Antihistamínicos en el tratamiento de la urticaria en México

Existen cuatro tipos de receptores histaminérgicos. Los síntomas de alergia, especialmente rinoconjuntivitis alérgica y urticaria, son principalmente causados por activación del receptor H1; por ende, los antihistamínicos H1 orales (anti-H1) forman parte integral del tratamiento de estas enfermedades. Los antihistamínicos son agonistas inversos, porque estabilizan la forma inactiva del receptor. Los antihistamínicos H1 de primera generación producen efectos adversos por varios mecanismos: sedación (fijación a receptores H1 cerebrales), boca seca, retención urinaria, aumento de peso (baja selectividad: estimulación de los receptores de serotonina, muscarina y alfa-adrenérgicos) e interacciones medicamentosas (con sustrato de citocromo P450-3A4). Los antihistamínicos H1 de segunda generación son generalmente más seguros. Las nuevas guías de tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica y urticaria recomiendan como manejo de primera intención a los antihistamínicos H1 de segunda generación. En urticaria se recomienda hasta cuadruplicar su dosis en caso necesario. El aumento de la eficacia en el control de la urticaria con cuádruple dosis, sin que se afecte la seguridad, se ha documentado para bilastina, desloratadina y levocetirizina (rupatadina). Respecto de ebastina y fexofenadina, hasta ahora, sólo se comprobó la seguridad de cuádruple dosis. Una rigurosa excepción son astemizol y terfenadina, que a concentraciones séricas elevadas pueden causar taquicardia ventricular. No se recomiendan los antihistamínicos H1 de primera generación y aumentar su dosis no es seguro.

Prevalencia de rinitis alérgica en poblaciones de varios estados de México

Antecedentes: la rinitis alérgica es una enfermedad inflamatoria de la mucosa nasal, caracterizada por síntomas de prurito, rinorrea, congestión nasal y estornudos, inducidos por una respuesta mediada por IgE. En México tenemos reportes de prevalencia de rinitis alérgica con variaciones de 5 a 48% cuando se pregunta si hubo síntomas de rinitis los últimos 12 meses.Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de rinitis alérgica en población escolar de varios estados de México.Material y método: estudio descriptivo de prevalencia en el que se aplicó un cuestionario a población preescolar, primaria, secundaria y preparatoria. Se realizó en cuatro ciudades de cuatro estados: Puebla, Puebla, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala y Cancún, Quintana Roo. Los padres contestaron los cuestionarios de preescolar y primaria y los alumnos de secundaria y preparatoria contestaron sus cuestionarios. El estudio se realizó de junio de 2014 a enero de 2015. El instrumento utilizado fue el Cuestionario diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica para estudios epidemiológicos.Resultados: de las encuestas aplicadas se obtuvieron 8,159 cuestionarios contestados; en la ciudad de Puebla: 2,267; Tulancingo, Hidalgo: 2,478; Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala: 2,574; Cancún, Quintana Roo: 840; 4,190 (51%) correspondieron al sexo masculino. El porcentaje promedio general de prevalencia de rinitis alérgica entre los cuatro estados, incluidas todas las edades, fue de 15%.Conclusiones: con la aplicación del cuestionario diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica para estudios epidemiológicos en las cuatro ciudades de cuatro estados diferentes encontramos una prevalencia de rinitis alérgica de 15% en mayores de 13 años y de 13% en niños de 12 años o menos.

Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines

Background

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice. In other parts of the world, extracts from both regions and local ones are commercialized, as in Mexico. Here, local experts developed a national AIT guideline (GUIMIT 2019) searching for compromises between both schools.

Methods

Using ADAPTE methodology for transculturizing guidelines and AGREE-II for evaluating guideline quality, GUIMIT selected 3 high-quality Main Reference Guidelines (MRGs): the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guideines, the S2k guideline of various German-speaking medical societies (2014), and the US Practice Parameters on Allergen Immunotherapy 2011. We formulated clinical questions and based responses on the fused evidence available in the MRGs, combined with local possibilities, patient's preference, and costs. We came across several issues on which the MRGs disagreed. These are presented here along with arguments of GUIMIT members to resolve them. GUIMIT (for a complete English version, Supplementary data) concluded the following.

Results

Related to the diagnosis of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, apart from skin prick testing complementary tests (challenges, in vitro testing and molecular such as species-specific allergens) might be useful in selected cases to inform AIT composition. AIT is indicated in allergic rhinitis and suggested in allergic asthma (once controlled) and IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis. Concerning the correct subcutaneous AIT dose for compounding vials according to the US school: dosing tables and formula are given; up to 4 non-related allergens can be mixed, refraining from mixing high with low protease extracts. When using European extracts: the manufacturer's indications should be followed; in multi-allergic patients 2 simultaneous injections can be given (100% consensus); mixing is discouraged. In Mexico only allergoid tablets are available; based on doses used in all sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) publications referenced in MRGs, GUIMIT suggests a probable effective dose related to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) might be: 50-200% of the monthly SCIT dose given daily, maximum mixing 4 allergens. Also, a table with practical suggestions on non-evidence-existing issues, developed with a simplified Delphi method, is added. Finally, dissemination and implementation of guidelines is briefly discussed, explaining how we used online tools for this in Mexico.

Conclusions

Countries where European and American AIT extracts are available should adjust AIT according to which school is followed.

[GUIMIT 2019, Mexican Guideline on Immunotherapy. Guideline on the diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergic disease and immunotherapy following the ADAPTE approach]

BACKGROUND

In Mexico, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and immunotherapy with hymenoptera venom (VIT) is traditionally practiced combining aspects of the European and American school. In addition, both types of extracts (European and American) are commercially available in Mexico. Moreover, for an adequate AIT/VIT a timely diagnosis is crucial. Therefore, there is a need for a widely accepted, up-to-date national immunotherapy guideline that covers diagnostic issues, indications, dosage, mechanisms, adverse effects and future expectations of AIT (GUIMIT 2019).

METHOD

With nationwide groups of allergists participating, including delegates from postgraduate training-programs in Allergy/Immunology-forming, the guideline document was developed according to the ADAPTE methodology: the immunotherapy guidelines from European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology, The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology were selected as mother guidelines, as they received the highest AGREE-II score among international guidelines available; their evidence conforms the scientific basis for this document.

RESULTS

GUIMIT emanates strong or weak (suggestions) recommendations about practical issues directly related to in vivo or in vitro diagnosis of IgE mediated allergic diseases and the preparation and application of AIT/VIT and its adverse effects. GUIMIT finishes with a perspective on AIT modalities for the future. All the statements were discussed and voted on until > 80 % consensus was reached.

CONCLUSIONS

A wide and diverse group of AIT/VIT experts issued transculturized, evidence-based recommendations and reached consensus that might improve and standardize AIT practice in Mexico.

[Mexican Asthma Guidelines: GUIMA 2017]

BACKGROUND

The need for a national guideline, with a broad basis among specialists and primary care physicians was felt in Mexico, to try unifying asthma management. As several high-quality asthma guidelines exist worldwide, it was decided to select the best three for transculturation.

METHODS

Following the internationally recommended methodology for guideline transculturation, ADAPTE, a literature search for asthma guidelines, published 1-1-2007 through 31-12-2015 was conducted. AGREE-II evaluations yielded 3/40 most suitable for transculturation. Their compound evidence was fused with local reality, patient preference, cost and safety considerations to draft the guideline document. Subsequently, this was adjusted by physicians from 12 national medical societies in several rounds of a Delphi process and 3 face-to-face meetings to reach the final version.

RESULTS

Evidence was fused from British Thoracic Society Asthma Guideline 2014, Global Initiative on Asthma 2015, and Guía Española del Manejo del Asma 2015 (2016 updates included). After 3 Delphi-rounds we developed an evidence-based document taking into account patient characteristics, including age, treatment costs and safety and best locally available medication.

CONCLUSIONS

In cooperation pulmonologists, allergists, ENT physicians, paediatricians and GPs were able to develop an evidence-based document for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of asthma and its exacerbations in Mexico.

Transfer of innovation on allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity in the elderly (MACVIA-ARIA) - EIP on AHA Twinning Reference Site (GARD research demonstration project)

The overarching goals of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA) are to enable European citizens to lead healthy, active and independent lives whilst ageing. The EIP on AHA includes 74 Reference Sites. The aim of this study was to transfer innovation from an app developed by the MACVIA-France EIP on AHA reference site (Allergy Diary) to other reference sites. The phenotypic characteristics of rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity in adults and the elderly will be compared using validated information and communication technology (ICT) tools (i.e. the Allergy Diary and CARAT: Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test) in 22 Reference Sites or regions across Europe. This will improve the understanding, assessment of burden, diagnosis and management of rhinitis in the elderly by comparison with an adult population. Specific objectives will be: (i) to assess the percentage of adults and elderly who are able to use the Allergy Diary, (ii) to study the phenotypic characteristics and treatment over a 1-year period of rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity at baseline (cross-sectional study) and (iii) to follow-up using visual analogue scale (VAS). This part of the study may provide some insight into the differences between the elderly and adults in terms of response to treatment and practice. Finally (iv) work productivity will be examined in adults.

[Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and its symptoms in the school children population of Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico]

BACKGROUND

Studies on allergic rhinitis prevalence have found significant variations in their results, even in closely-living populations.

OBJECTIVE

To determine and compare the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and its symptoms in schoolchildren from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.

METHODS

Cross-sectional, descriptive study on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis diagnosis and symptoms, where the "Diagnostic questionnaire for epidemiological studies" was used between June and December 2015 in pre-school and primary and secondary school population, after authorization was granted by parents and school authorities.

RESULTS

In 7866 surveys in a population aged between 3 and 15 years, 939 cases of allergic rhinitis (11.94%) were identified, with 53% belonging to the female gender. The symptom with the highest prevalence was cold-induced nasal congestion (56.8%), followed by rhinitis accompanied by ocular symptoms (35.8%) and recurrent flu-like symptoms (20), which was the most common symptom in allergic rhinitis (100%).

CONCLUSION

A significant variation was observed in the prevalence of symptoms, notably higher than that of questionnaire-obtained allergic rhinitis diagnosis (11.94%), which suggests that the independent prevalence of symptoms is not a good parameter to detect the prevalence of allergic rhinitis.

Prevalencia de asma y determinación de los síntomas como indicadores de riesgo

Antecedentes: el asma es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de las vías aéreas, su prevalencia se ha incrementado especialmente en países industrializados. Los resultados de estudios de prevalencia del asma son variables en diferentes poblaciones y aun en un mismo país; en México hay fluctuaciones de la prevalencia del asma de 7 a 33%. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del asma y la magnitud de los síntomas como indicadores de riesgo en población escolar en ciudades de varios estados de México. Material y método: estudio descriptivo de la detección de prevalencia del asma y analítico-observacional comparativo de la determinación de los síntomas de esta afección. Se realizaron encuestas a población de los niveles educativos preescolar, primaria, secundaria y preparatoria en las ciudades de Puebla, Puebla; Tulancingo, Hidalgo; Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, y Cancún, Quintana Roo. Como instrumento se usó un nuevo cuestionario validado: Cuestionario Diagnóstico de Asma para Estudios Epidemiológicos, conformado por ocho preguntas con valor sumatorio para su diagnóstico. Resultados: se obtuvieron 8,754 encuestas que mostraron una prevalencia en Puebla de 14%, en Tulancingo de 17%, en Tlaxcala de 7% y en Cancún de 14%; el promedio en las cuatro ciudades fue de 13%. La fuerza de asociación de los síntomas con asma en orden decreciente con razón de momios significativa fue: sibilancias recurrentes, dificultad respiratoria, opresión torácica, tos recurrente, tos con frío, cuadros catarrales recurrentes, tos de predominio nocturno y tos que aumenta con el ejercicio. Conclusiones: el promedio de la prevalencia del asma en las ciudades contempladas para las encuestas fue de 13% y los principales síntomas indicadores de riesgo de asma en población escolar fueron: sibilancias recurrentes, dificultad respiratoria, opresión torácica y tos recurrente.

[Prevalence of asthma and determination of symptoms as risk indicators]

BACKGROUND

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease whose prevalence has increased, especially in developed countries; the results of studies of asthma prevalence vary in different populations and even within the same country; in Mexico we observed fluctuations in prevalence of asthma from 7% to 33%.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of asthma and severity of symptoms as risk indicators in school population in cities in various states of Mexico.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

A descriptive study of detection of asthma prevalence and analytical-comparative observational study of determination of symptoms of asthma. The surveys were applied to preschool, elementary, middle and high school population, in the cities of Puebla, Puebla; Tulancingo, Hidalgo; Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, and Cancún, Quintana Roo; new validated questionnaire was used as instrument: Asthma Diagnostic Questionnaire for Epidemiologic Studies, consisting of eight questions with summation value for diagnosis.

RESULTS

8,754 surveys showed a 14% prevalence in Puebla, 17% in Tulancingo, 7% in Tlaxcala, and 14% in Cancún; average in four cities surveyed was 13%; the strength of association with asthma symptoms in descending order with significant odds ratio were: recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, recurrent cough, cough cold, recurrent cold symptoms, predominantly nocturnal cough, cough that increases with exercise.

CONCLUSIONS

The average prevalence of asthma in the surveyed cities was 13% and the main symptoms indicators of risk of asthma in school children were: recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and recurrent cough.

[Antihistamines for the treatment of urticaria in Mexico]

There are four types of histamine receptors. Allergic symptoms, especially those in rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria, are mainly caused by activation of histamine receptor 1 (H1). Consequently, oral H1-antihistamines form and integral part of the treatment of these diseases. Antihistamines are inverse agonists that stabilize the non-active configuration of the histamine receptor. First generation H1-antihistamines cause a variety of adverse effects via several mechanisms: sedation (accumulation in the central nervous system), dry mouth, urinary retention, weight gain (low selectivity: stimulation of serotonin/muscarinic/alpha-adrenergic receptors) and drug interactions (substrate of CYP450-3A4). Generally second generation H1-antihistamines have a better safety profile. New guidelines on allergic rhinitis and urticaria recommend second generation H1-antihistamines as first line drugs, with -if necessary- four-times updosing to obtain control in urticaria. The enhanced efficacy of quadruple doses in urticaria, while maintaining a good safety profile, has been shown for bilastine, desloratadine and levocetirizine (rupatadine). For ebastine and fexofenadine only the safety of quadruple doses has been shown till now. Extreme precaution should be taken with astemizol and terfenadine that never should be up-dosed, as high serum concentrations can cause potentially fatal ventricular tachycardia. First generation antihistamines are not recommended as first line treatment and updosing is not safe.

[Prevalence of rhinitis allergic in populations of several states of Mexico]

BACKGROUND

Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, characterized by symptoms of itching, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and sneezing induced by an IgE-mediated response. In Mexico we have reports of prevalence, with fluctuations of 5.5% to 47.7% with the question of rhinitis symptoms the past 12 months.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren from various states of Mexico.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

A descriptive study of prevalence in which a questionnaire was applied to preschool, elementary-, middle- and high-school population. It was performed in four cities in four states of Mexico: Puebla, Puebla, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala and Cancun, Quintana Roo. Parents answered questionnaires of preschool and elementary school and middle- and high-school students answered their questionnaires. The study was conducted from June 2014 to January 2015. The instrument used was: questionnaire diagnosis of allergic rhinitis for epidemiological studies.

RESULTS

Of the surveys, 8,159 completed questionnaires were obtained, in the city of Puebla: 2,267, Tulancingo, Hidalgo: 2,478, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala: 2,574, Cancun, Quintana Roo: 840; total male: 4,190 (51%). The overall average rate of prevalence of allergic rhinitis among four states including all respondents ages was 15%.

CONCLUSIONS

With the use of the questionnaire diagnosis of allergic rhinitis for epidemiological studies in the four cities in four different states, we found a prevalence of allergic rhinitis of 15% in ≥13 yearpopulation and 13% in ≤12 year-old children.

ARIA México 2014. Adaptación de la Guía de Práctica Clínica ARIA 2010 para México. Metodología ADAPTE

Antecedentes: la prevalencia de rinitis alérgica en todo el mundo es alta. El Estudio Internacional de Asma y Alergias en la Niñez (ISAAC de International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) Fase III reporta una prevalencia estimada total en México de 4.6%. Existen guías de práctica clínica basadas en evidencia de rinitis alérgica, pero su promoción, aceptación y validez no son óptimas ni adecuadas para México.Objetivo: generar una guía de tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica y su repercusión en el asma adaptando la guía ARIA 2010 a la realidad mexicana mediante un proceso de transculturización, por medio de la metodología ADAPTE.Material y método: a través de la metodología ADAPTE un grupo de desarrollo de la guía, integrado por múltiples especialistas que tratan pacientes con rinitis alérgica, valoró la calidad de la guía ARIA 2010, revisó y tradujo las preguntas clínicas clave y ajustó las recomendaciones, preferencias del paciente y comentarios a la realidad mexicana (seguridad, costos y aspectos culturales). Para lograrlo se corrieron páneles Delphi, con tantas rondas como fuera necesario hasta lograr un acuerdo. Por medio de una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía se creó una pregunta especial no incluida en ARIA 2010 de la utilidad de realizar lavados nasales en pacientes con rinitis alérgica.Resultados: se incluyeron 45 preguntas de la guía original ARIA 2010, divididas en seis bloques que abarcan prevención, tratamiento médico, inmunoterapia y terapias alternativas de pacientes con rinitis alérgica con o sin asma. La mayor parte de las preguntas alcanzaron acuerdo en una a dos rondas, sólo una requirió tres para ello.Conclusiones: se cuenta ahora con una guía de rinitis alérgica de uso sencillo, adaptada, actualizada y válida para México.

Guía mexicana para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la urticaria

Antecedentes: la urticaria es una enfermedad que padece una quinta parte de la población en algún momento de su vida. Las guías internacionales recientes han propuesto unos cambios de fondo en su diagnóstico y tratamiento, por lo que había la necesidad de crear una guía nacional y multidisciplinaria, con base amplia en los gremios de especialistas y médicos de primer contacto en México.Material y método: un grupo interdisciplinario de expertos clínicos y algunos expertos en metodología determinó los objetivos y alcances de la Guía de Práctica Clínica Basada en Evidencia con el instrumento SCOPE. Se decidió llevar a cabo la adaptación y transculturización de guías internacionales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de urticaria. Con el instrumento AGREE-II se seleccionaron las tres guías de alta calidad, como guías base (Zuberbier 2014, Sánchez-Borges 2012, Powell 2007) para formular y contestar las preguntas clínicas clave, en el contexto cultural y económico mexicano, según el método de desarrollo de recomendaciones GRADE.Resultado: mediante un proceso formal de discusión y votación durante varias juntas de expertos, se terminó la redacción de la forma final de la guía, con especial cuidado de lograr un ajuste a las realidades, valores y preferencias de los pacientes de México. Se hace hincapié en la administración de antihistamínicos vía oral de segunda generación, como tratamiento de primera elección.Conclusión: este documento es una Guía de Práctica Clínica Basada en Evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de urticaria aguda y crónica, basada en tres guías internacionales de alta calidad. Se desarrolló por un grupo multidisciplinario. Los cuadros y algoritmos hacen a la guía amigable para su uso por médicos de primer contacto y por especialistas. 

Validación de un cuestionario diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica para estudios epidemiológicos

Antecedentes: la rinitis alérgica es la enfermedad alérgica más frecuente, se distingue por rinorrea, congestión nasal y estornudos, inducidos por una respuesta mediada por IgE.Objetivo: validar un cuestionario para diagnóstico clínico de rinitis alérgica.Material y método: prueba de una prueba en la que se elaboró un cuestionario para el diagnóstico clínico de rinitis alérgica. Se incluyeron 300 pacientes de uno y otro sexo, 150 niños y 150 adultos, atendidos en consultorios de alergia, de noviembre de 2012 a febrero de 2014. La mitad fueron casos de rinitis alérgica y la mitad controles sin rinitis alérgica. Los límites de edad fueron 2 y 70 años. En el grupo de niños de 12 años y menores, el cuestionario se aplicó a los padres. Durante este tiempo se realizaron las pruebas de validación de los cuestionarios.Resultados: las pruebas aplicadas a las respuestas del cuestionario mostraron en adultos y en los niños buena concordancia en la pruebareprueba y en la concordancia interobservador (evaluación de dos médicos), que fue de sustancial a casi perfecta. Las pruebas aplicadas para validez de criterio en el cuestionario de adultos tuvieron sensibilidad de 91%, especificidad de 89%, valor predictivo positivo de 89% y valor predictivo negativo de 92%. En el cuestionario para padres, la sensibilidad fue de 94%, la especificidad de 93%, valor predictivo positivo de 93% y valor predictivo negativo de 94% y los criterios para validez de contenido y de expresión se cumplieron adecuadamente. La prueba de homogeneidad alcanzó un puntaje de 0.7 (alfa de Cronbach).Conclusión: el cuestionario para diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica de adultos y niños tiene buena concordancia intra e interobservador, con alta sensibilidad y especificidad en la validez de criterio, y puntaje aceptable en la prueba de homogeneidad.

[Mexican guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria]

BACKGROUND

Urticaria is a disease that a fifth of the population shallsuffer once in a lifetime. Recent clinical guidelines have proposed some fundamental changes in the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria, making the development of a national, multidisciplinary guideline, with wide acceptability among different professional groups -both specialists and primary health care workers-, necessary in Mexico.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Internationally recognized tools for guidelinedevelopment were used. An interdisciplinary group of clinical experts (some of them knowledgeable in methodology of guideline development) determined the objectives and scope of the Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline with SCOPE. It was decided to adapt and transculturize international guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria. With AGREE-II three high-quality guidelines (Zuberbier 2014, Sánchez-Borges 2012, Powell 2007) were selected to function as basic guidelines (BG). A set of Clinical Questions was formulated that lead to recommendations/suggestions, based on these BG, taking into account the cultural and economic background of Mexico, according to GRADE recommendation development.

RESULTS

By a formal process of discussion and voting during several working-sessions, experts and first level healthcare physicians determined the wording of the final guideline, taking particularly care of developing a document, adjusted to the reality, values and preferences of the Mexican patients. The use of oral second generation, non-sedating antihistamines as first line treatment is emphasized.

CONCLUSION

This document is an Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic urticaria, based on three, high quality, international guidelines. It was developed by a multidisciplinary group. Tables and algorithms make the guideline user-friendly for both, first line health care physicians and specialists.