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Tsylents U, Burmistrz M, Wojciechowska M, Stępień J, Maj P, Trylska J. Iron uptake pathway of Escherichia coli as an entry route for peptide nucleic acids conjugated with a siderophore mimic. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1331021. [PMID: 38357356 PMCID: PMC10864483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1331021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria secrete various iron-chelators (siderophores), which scavenge Fe3+ from the environment, bind it with high affinity, and retrieve it inside the cell. After the Fe3+ uptake, bacteria extract the soluble iron(II) from the siderophore. Ferric siderophores are transported inside the cell via the TonB-dependent receptor system. Importantly, siderophore uptake paths have been also used by sideromycins, natural antibiotics. Our goal is to hijack the transport system for hydroxamate-type siderophores to deliver peptide nucleic acid oligomers into Escherichia coli cells. As siderophore mimics we designed and synthesized linear and cyclic Nδ-acetyl-Nδ-hydroxy-l-ornithine based peptides. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we found that iron(III) is coordinated by the linear trimer with hydroxamate groups but not by the cyclic peptide. The internal flexibility of the linear siderophore oxygen atoms and their interactions with Fe3+ were confirmed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Using flow cytometry we found that the designed hydroxamate trimer transports PNA oligomers inside the E. coli cells. Growth recovery assays on various E. coli mutants suggest the pathway of this transport through the FhuE outer-membrane receptor, which is responsible for the uptake of the natural iron chelator, ferric-coprogen. This pathway also involves the FhuD periplasmic binding protein. Docking of the siderophores to the FhuE and FhuD receptor structures showed that binding of the hydroxamate trimer is energetically favorable corroborating the experimentally suggested uptake path. Therefore, this siderophore mimic, as well as its conjugate with PNA, is most probably internalized through the hydroxamate pathway.
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Macyszyn J, Chyży P, Burmistrz M, Lobka M, Miszkiewicz J, Wojciechowska M, Trylska J. Structural dynamics influences the antibacterial activity of a cell-penetrating peptide (KFF) 3K. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14826. [PMID: 37684254 PMCID: PMC10491836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the widespread demand for novel antibacterial agents, we modified a cell-penetrating peptide (KFF)3K to transform it into an antibacterial peptide. Namely, we inserted a hydrocarbon staple into the (KFF)3K sequence to induce and stabilize its membrane-active secondary structure. The staples were introduced at two positions, (KFF)3K[5-9] and (KFF)3K[2-6], to retain the initial amphipathic character of the unstapled peptide. The stapled analogues are protease resistant contrary to (KFF)3K; 90% of the stapled (KFF)3K[5-9] peptide remained undigested after incubation in chymotrypsin solution. The stapled peptides showed antibacterial activity (with minimal inhibitory concentrations in the range of 2-16 µM) against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, contrary to unmodified (KFF)3K, which had no antibacterial effect against any strain at concentrations up to 32 µM. Also, both stapled peptides adopted an α-helical structure in the buffer and micellar environment, contrary to a mostly undefined structure of the unstapled (KFF)3K in the buffer. We found that the antibacterial activity of (KFF)3K analogues is related to their disruptive effect on cell membranes and we showed that by stapling this cell-penetrating peptide, we can induce its antibacterial character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Macyszyn
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Chyży
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Burmistrz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lobka
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Miszkiewicz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Trylska
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Macyszyn J, Burmistrz M, Mieczkowski A, Wojciechowska M, Trylska J. Conjugates of Aminoglycosides with Stapled Peptides as a Way to Target Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. ACS Omega 2023; 8:19047-19056. [PMID: 37273645 PMCID: PMC10233823 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The misuse and overuse of antibiotics led to the development of bacterial resistance to existing aminoglycoside (AMG) antibiotics and limited their use. Consequently, there is a growing need to develop effective antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant bacteria. To target resistant strains, we propose to combine 2-deoxystreptamine AMGs, neomycin (NEO) and amikacin (AMK), with a membrane-active antimicrobial peptide anoplin and its hydrocarbon stapled derivative. The AMG-peptide hybrids were conjugated using the click chemistry reaction in solution to obtain a non-cleavable triazole linker and by disulfide bridge formation on the resin to obtain a linker cleavable in the bacterial cytoplasm. Homo-dimers connected via disulfide bridges between the N-terminus thiol analogues of anoplin and hydrocarbon stapled anoplin were also synthesized. These hybrid compounds show a notable increase in antibacterial and bactericidal activity, as compared to the unconjugated ones or their combinations, against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially for the strains resistant to AMK or NEO. The conjugates and disulfide peptide dimers exhibit low hemolytic activity on sheep red blood erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Macyszyn
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Burmistrz
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Wojciechowska
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Trylska
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Krawczyk-Balska A, Ładziak M, Burmistrz M, Ścibek K, Kallipolitis BH. RNA-Mediated Control in Listeria monocytogenes: Insights Into Regulatory Mechanisms and Roles in Metabolism and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:622829. [PMID: 33935989 PMCID: PMC8079631 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.622829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen that is well known for its adaptability to life in a broad spectrum of different niches. RNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in L. monocytogenes play important roles in successful adaptation providing fast and versatile responses to a changing environment. Recent findings indicate that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate a variety of processes in this bacterium, such as environmental sensing, metabolism and virulence, as well as immune responses in eukaryotic cells. In this review, the current knowledge on RNA-mediated regulation in L. monocytogenes is presented, with special focus on the roles and mechanisms underlying modulation of metabolism and virulence. Collectively, these findings point to ncRNAs as important gene regulatory elements in L. monocytogenes, both outside and inside an infected host. However, the involvement of regulatory ncRNAs in bacterial physiology and virulence is still underestimated and probably will be better assessed in the coming years, especially in relation to discovering the regulatory functions of 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and excludons, and by exploring the role of ncRNAs in interaction with both bacterial and host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Krawczyk-Balska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ładziak
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Burmistrz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ścibek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Birgitte H Kallipolitis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Gawron K, Bereta G, Nowakowska Z, Łazarz-Bartyzel K, Montgomery AB, Marczuk M, Kowalska A, Stożek K, Naskalska A, Burmistrz M, Pyrc K, Venables PJ, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M, Potempa J. 07.14 Novel polymorphism of peptidylarginine deiminase from p. gingivalis augments bacterial pathogenicity and severity of periodontitis. Genes Environ 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-211054.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Gruba N, Rodriguez Martinez JI, Grzywa R, Wysocka M, Skoreński M, Burmistrz M, Łęcka M, Lesner A, Sieńczyk M, Pyrć K. Substrate profiling of Zika virus NS2B-NS3 protease. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3459-3468. [PMID: 27714789 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), isolated from macaques in Uganda in 1947, was not considered to be a dangerous human pathogen. However, this view has recently changed as ZIKV infections are now associated with serious pathological disorders including microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Similar to other viruses in the Flaviviridae family, ZIKV expresses the serine protease NS3 which is responsible for viral protein processing and replication. Herein, we report the expression of an active NS3pro domain fused with the NS2B cofactor (NS2BLN NS3pro ) in a prokaryotic expression system and profile its specificity for synthesized FRET-type substrate libraries. Our findings pave way for screening potential intracellular substrates of NS3 and for developing specific inhibitors of this ZIKV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gruba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Renata Grzywa
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Skoreński
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Burmistrz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Łęcka
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. .,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Abstract
Prokaryotic organisms possess numerous strategies that enable survival in hostile conditions. Among others, these conditions include the invasion of foreign nucleic acids such as bacteriophages and plasmids. The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) system provides the majority of bacteria and archaea with adaptive and hereditary immunity against this threat. This mechanism of immunity is based on short fragments of foreign DNA incorporated within the hosts genome. After transcription, these fragments guide protein complexes that target foreign nucleic acids and promote their degradation. The aim of this review is to summarize the current status of CRISPR-Cas research, including the mechanisms of action, the classification of different types and subtypes of these systems, and the development of new CRISPR-Cas-based molecular biology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Burmistrz
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Zuwała K, Golda A, Kabala W, Burmistrz M, Zdzalik M, Nowak P, Kedracka-Krok S, Zarebski M, Dobrucki J, Florek D, Zeglen S, Wojarski J, Potempa J, Dubin G, Pyrc K. The nucleocapsid protein of human coronavirus NL63. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117833. [PMID: 25700263 PMCID: PMC4336326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 was first described in 2004 and is associated with respiratory tract disease of varying severity. At the genetic and structural level, HCoV-NL63 is similar to other members of the Coronavirinae subfamily, especially human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). Detailed analysis, however, reveals several unique features of the pathogen. The coronaviral nucleocapsid protein is abundantly present in infected cells. It is a multi-domain, multi-functional protein important for viral replication and a number of cellular processes. The aim of the present study was to characterize the HCoV-NL63 nucleocapsid protein. Biochemical analyses revealed that the protein shares characteristics with homologous proteins encoded in other coronaviral genomes, with the N-terminal domain responsible for nucleic acid binding and the C-terminal domain involved in protein oligomerization. Surprisingly, analysis of the subcellular localization of the N protein of HCoV-NL63 revealed that, differently than homologous proteins from other coronaviral species except for SARS-CoV, it is not present in the nucleus of infected or transfected cells. Furthermore, no significant alteration in cell cycle progression in cells expressing the protein was observed. This is in stark contrast with results obtained for other coronaviruses, except for the SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Zuwała
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Golda
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kabala
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Burmistrz
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Zdzalik
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Nowak
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zarebski
- Division of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Dobrucki
- Division of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominik Florek
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sławomir Zeglen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Szpitalna 2, 41–800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jacek Wojarski
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Szpitalna 2, 41–800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Burmistrz M, Pyrć K. CRISPR-Cas Systems in Prokaryotes. Pol J Microbiol 2015; 64:193-202. [PMID: 26638527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic organisms possess numerous strategies that enable survival in hostile conditions. Among others, these conditions include the invasion of foreign nucleic acids such as bacteriophages and plasmids. The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) system provides the majority of bacteria and archaea with adaptive and hereditary immunity against this threat. This mechanism of immunity is based on short fragments of foreign DNA incorporated within the hosts genome. After transcription, these fragments guide protein complexes that target foreign nucleic acids and promote their degradation. The aim of this review is to summarize the current status of CRISPR-Cas research, including the mechanisms of action, the classification of different types and subtypes of these systems, and the development of new CRISPR-Cas-based molecular biology tools.
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Burmistrz P, Rozwadowski A, Burmistrz M, Karcz A. Coke dust enhances coke plant wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 2014; 117:278-284. [PMID: 25113994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coke plant wastewater contain many toxic pollutants. Despite physico-chemical and biological treatment this specific type of wastewater has a significant impact on environment and human health. This article presents results of research on industrial adsorptive coke plant wastewater treatment. As a sorbent the coke dust, dozen times less expensive than pulverized activated carbon, was used. Treatment was conducted in three scenarios: adsorptive after full treatment with coke dust at 15 g L(-1), biological treatment enhanced with coke dust at 0.3-0.5 g L(-1) and addition of coke dust at 0.3 g L(-1) prior to the biological treatment. The enhanced biological treatment proved the most effective. It allowed additional removal of 147-178 mg COD kg(-1) of coke dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Burmistrz
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy & Fuels, Mickiewicz Avenue 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Rozwadowski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy & Fuels, Mickiewicz Avenue 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Burmistrz
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksander Karcz
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy & Fuels, Mickiewicz Avenue 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
The subject of examinations presented in this paper is the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between solid and liquid phases in samples of raw wastewater and wastewater after treatment. The content of 16 PAHs according to the US EPA was determined in the samples of coke plant wastewater from the Zdzieszowice Coke Plant, Poland. The samples contained raw wastewater, wastewater after physico-chemical treatment as well as after biological treatment. The ΣPHA16 content varied between 255.050 μg L(-1) and 311.907 μg L(-1) in raw wastewater and between 0.940 and 4.465 μg L(-1) in wastewater after full treatment. Investigation of the distribution of PAHs showed that 71-84% of these compounds is adsorbed on the surface of suspended solids and 16-29% is dissolved in water. Distribution of individual PAHs and ΣPHA16 between solid phase and liquid phase was described with the use of statistically significant, linear equations. The calculated values of the partitioning coefficient Kp changed from 0.99 to 7.90 for naphthalene in samples containing mineral-organic suspension and acenaphthylene in samples with biological activated sludge, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Burmistrz
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy & Fuels, Mickiewicz Avenue 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland E-mail:
| | - Michał Burmistrz
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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