474818 DOI: 10.1039/a704508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor for L-glutamic acid (Glu) was constructed by the adsorption and dip coating of L-glutamate oxidase (GluOx, 200 U ml-1 phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) onto 60-micron radius Teflon-coated Pt wire (1 mm exposed length). The enzyme was then trapped on the surface by electropolymerisation of o-phenylenediamine that also served to block electroactive interference. This procedure afforded electrodes with similar substrate sensitivity compared with the classical approach of immobilising enzyme from a solution of monomer, and represents an approximately 10,000-fold increase in the yield of biosensors from a batch of enzyme. A number of strategies were examined to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the Pt/PPD/GluOx sensors operating at 0.7 V versus SCE. Pre-coating the Pt with lipid and incorporation of the protein bovine serum albumin into the polymer matrix were found to improve the performance of the electrode. The sensors had a fast response time, high sensitivity to Glu, with an LOD of about 0.3 mumol l-1, and possessed selectivity characteristics suggesting that monitoring Glu in biological tissues in vivo may be feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ryan MR, Stastny JF, Remmers R, Pedigo MA, Cahill LA, Frable WJ. PAPNET-directed rescreening of cervicovaginal smears: a study of 101 cases of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105:711-8. [PMID: 8659445 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/105.6.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many women having cervicovaginal smears interpreted as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) ultimately prove to harbor squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL). The question is whether rare cells diagnostic of SIL are present in so-called "atypical" smears, but simply go undetected. To test whether the PAPNET Cytological Screening System, an automated system, can detect the (assumed) presence of such cells, six reviewers independently evaluated PAPNET video images generated for 101 cases conventionally diagnosed as ASCUS. Using PAPNET-identified microscopic coordinates, selected cases were then manually reviewed and reclassified according to consensus opinion. Overall, 35 cases were reclassified as SIL (22 low grade; 13 high grade). Histologic correlations showed 37 of the 101 cases conventionally interpreted as ASCUS carried tissue diagnoses of SIL, (28 low grade; 8 high grade, 1 ungraded). Using PAPNET, 24 of the 37 (65%) corresponding smears were reclassified as SIL (15 low grades; 9 high grade).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ryan
- Department of Surgical and Cytopathology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ryan MR, Murray PR. Laboratory detection of anaerobic bacteremia. Clin Lab Med 1994; 14:107-17. [PMID: 8181225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The possibility that mycobacteria may be found in blood cultures is a relatively recent discovery. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with advanced HIV infection, are often mycobacteremic with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. avium complex. Laboratory methods provide sensitive detection options for these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ryan
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Q M Srnka
- Center for Pharmacy Management and Research, University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, Memphis
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jewett MA, Bombardier C, Caron D, Ryan MR, Gray RR, St Louis EL, Witchell SJ, Kumra S, Psihramis KE. Potential for inter-observer and intra-observer variability in x-ray review to establish stone-free rates after lithotripsy. J Urol 1992; 147:559-62. [PMID: 1538428 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential for variability among observers interpreting diagnostic tests is well known but has not been well established for radiological imaging of urolithiasis. We measured the inter-observer and intra-observer variability in the reporting of plain abdominal films and tomograms from patients who had undergone extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Unlabeled copies of the plain abdominal films and tomograms for 58 patients were individually submitted to 3 different radiologists. Selected films from 25 patients were resubmitted to the same radiologists. We found differences among radiologists reporting plain abdominal films alone 52% of the time and even by the same radiologist rereading the films 24% of the time. Tomograms alone decreased the uncertainty but differences still occurred among radiologists 24% of the time and with themselves 16% of the time. When plain abdominal films and tomograms were read together there were differences among radiologists 28% of the time and with themselves 7% of the time but these were usually minor. We concluded from this study that the plain abdominal film alone was frequently difficult to interpret, resulting in uncertainty about the presence or absence of residual stone fragments. Tomograms alone or a plain abdominal film plus tomograms is superior to a plain abdominal film alone. Finally, radiological assessment with all modalities probably overestimates stone-free rates after ESWL even without consideration of the potential for reporting variability among observers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Jewett
- Division of Urology, Wellesley Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ryan MR. The pharmacy technician--an occupation in search of consensus. Am J Hosp Pharm 1989; 46:496-507. [PMID: 2719032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
These are some of the issues that warrant consideration as we examine the development of a more efficient manpower model for pharmacy. We all realize that we have reached a point in the delivery of health services where inefficiency will have a very direct impact on economic viability. It is imperative that we develop a more rational manpower model that takes advantage of appropriately trained supportive personnel who will be functioning in an environment greatly influenced by advancing technology. As we develop our manpower model, we should also understand that pharmacy is still evolving as a profession. It, too, has problems in identifying uniform standards of practice. We in academia have not yet reached agreement on the appropriate degree required to prepare individuals for the present and future practice of pharmacy. In spite of our inability to reach consensus on a number of important issues, we continue to realize an expansion of our professional roles. As these gains in professionalization continue, we will most likely see a concomitant need for growth in the support base required by pharmacists. This need will be met by either technicians or technology. One of my favorite quotes is taken from a book title by humorist and author Lewis Grizzard: Shoot Low Boys--They're Riding Shetland Ponies. Just as the imaginary speaker above was telling his companions to change their frame of reference, I believe we, too, must change our frame of reference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ryan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Phillips CS, Ryan MR, Roberts KB. Current and future delegation of pharmacy activities to technicians in Tennessee. Am J Hosp Pharm 1988; 45:577-83. [PMID: 3369460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacists in charge of community and institutional pharmacies in Tennessee were surveyed to identify which activities they currently delegate to technicians and which activities they might consider delegating in the future. Survey questionnaires were mailed to all pharmacists-in-charge registered with the board of pharmacy. Respondents were asked to indicate which of 38 listed pharmacy activities were currently delegated to technicians and which currently undelegated activities would be delegated in the future if legal and policy barriers were removed and if technician training programs were available. Respondents also ranked six types of technician training programs in order of preference and were asked whether they thought technicians should receive official recognition through certification or licensure. A total of 947 questionnaires were returned, for a response rate of 62%. Of the 24 activities that were delegated by significantly different numbers of pharmacists in community and institutional settings, 23 were delegated more frequently by institutional pharmacists. Activities related to drug therapy were delegated least frequently by either group, although community pharmacists delegated the task of recommending nonprescription drugs more often than did institutional pharmacists. If barriers were removed and training programs were available, more pharmacists would delegate activities to technicians than currently do. Most respondents preferred a formal, in-house training program for technicians; more than 65% of pharmacists favored certification of technicians. Pharmacists in Tennessee currently delegate a number of activities to technicians, and more pharmacists would do so if barriers toward technician use were removed and if more trained technicians were available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Phillips
- Pharmacy Department, Regional Medical Center, Memphis
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Iacono RP, Linford J, Sandyk R, Consroe P, Ryan MR, Bamford CR. Intraspinal opiates for treatment of intractable pain in the terminally ill cancer patient. Int J Neurosci 1988; 38:111-9. [PMID: 2833456 DOI: 10.3109/00207458809000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of opiate receptors and then their endogenous ligands in 1974 (Snyder et al., 1974) has elucidated a vast pharmacology of opiates providing a basis for their diverse clinical applications. With the awareness of quality of life as a primary goal in terminal cancer patients, widespread attention has been drawn to the direct delivery of long-term intraspinal analgesics to cancer patients for who all medical pain control regimens have failed (Coombs & Saunders, 1974). Intraspinal administration of opiates and nonopiate analgesics is not only appealing on theoretical grounds but provides a minimally invasive method to insure otherwise unobtainable pain relief while eliminating obtundation and systemic side-effects associated with conventional therapy (Cobb et al., 1984; Harbaugh et al., 1982; Leavens et al., 1982; Malone et al., 1985; Onofrie et al., 1981; Poletti et al., 1981). Although intraspinal opiates have been used in the treatment of postoperative and benign-pain syndromes (Asari et al., 1981; Cousins & Mather, 1984), in our discussion we review the basic science, current techniques and possible future improvements in spinal analgesia in the control of chronic cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Iacono
- Neurosurgery Section, Tucson VA Medical Center, AZ
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Allen WO, Ryan MR, Roberts KB. Hospital pharmacists' evaluation of drug wholesaler services. Am J Hosp Pharm 1983; 40:1658-61. [PMID: 6638028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Services provided by drug wholesalers were evaluated by hospital pharmacists. A survey was mailed to 1500 randomly selected pharmacy directors. Respondents indicated availability and use of 26 customer services. Pharmacists rated the services that they used on the basis of importance of the service and satisfaction with the service. The 644 returned questionnaires indicated that most services were available to a large majority of respondents. Most services used were rated as important or essential. Most respondents were satisfied with wholesaler services; the service with which the most respondents were dissatisfied was stocking of pharmaceuticals in single-unit packaging. Of other services that were widely used and rated important, prompt crediting for delivery errors, few out-of-stock items, frequent pickup of return merchandise, and stocking of injectable pharmaceuticals received low satisfaction ratings. Same-day delivery service and emergency delivery of prescription items were unavailable to more than 40% of respondents. Hospital pharmacists were generally satisfied with services provided by drug wholesalers. Wholesalers should be aware of the particular service needs of hospital pharmacists, and further studies of these needs should be conducted.
Collapse
|
28
|
Self TH, Brooks JB, Lieberman P, Ryan MR. The value of demonstration and role of the pharmacist in teaching the correct use of pressurized bronchodilators. Can Med Assoc J 1983; 128:129-131. [PMID: 6848154 PMCID: PMC1874805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of an improper technique with metered-dose inhalers decreases the efficacy of the bronchodilators being administered. There is evidently a need for patients to watch a demonstration. Twenty-nine adult asthmatic patients from an allergy clinic were divided into three groups, each receiving a different form of instruction: an information sheet, personal instruction or a videotape presentation. Subsequently each patient was tested for correct use of the inhaler. There was no difference in mean scores for inhalation technique between the groups instructed in person and by videotape, but both were significantly better than the mean score of the group given only an information sheet. There was also no significant change in the scores at a follow-up test in the groups who saw the technique demonstrated. These results indicate the need for and value of the demonstration of proper technique with pressurized inhalers. A pharmacy-generated education system using videotape equipment or personal instruction by a pharmacist could readily solve the problem.
Collapse
|
29
|
Darr MS, Self TH, Ryan MR, Vanderbush RE, Boswell RL. Content and retention evaluation of an audiovisual patient-education program on bronchodilators. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981; 38:672-5. [PMID: 6169276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to: (1) evaluate the effect of a slide-tape program on patients' short-term and long-term knowledge about their bronchodilator medications; and (2) determine it any differences exist in learning or retention patterns for different content areas of drug information. The knowledge of 30 patients was measured using a randomized sequence of three comparable 15-question tests. The first test was given before the slide-tape program was presented, the second test within 24 hours, and the last test one to six months (mean = 2.8 months) later. Scores attained on the first posttest were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than pretest scores. Learning differences among drug-information-content areas were not evidenced on the first posttest. No significant difference was demonstrated between scores on pretest and last posttest (p = 0.100). However, retention patterns among content areas were found to differ significantly (p less than 0.05). Carefully designed audiovisual programs can impart drug information to patients. Medication counseling should be repeated at appropriate opportunities because patients lose drug knowledge over time.
Collapse
|
30
|
Vanderbush RE, Self TH, Ryan MR, Hammel K. Evaluation of a videocassette approach to pharmacology inservice training for nurses. Hosp Pharm 1979; 14:664, 667-70. [PMID: 10244958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
31
|
Abstract
A continuing education program resulted in a 52% improvement in the specified professional behaviors of community pharmacists within one month. However, surveyed effects were not permanent and decreased significantly within 18 months. Following a simple mailing of specially designed literature, desired behaviors again underwent significant improvement comparable to that attributed to the original continuing education program. A better understanding of professional behaviors as functions of time and different educational modes would be invaluable to educators in both academic and postgraduate programs.
Collapse
|
32
|
Swift RG, Ryan MR. Bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals. Am J Hosp Pharm 1978; 35:1390-2. [PMID: 707509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of bid purchasing of drug products by hospitals and the factors to consider in bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals are reviewed; further, the prices available with bid purchasing to a specific hospital in 1974 and 1977 are presented. Factors important for a successful bid purchasing system of pharmaceuticals are: (1) use of a formulary policy, (2) an effective procedure for handling bid purchasing and (3) criteria for evaluation of drug products. Significant differences were found between prices available with and without bid purchasing for 50 nonproprietary drug products in 1974 and for 19 products in 1977. Although monetary savings to hospitals do exist with bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals, the degree of savings is dependent upon the drug usage for that hospital.
Collapse
|
33
|
Burleson WR, Mantlo LJ, Self TH, Ryan MR. Taste preference test for oral liquid theophylline preparations. Am J Hosp Pharm 1978; 35:584-6. [PMID: 655183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Taste preferences among three oral liquid theophylline preparations were evaluated in 54 males. The products tested, and their theophylline concentrations, were Elixophyllin Pediatric Suspension (Cooper Laboratories, Inc.), 100 mg/5 ml; Somophyllin Oral Liquid (Fisons Corporation), 90 mg/5 ml; and Theophyl-225 Elixir (Knoll Pharmaceutical Company), 37.5 mg/5 ml. Generally-recommended procedures for taste tests were followed. The results indicated a taste preference for Theophyl-225 Elixir, followed by Elixophyllin Pediatric Suspension, followed by Somophyllin Oral Liquid. The results were statistically significant (p = 0.05). Product concentration and formulation were suggested to be major factors in determining taste preference.
Collapse
|
34
|
Benfield WR, Rosenbluth SA, Ryan MR, Smith MC. Detection of the early warning signs of cancer by community pharmacists: an evaluation of training on professional behavior. Am J Pharm Educ 1977; 41:23-28. [PMID: 10236625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
35
|
Slywka GW, Ryan MR, Melikian AP, Meyer MC, Bates HE, Whyatt PL. Relationship of price to bioavailability for four multiple-source drug products. J Am Pharm Assoc 1977; 17:30-2. [PMID: 830720 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-0465(16)33850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
36
|
Ryan MR, Rosenbluth SA, Martinez D, Schneider FM, Brown TR. Nursing attitudes toward oral liquid unit dose packaging. Am J Hosp Pharm 1976; 33:58-60. [PMID: 1266867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nurses' attitudes toward three types of oral liquid unit dose packages--glass, plastic and aluminum--were determined. Thirty nurses who previously had not used unit dose packaging on their units were asked to evaluate the three types of packaging. The nurses preferred both aluminum and plastic over the glass containers; there was no significant difference in attitude toward the plastic and aluminum packages.
Collapse
|
37
|
Swift RG, Ryan MR. Potential economic effets of a brand standardization policy in a 1000-bed hospital. Am J Hosp Pharm 1975; 32:1242-50. [PMID: 1211397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential economic effects of a brand standardization policy on 50 multiple source, nonproprietary drugs in a 1000-bed hospital which uses a unit dose drug distribution system were studied. Inpatient drug usage cost and inpatient drug inventory cost for the year 1974 were compared under the existing nonformulary system and a simulated formulary system of brand standardization. Drug usage cost was defined as expenditures made by the study hospital for drugs which were administered. Drug inventory cost was defined as the dollar value of drug inventory being stored for use in the hospital. Potential saving in excess of $35,000 for drug usage cost and $9,000 for drug inventory cost could have been realized with a brand standardization policy on 50 nonprietary drugs. The differences in costs were significant at the 0.005 level. It is concluded that a brand standardization policy can be effective means of reducing drug usage cost and drug inventory cost in a large hospital.
Collapse
|
38
|
Harelik JH, Johnston PM, Rivers NP, Ryan MR. Pharmacist and physician evaluation of drug information sources. Am J Hosp Pharm 1975; 32:594-7. [PMID: 1155473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to compare how pharmacists and physicians in Tennessee rated six sources of drug information (journals, textbooks, physicians, pharmacists, the Physicians' Desk Reference and detail men) in nine different categories. A one-page questionnaire was mailed to a 10% random sample of pharmacists and physicians. The physicians rated professional journals and the PDR consistently good and rated the pharmacist poor as a source of drug information. Pharmacists rated textbooks good and rated physicians poor for some categories of information. Both groups found the available information in certain categories to be inadequate.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ryan MR. The impact of OSHA on pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc 1974; 14:316-9. [PMID: 4840423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
40
|
Ryan MR, Smith MC. Career patterns among hospital pharmacists in the Southeastern United States. Am J Hosp Pharm 1969; 26:691-7. [PMID: 5369988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|